The document provides information about the muscular system. It discusses the different types of muscles in the body including skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and attach to bones, enabling movement. They comprise about 40-50% of body weight. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart and has interconnected fibers. Smooth muscle is involuntary and found in organs like the stomach and intestines. The document also describes muscle properties like contractility and elasticity. It discusses muscle fiber types, innervation, the sliding filament theory of contraction, and age-related changes in muscles.

2. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Presented To :
SIR SHEERAZ
• Presented By:
ABBAS KHAN

3. What are Muscles..
 Specialized
tissue that enable
the body and its
parts to move.

4. Muscle
Derivation :
 Latin word mus
means mouse
 its due to many of
them resembles
mouse with tendon
representing tail
tendon
belly

5. Continue…
• A contractile
tissue which
bring about
movements
• Muscle can be
regarded as
motors of body

6. Properties of Muscle
• Excitability: capacity of muscle to respond
to a stimulus
• Contractility: ability of a muscle to shorten
and generate pulling force
• Extensibility: muscle can be stretched back
to its original length
• Elasticity: ability of muscle to recoil to
original resting length after stretched

7. Muscle Classification
Functionally
Voluntarily
can be moved at will
skeletal muscle
Involuntarily
can’t be moved at will
cardiac ,smooth muscle
Heart wall,Visceral organs

8. Structurally
Striated
have cross striation on
muscle fiber
cardiac, skeletal muscle
Non striated
have no striation
smooth muscle

9. Types of Muscle
 Skeletal
Muscle
 Cardiac
Muscle
 Smooth
Muscle
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10. Skeletal Muscle
Human body contains over 640 skeletal
muscles 40- 50% of total body weight
 Muscle that can be felt and seen
 Attached to bone
Comes in pairs.
The contraction is voluntary.
 Striated – have visible banding
 Cells are multinucleated
Responsible for Body movement (Locomotion)

12. Functions of muscle
 Body movement (Locomotion)
 Maintenance of posture
 Respiration
 Diaphragm and intercostals contractions
 Communication (Verbal and Facial)
 Constriction of organs and vessels
 Peristalsis of intestinal tract
 Vasoconstriction of b.v. and other structures
(pupils)
 Production of body heat (Thermo genesis)
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14. Muscle ATTACHMENT
 Axial musculature
 Muscles with origins on the
axial skeleton that position
and move head, spine, rib
cage
 Appendicular
musculature
Muscles that stabilize or move
appendicular components
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15. Muscle ATTACHMENT
Direct attachments
Fleshy part direct attached
e.g. intercostals muscle
 Indirect attachments
tendon or aponeurosis meet bones
Tubercles, trochanters, and crests

16. Movement of Muscles
 Origin: attachment
that remains stationary
or least mobile
origin
belly
 Insertion: attachment
of the muscle to the bone
that more mobile
 Belly: the fleshy part
of the muscle between
the tendons
insertion

17. Types of muscle fibers
SLOW FIBERS Type I
Half the diameter of
fast fibers
Take three times as
RESISTANT TO
FATIGUE
 Abundant
mitochondria
 Large capillary
supply
High concentrations
of myoglobin
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FAST FIBERS Type IIa
Large in diameter
Large glycogen
reserves
few mitochondria
Produce rapid,
powerful
contractions of short
duration
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18. Intermediate type IIb
Similar to fast fibers
Greater resistance to fatigue
Activity of
type I
 e.g. neck,
trunk muscle
maintain
posture
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type II
leg
muscle
walking,running
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Type IIb
Shoulder
flexer,abbducter
wieght lifting
gymnastic Act
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19. Fascicular architecture of muscle
 Parallel
 strap-like
Sartorius
 Fusiform
 spindle shaped
bicep brachii
 Convergent
 ex: pectoralis major
 Pennate
 "feather shaped”
 Unipennate
 ex: extensor digitorum
longus
 Bipennate
 ex: rectus femoris
 Circular
 sphincters
 ex: orbicularis oris
 Multipennate
 ex: deltoid

