This document discusses quantitative and qualitative research approaches. It outlines the key objectives, features and limitations of each. Quantitative research aims to measure predetermined variables and examine relationships statistically, using methods like surveys and experiments. It focuses on objectivity and generalizability. Qualitative research explores phenomena through flexible, interactive methods like interviews to understand experiences. It provides contextual understanding but findings may not generalize. The document advocates sometimes combining both approaches to overcome individual limitations.

1. Main Points
 Objectives of quantitative and
qualitative research
 Main features in quantitative and
qualitative research
 Data collection
 Limitations in quantitative and
qualitative research
 Concept of using combined research

2. What is meant by
approach?
It is the whole design
including; assumptions, the
process of inquiry, the type of
data collected and the measuring
of findings.

3. • The quantitative approach
views human phenomena as
being able to be measured.
It has its roots in positivism

4. Quantitative research and
traditional scientific methods
 Quantitative research is similar to
traditional scientific methods.
 Quantitative Research states in
advance the hypothesis and research
questions.
 Determine the methods of data
collection and analysis.
 The findings are presented in
statistical language.

5.  Quantitative approach to research involves
data collection methods such as survey-
structured questionnaire, interviews and
observations together with other tools.
 On the other hand, in depth interviews and
unstructured observations are associated with
qualitative research.
 Researchers have to choose methods which
are appropriate for answering the research
questions.

6. Quantitative research
features
 quantitative research deals with
quantities and numbers while
qualitative research deals with quality
and description and exploration.
 The purpose of quantitative research
is to measure concepts or variables
that are predetermined objectively and
to examine the relationship between
them numerically and statistically.

7. Measurement in Quantitative
Research
The following criteria should be
fulfilled:
- Validity
- Objectivity (reliability)
- Accuracy
- Precision

8. Objective Measurement in
Quantitative Research
 Objectivity means that the
researchers stand outside the
phenomena they study. Data
collected are free from bias.
 Objectivity is ensured by many
ways e.g. structured questions,
representative sampling and
randomization.

9. Objective Measurement in
Quantitative Research
(cont.)
 Objective measures are more valid and
reliable than subjective measures, the
later depend on self reports.

10. Types of Quantitative
Data
 Data are used to classify and
categorize groups.
 Examples; numbers, amounts,
prevalence, incidence.
 Variables can be classified as
physical (wt.& Ht.), physiological
(attitude, anxiety), social……etc.

11. Quantitative research
features (cont.)
 Quantitative research studies the
relationship between concepts and
variables e.g. the relation between
family size and quality of life.
 But its hard to avoid the presence
of intervening factors. some times
qualitative research methods could
be useful in this regard.

12. Quantitative research
features (cont.)
 quantitative research can provide
data to describe the distribution of a
characteristic or attributes in
population, explore the relationships
between them and determine cause
and effect relationship.

13. Quantitative approach as
deductive
 Quantitative research is a Deductive
approach as it begins from theory.
It moves from population to sample.
 Some quantitative studies are
Inductive as they lead to formation of
new questions ( generate new
hypothesis )

14. Quantitative research
Main feature
 Quantitative research is described
as producing generalisable findings
through randomization and
representative sampling.
However, the study is no less
quantitative if a random
representative sample is not used.

15. Data Collection in
Quantitative Research
 Questionnaire
 Observation schedules
Survey
 Interviews
 All the methods should be pre-
determined, structured and
standardized.

16. Limitations of
Quantitative Approach
 It is difficult to understand human
phenomena e.g. when studying human
behavior, it is possible only to study what
is observable. So the phenomena is
revealed partially.
 Some researches claim that many
influences affect people’s response to
questions i.e. it is not purely objective.
 Some standardized scales may be

17. What is qualitative
research?
 To care for people and promote
change in behavior, it is
required to understand in-depth
concepts such as attitude,
experience, believes,
motivations and intentions.
So, listening and observing may
give more information than
asking questions.

18. What is qualitative
research? (cont.)
 Qualitative research is an
approach which seeks to
understand , by means of
exploration, human experience,
perceptions, motivations,
intentions and behavior.
 It is interactive, inductive,
flexible, and reflexive method of
data collection and analysis.

19. Main features of Qualitative
Research
1- Exploration
2- Inductive approach
3- Interactive and Reflective
4- Holistic
5- Flexible

20. 1-Exploration is the essential feature
of qualitative approach in order to
understand the perceptions and
actions of participants.
Exploration is to discover new
people, customs, and to learn from
them.
Exploration is a difficult task that
requires training and experience.
It should be inductive, interactive,
reflexive and holistic.

21. 2- Inductive approach:
The purpose of qualitative
approach is to develop concepts
and generates hypothesis. The
researcher is open to ideas which
emerge from listening or observing
people.
The inductive approach is useful
when little is known about the

22. 3- Interactive and Reflexive process
To avoid bias in quantitative approach,
the researchers try to study phenomena
in a detached way.
In qualitative studies, researchers use
interaction between them and
participants to get closer to the topic
under study. The researcher becomes an
instrument of data collection. The
researchers probe, facilitate, and note
tone, hesitations and repetition in
participants responses.

23. 3- Interactive and Reflexive process
(cont.)
There should be trust between
participants and researchers.
The qualitative research should be
reflexive i.e. examining not only what
people say and do, but also why they
say and do so.

24. 4- Holistic exploration
In quantitative research, the
researcher is constrained by a
number of variables to be studied.
In qualitative research, participants
are allowed to put their responses
in context.

25. Main features of Qualitative
Research
( cont. )
5- Flexible methods
Qualitative research relies on personal,
intimate and private world of participants. So
flexible, imaginative, creative and varied
strategies are used to facilitate this process.
Data collection methods include; interviews,
observations, group discussion, analysis of
video recording, letters, diaries and other
documents.
In quantitative research, data collection
methods are constructed in advance.

26. Combining Quantitative
and Qualitative
Methods
 An old debate between quantitative and
qualitative methods can be traced back
to the two opposed Greek philosophical
visions of human science that emphasize
number (Pythagoras) and meaning
(Socrates) as the essence of mind.
 Qualitative research has been described
as noble, good and empowering by some
researchers.
By others it is; story telling, touchy,
feely, biased, subjective, lacking
reliability validity and generalisabilty.

27. Types and purposes of
combining methods
1- To develop and enhance the validity of scales,
questionnaire and tools.
2- To develop, implement and evaluate
interventions.
3- To further explore or test the findings of one
method.
4- To study different aspects of the same topics.
5- To explore complex phenomena from different
perspectives.
6- To confirm or cross-validate data.