Work done as a part of internship with Energy Alternatives India. A researched insight into India as an investment site for concentrated solar power generation. Technology explained along with pros, cons, and market conditions.
2. Solar Concentrating Power
Concentrating Solar Power is a method of power
generation from solar energy that employs
incoming radiation’s thermal energy directly
The four major types of CSP Technologies are
Parabolic
Trough
Parabolic Dish
Linear Fresnel
Solar Power Tower
3. Focus type
Point focus
Collectors track the sun along a
single axis and focus irradiance on
a linear receiver. This makes
tracking the sun simpler.
Receiver
type
Line focus
Collectors track the sun along
two axes and focus irradiance at a
single point receiver. This allows
for higher temperatures.
LinearFresnel Reflectors
Fixed
Fixed receivers are stationary devices
that remain independent of the plant’
s focusing device.This eases the
transport of collected heat to the
power block.
Parabolic Troughs
Mobile
Towers (CRS)
Mobile receivers move together with
the focusing device. In both line focus
and point focus designs, mobile
receivers collect more energy.
P arabolic Dishes
5. Cost and Efficiencies
Case
Baseline
Near Term
Long Term
Project
SEGS VI
SEGS LS-4
SEGS DSG
Factors
No Storage
10 Hr Storage
10 Hr Storage
Rated Power MW
30
320
320
Capacity Factor
22/34 %
40%
50%
Area/MW
Solar Field
Overall
6266
21166
11223
39000
10545
34666
Solar To electric
Efficiency
10.7%
14.6%
15.3%
Capital Cost
(USD/KW)
3972
2999
2907
LEC (USD/MWh)
194
101
49
7. Time To Large Scale Commercialization
Parabolic Trough Collector Solar Power Plants are
the most widely deployed and commercialized CSP
Systems
11 working commercial installations worldwide
and 20 of the 27 CSP Plants under construction are
PTCs
PTCs using mineral oil HTFs and Rankine Cycle
Power blocks are fully commercialized technology
Deployment estimated at 15 GW by 2014
8.
9.
10. Machinery
Key parts of a Parabolic Trough Solar Power
Generation Plant are:
The Solar Field
The Power Generation System
Thermal Power Storage
11. Solar Field
Solar Fields are made up of a series of Solar Collector assemblies through
which the heat transfer fluid is pumped.
Key Subsystems
Subsystem
System Used
Current Choice
Future Choice
Collector Structure
LUZ LS 1,2,3; Eurotrough;
Solargenix
EuroTrough
ReflecTech
Reflector Surface
Thick Glass; Thin Glass;
Reflective Film
Thick Glass
Reflective Film
Sun Tracker
Geared; Hydraulic
Geared
Hydraulic
Receiver Tubes
SchottPT; Solel UVAC; Luz
Cermet
Schott PTR
Solel UVAC
Heat Transfer Fluid
Mineral Oil; Molten Salt; DSG
Mineral Oil
DSG
Collector
Interconnect
Flex Hoses; Ball Joints
Flex Hoses
Ball Joints
12. Power Generation and Thermal
Storage
Subsystem
Systems Used
Current Choice
Future Choice
Thermal Storage
Systems
Direct; Indirect
Single/Double
Tank; Solid Media;
Phase Change
Media
Heat Exchangers;
Indirect Double
Tank Molten Solar
Direct Molten
Solar; Direct Solid
Media
Heat Exchangers
DSG
Steam Generators
DSG
Turbine
Rankine Cycle;
OCR; Combined
Cycle
Rankine Cycle;
Combined Cycle
ISCCS
Cooling Systems
Wet; Hybrid; Dry
Wet Cooling
Hybrid Cooling
13. Materials/Resources Required
Sub-Components
Truss
Components
Torque Tube/Box
Parabolic Trough
Support Pylons
Reflecting Surface
Steel
Parabolic Mirror
Receiver
Aluminum
Reflecting Film
Silica/Sand
Hydraulic Cylinders
Receiver
Interconnect
Tracking System
Chemical
Coatings
Gears
Raw Materials
Polymers
Composites
Hose
Ball Joints
Piping
Blading
HTF Oils
Final Components
SCA
HTF Piping System
Heat Transfer
Network
Molten Salt
Thermal Storage
Storage Tanks
Power Block
Heat Exchangers
Cooling System
Rubber
Structures
Water
Electronics
Steam Generator
Oils
Power Electronics
Steam Network
Salts
Rotor/Stator
Turbine
Towers
Generator
Earthing
Cooling Towers
14. Key Barriers
Size of Plant: CSP cost goes down with capacity and Makes
sense only above 10-20 MW.
