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DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION
1.
2. DISASTER
A serious disruption of the
functioning of a
community or a society
involving widespread
human, material, or
environment losses and
impact, which exceeds the
ability of the affected
community to cope using
its own resources.
3. a sudden, calamitous occurrence that causes
harm, injury, destruction and devastation to
life and property. It disrupts the usual course
of life, causing both physical and emotional
distress such as an intense feeling of
helplessness and hopelessness.
DISASTER
5. DISASTER
Since December 2009,
United Nations
International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction
(UNISDR) has served as the
implementing body for the
International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction (ISDR)
6. Hazard
A dangerous phenomenon,
substance, human activity
or condition that MAY
cause the loss of life, injury
or other health impacts,
property damage, loss of
livelihoods and services,
social and economic
disruption, or
environmental damage.
8. RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING
DISASTERS
Severity of Exposure – The amount of exposure to
the disaster is highly related to risk of future mental
problems. At highest risk are those that go through
the disaster themselves. Next are those in close
contact with victims. At lower risk of lasting impact
are those who only had indirect exposure, such as
news of the severe damage.
9. RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING
DISASTERS
Gender and Family Disaster recovery - is more
stressful when children are present in the home.
Women with spouses also experience more distress
during recovery. Having a family member in the
home who is extremely distressed is related to more
stress for everyone. Marital stress has been found to
increase after disasters. Also, conflicts between
family members or lack of support in the home make
it harder to recover from disasters.
10. RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING
DISASTERS
Age - Adults who are in the range of 40 – 60 are likely to
be more distressed after disasters. The thinking is that if
one is in that age range, he / she has more demands from
job and family. Research on how children react to natural
disasters is still limited at this point in tie. In general,
children show more severe distress after disasters than
adults do. Higher stress in the parents is related to worse
recovery in children.
11. RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING
DISASTERS
Developing Countries -There is a strong body of
evidence that these risk factors can be made worse if
the disaster occurs in a developing country. Disasters
in developing countries, like Philippines, have more
severe mental health impact than disasters in
developed countries. This is true even with less
serious disasters.
12. RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING
DISASTERS
Low or Negative social support - The support of
others can be both a risk and a resilience factor.
Social support can weaken after disasters. This may
be due to stress and the need for members of the
support network to get on with their own lives.
13. RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING
DISASTERS
Other factors specific to the survivor Several factors related to a
survivor’s background and resources are important for recovery
from disasters. Recovery is worse if survivors:
• Were not functioning well before the disaster
• Have had no experience dealing with disasters
• Must deal with other stressor after the disaster
• Have poor self – esteem
• Think they are uncared by others
• Think they have little control over what happens to them
• Lack the capacity to manage stress
14. RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING
DISASTERS
Other factors have also been found to predict worse outcomes:
• Bereavement (death of someone close)
• Injury to self or another family member
• Life threat
• Panic, horror, or feelings like that during the disaster
• Being separated from family (especially among youth)
• Great loss of property
• Displacement ( being force to leave home)
16. EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS
ON HUMAN LIFE
Displaced Populations - When Mt. Pinatubo erupted
in 1991, thousands of families in Zambales and
Pampanga were displaced. Their communities were
ravaged by lahar flow that turned these communities
into “wilderness”
17. EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS
ON HUMAN LIFE
Health Risk - Severe flooding can result in stagnant
water that allows breeding of waterborne bacteria
and malaria carrying mosquitoes. Dengue fever is
another serious health problem caused by
mosquitoes.
18. EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS
ON HUMAN LIFE
Food Scarcity - After natural disasters, food often
becomes scarce. Thousands of people around the
world go hungry as a result of destroyed crops and
loss of agricultural supplies, whether it happens
suddenly in a storm or gradually in a drought.
19. EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS
ON HUMAN LIFE
Emotional Aftershocks -Natural disasters can be
particularly traumatic for young children. Confronted
with scenes of destruction and the deaths of friends
and loved ones, many children develop post –
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a serious
psychological condition resulting from extreme
trauma.
20. How and When an Event
Becomes a Disaster?
An event, either human –made or natural,
becomes a disaster when it is sudden or
progressive, causing widespread human,
material or environmental losses
21. How and When an Event
Becomes a Disaster?
1. At least 20% of the population are affected & in need of
emergency assistance or those dwelling units have been destroyed.
2. A great number or at least 40% of the means of livelihood such as
bancas, fishing boats, vehicles and the like are destroyed.
3. Major roads and bridges are destroyed and impassable for at least
a week, thus disrupting the flow of transport and commerce.
4. Widespread destruction of fishponds, crops, poultry and livestock,
and other agricultural products, and
5. Epidemics
22. Types of Disaster
Natural Disasters – These originate from the
different ‘forces’ of nature. Natural disasters
such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
typhoons, and cyclones affect many countries in
Asia particularly the Philippines.