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21. Naming Skeletal Muscles
 Location of the muscle
 Shape of the muscle
 Relative Size of the muscle
 Direction/Orientation of the muscle
fibers/cells
 Number of Origins
 Action of the muscle

22. Muscles Named by Location
 Epicranius
(around cranium)
 Tibialis anterior
(front of tibia)
tibialis
anterior

23. Name by shape
 Shape:
 deltoid (triangle)
 serratus (saw-toothed)
Deltoid
 rhomboideus
(rhomboid, 4 parallel
sides)
 orbicularis and
sphincters (circular)
Rhomboideus
major
Serratus anterior

24. Muscles Named by Size
 maximus (largest)
Psoas
 minimis (smallest) minor
 longus (longest)
 brevis (short)
Psoas
 major (large)
major
 minor (small)

25. Muscles Named by Direction of Fibers
 Rectus (straight)
–parallel to long
axis
Rectus
abdominis
 Transverse
 Oblique
External
oblique

26. Named for
Number of Origins
 Biceps (2)
 Triceps (3)
 Quadriceps
Biceps
brachii
(4)
Named for Action
•Abductor magnus
– abducts thigh
Adductor
magnus

27. Coordinated action of muscle
 Primary Action Categories
agonist
 Prime mover (agonist)

Main muscle in an action
 Synergist
 Helper muscle in an action
 Antagonist
 Opposed muscle to an action
 Fixater
muscle wich stablize proxmal joint
in movement of distal joint
Fixater
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Antagonist

28. Connective Tissue of a Muscle
 Epimysium. Dense c.t. surrounding entire muscle
Separates muscle from surrounding tissue and
 Connected to the deep fascia
 Perimysium. Collagen and elastic fibers surrounding a
group of muscle fibers called a fascicle
 Contains b.v and nerves
 Endomysium. Loose connective tissue that surrounds
individual muscle fibers
 Also contains b.v., nerves, and satellite cells (embryonic
stem cells function in repair of muscle tissue
 Collagen fibers of all 3 layers come together at each end of
muscle to form a tendon or aponeurosis.


29. Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles
 The Organization of a Skeletal Muscle
Figure 7-1

30. Micro anatomy of Skeletal Muscles
 Microanatomy of a Muscle Fiber
 Sarcolemma

Muscle cell membrane
 Sarcoplasm
 Muscle cell cytoplasm
 Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
 Like smooth ER
 Transverse tubules (T tubules)
 Myofibrils (contraction organelle)
 Sarcomeres
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31. MicroAnatomy of Skeletal Muscles
 Sarcomere—Repeating structural unit of the
myofibril
 Components of a sarcomere


Myofilaments
 Thin filaments (mostly actin)
 Thick filaments (mostly myosin)
Z lines at each end
 Anchor for thin filaments
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32. Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles
The Organization of a Single Muscle Fiber
Figure 7-2(a)

33. Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles
 The Organization of a
 Single Muscle Fiber
Figure 7-2(b)

34. Nerve and Blood Vessel Supply
Motor supply(60%)
 Alpha efferent fibers to extra fusel m.fibers
 gamma efferent supply intra fusal m.fiber
Sensory supply (40%)
 Mylinated fiber supply m.spindle for proprioception
and g.t.o
Capillary beds surround muscle fibers
 Muscles require large amounts of energy
 Extensive vascular network delivers necessary
oxygen and nutrients and
 carries away metabolic waste produced by muscle
fibers

35. Sensory supply
Muscle Spindle
+
+
+
Alpha Motor Neuron
Motor supply

36. Neuromuscular Junction
 Site where an axon
and muscle fiber meet
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 Parts to know:
• Motor neuron
Synaptic
vesicles
Mitochondria
• Motor end plate
• Synapse
Motor
neuron axon
Synaptic
cleft
Folded
sarcolemma
• Synaptic cleft
• Synaptic vesicles
Acetylcholine
Axon branches
Muscle fiber
nucleus
Motor
end plate
Myofibril of
muscle fiber
• Neurotransmitters
9
(a)
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37. Control of Muscle Contraction
 Steps in Neuromuscular Transmission
 Motor neuron action potential
 Acetylcholine release and binding

Action potential in sarcolemma

T tubule action potential

Calcium release from SR

Ca2+ causes myosin binding sites changes on actin.