Reliability Of Components: Key parts liable to short term
failure. Also most components nto completely proven
Cumbersome and Expensive Storage: Needs multiple heat
exchangers and piping. Capital cost increase of 18%
Shipment and Installation: Suppliers situated in Eur and US.
High shipment density and skilled installation required
Geographical Location: Plants generally located where powe
isn’t required. Transmission is a difficulty
15. Opportunities for Indegenization
Local manufacture of trusses and Power Block
Design and manufacture of tracking system
Film based mirrors and installation services
Heat Exchangers
17. Entry into the Power Generation Market
Reasons for late entry into market:
Key components- not yet standardized
Except Trough Systems, technology is not mature
Limitation- Trough/Tower Systems are financially viable
only in large scale >10MW; Dish Systems are expensive
Experimental plants require large investments
18. CSP vs PV
Parameters
PV costs
Thermal costs
Nominal power MW
50
50
Power efficiency
0.14
0.11
Direct capital cost
$/W
5.44
5.6
Indirect capital cost
$/w
1.4
1.4
Storage cost$/W
2.2
1,68
O&M%
0.4
4
19. CSP Storage
Types
Method
Materials
Advantages
Lowcost Issues
Direct 2
Tank
HTF storage tanks
part of the loop,
one hot one cold
Mineral Oil; Molten
Salt in towers and
experimental direct
salt systems
Simplest System
Low storage time,
large volumes, High
pressure storage
needed
Indirect 2
Tank
HTF Heats
secondary material
stored in tanks
Molten Salt
Proven, Long Term High Cost, Heat loss
Storage
in exchangers,
pumping costs
Indirect
Single Tank
Hot and cold media
stored in same
tank, form
thermocline
Media heated by
radiation, HTF
draws heat from it
Molten Salt
Reduces salt
requirement,
Lesser cost
Thermocline spread,
relatively short term
Graphite Blocks in
power towers
Most Efficient,
simple
Experimental, small
storage only, high
strength tower
required
Pipes pass through
solid, media stores
heat
Cement, Ceramic
Low cost of media
Inefficient, high
volumes required
due to low ∆T
Direct Solid
Media
Indirect
Solid Media
20. CSP Storage
Indirect Molten Salt storage is currently the most
explored and feasible option in Trough and tower
systems
Cost Trends:
In the case of towers, molten salt direct systems
are the most efficient
If solid media storage works out, it could prove to
be the most useful and cost effective Storage
technology
21. Materials/Resources Required
Sub-Components
Truss
Components
Torque Tube/Box
Parabolic Trough
Support Pylons
Reflecting Surface
Steel
Parabolic Mirror
Receiver
Aluminum
Reflecting Film
Silica/Sand
Hydraulic Cylinders
Receiver
Interconnect
Tracking System
Chemical
Coatings
Gears
Raw Materials
Polymers
Composites
Hose
Ball Joints
Piping
Blading
HTF Oils
Final Components
SCA
HTF Piping System
Heat Transfer
Network
Molten Salt
Thermal Storage
Storage Tanks
Power Block
Heat Exchangers
Cooling System
Rubber
Structures
Water
Electronics
Steam Generator
Oils
Power Electronics
Steam Network
Salts
Rotor/Stator
Turbine
Towers
Generator
Earthing
Cooling Towers
22. Next Step in CSP
The next technology in CSP is the Solar Power
Tower
It has multiple advantages over Trough based CSP
while not having any more disadvantages than PCT
The only big problem being that Tower has no
track record
Towers have already been made with next
generation PCT technologies like Direct Salt and
Direct Steam generation
23.
24. Break Through Technologies
Troughs: Reflective Films on Metal Backing
Receivers: Solel UVAC, Selective coatings
HTF: Low temperature salts, Direct Steam
Generation
Storage: Solid Storage Media
Piping: Ball Joints
Power Production: Combined Rankine Cycles