23. Types of Natural Disasters
Agricultural disease and pests Tsunamis
Storm surge Wildfires
Drought and water shortage Volcanic Eruption
Earthquakes Sinkholes
Hurricanes and tropical storm Emergency disease
Landslide and debris flow Extreme heat
Thunder storm and lightning Floods and flash floods
La Niña
Tornadoes
24. Human – made Disaster
These disaster occur due to people’s actions
against human, material and environment.
These include transport and industrial accidents,
such as air and train crashes, chemical spills, and
building collapses. Terrorism is also categorized
as human – made disaster.
25. Types of Human – made
Disaster
Hazardous material
Power service and disruption and blackout
Nuclear power plant and nuclear blast
Radiological emergencies
Chemical threat and biological weapons
Cyber attacks
Explosion
Civil unres
26. Exposed to Man – made Hazard
Areas/ Location Exposed to:
29. Disaster from Different
Perspectives
Physical – From this point of view, disaster is framed
according to the extent of damage to physical
property other alteration of the natural environment
or changes in the weather or climate pattern.
Example; collapse of building due to structural
damage done by an earthquake. Or collapse of a slope
of a mountain due to the degradation brought by
flood from super typhoon.
30. Disaster from Different
Perspectives
Psychological – while coping is a natural mechanism
for human and animals, there are those who are
psychologically scarred after dealing with a disaster in
their lives. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is
often an indication that those under emotional stress
may often exhibit unexpected and unaccepted
behaviour. Example: Soldiers who have fought in
combat zones are usually debriefed or schedule to
undergo counselling for their recovery.
31. Disaster from Different
Perspectives
Economic – Disaster often have an impact on the
commerce and trade of a community or area.
Example; The loss or damage to physical property like
house and building after an earthquake often
hampers members to re-engage with their businesses.
When typhoons damage farms and other sources of
food, food shortages affect the prices and the
purchasing capability of individuals.
32. Disaster from Different
Perspectives
Sociocultural – When a disaster strikes a community,
the values of those living in it are often tasted. Social
and Cultural activities of the people living in the some
unique communities are altered whenever an
introduced element is brought in. Example: Urban
communities that are prone to flooding cope by
owning a boat or raft which they use to evacuate.
33. Disaster from Different
Perspectives
Environment – As disaster cannot be anticipated nor
predicted, people who are not ready or trained to
identify and tackle factors prevent them from
returning to their normal life. To illustrate,
communities that lives near coastal area towns resort
to tourism after destruction of their fishing areas and
the depletion of the natural resources like fresh and
seafood due to overheat and dynamite and cyanide
fishing.
34. Disaster from Different
Perspectives
Political – When the government cannot completely
help the communities which have been exposed to
disasters and hazards, politics play a role in fostering
unity or disunity among political players.
Often, political considerations play a role in the
speedy dispatch of humanitarian assistance. When
government operations are paralyzed, it can be
vulnerable to attacks from hostile nations.
Editor's Notes
a sudden event, such as an accident or a natural catastrophe, that causes great damage or loss of life:
A disaster may be relatively sudden, such as an earthquake or an oil spill, or it may unfold over a longer period, such as the effects of an ongoing pandemic or climatic disruption. Severe droughts, wildfires, floods, landslides, and volcanic eruptions are often considered examples of natural disasters.
What are the consequences of a disaster?
It is a phenomenon that disasters can cause damage to life, property and destroy the economic, social and cultural life of people. In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk. These risks are the product of a combination of both hazard/s and vulnerability.
“Putting disaster risk into plan”
The ISDR system is composed of national authorities and platforms, regional, international, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, the United Nations system, international financial institutions, and scientific and technical bodies and various specialized networks.
The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) is a department of the United Nations Secretariat. The General Assembly tasked UNISDR to support the implementation, follow-up and review of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.
UNISDR, through its regional offices, is working closely with local governments in assessing their risk and in developing local disaster risk reduction strategies and plans in the context of the Resilient Cities Campaign. (see all details under 3, local level)
A Hazard is a risk, danger, chance, or probability. In all cases, the meanings relate to unpleasant things occurring.
Hazard vs. risk
Hazards are things that can cause damage to, for example, people, animals, property, or the environment.
Risk refers to the probability that exposure to a hazard will occur and lead to a negative consequence.
In other words, a hazard poses no risk if you do not expose yourself to it.
“Hazards can be dormant or potential, with only a theoretical probability of harm. An event that is caused by interaction with a hazard is called an incident.”
“The likely severity of the undesirable consequences of an incident associated with a hazard, combined with the probability of this occurring, constitute the associated risk.”
In disasters, there are three broad areas of risk to health: the hazard that can cause damage, exposure to the hazard and the vulnerability of the exposed population