Myosin cross bridges can now attach and the cross
bridge cycle can take place.
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38.  Summary of Contraction Process
Table 7-1

39. Cross bridging Process


Actin active sites and myosin cross-bridges
interact
Thin filaments slide past thick filaments

Cross-bridges undergo a cycle of movement
 Attach, pivot, detach, return
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

40. Calcium
ATP
Myosin head
Actin
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41. Sarcomere
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Dark band
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42. Motor Units
A motor neuron and all the
muscle fiber it controls
 Small motor units = finer
control
 Motor units are intermixed in
the muscle to pull evenly on the
tendon

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43. small motor units  precise
control (e.g. eye muscles
large motor units gross
 Motor Units
control (e.g. leg muscles)
Figure 7-8

44. Types of Contractions
• Isotonic – muscle contracts and
changes length
• Isometric – muscle contracts but
does not change length
• Concentric – shortening contraction
• Eccentric – lengthening
contraction
(a) Muscle
contracts with
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force greater than
resistance and
Most likely to cause
shortens (concentric
contraction)
muscle injury
(c) Muscle contracts but
does not change length
(isometric contraction)
No
movement
Movement
Movement
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45. Smooth muscles
Muscle Mechanics
• Smooth muscles help
us• to move food
Muscle tone
• Tension digestive
through our in a “resting” muscle produced by a low
level of spontaneous
tract.(peristalsis)resting motor neuron activity.
• Distinct from
tension
•Nonstriated cells passive stretching
• produced by (no
sarcomeres)of muscle tone
• Function
 Stabilizes
Involuntarybones, joints
 Prevents atrophy are
• Smooth muscles(muscle wasting )
found in the digestive
system
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46. Types of Smooth Muscle
Single unit Smooth Muscle
•Fibers held together by gap
junctions
•Independent of n.s
•Stimulated by stretch
• Exhibit rhythmicity
•Walls of most hollow organs
•stomach,intestine,uterus
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Multi-unit Smooth
Muscle
• Less organized
• Function as separate
units
• dependent on n.s
• Iris of eye
• Walls of blood vessels
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47. Cardiac Muscle
 Cardiac Muscle Tissue
 Small cells
 Single nucleus/cell
 Intercalated discs
 Self-exciting and
rhythmicy due to
c.system
 No tetanic contraction

48. Fibrillation
– ABNORMAL CONTRACTION OF CARDIADC
MUSCLE
– CARDIAC CHAMBER DON,T CONRACT
COMPLETELY
– RESULT IN DISRUPTION OF PUMPING
ACTION
– INAFFECTIVE PUMPING AND ABNORMAL
CONTRACTION OF ATRIA AND
VENTRICLEs
TWO TYPES
1.ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
2.VENTRICULER FIBRILLATION

49. VENTRICLE
FIVRILLATION

50. Muscle Strain



A muscle strain, or pulled muscle,
is when your muscle is
overstretched or torn.
can happen in any muscle, but
most common back, neck,
shoulder, and hamstring .
It due to high pressure on
muscles during normal daily
activities, with sudden heavy
lifting, during sports, or while
performing work tasks.

51. Muscle Hypertrophy
 Enlargement of a muscle
 More capillaries
 More mitochondria
 Caused by
 Strenuous exercise
 Steroid hormones

52. Muscle Atrophy
 Weakening and shrinking of a
muscle
 May be caused
 Immobilization
 Loss of neural stimulation

53. PARALYSIS
 LOSS OF MOTER POWER IS
CALLED PARALYSIS
 CAUSED BY DAMAGE TO
MOTER NEURAL
PATHWAYS
 OR it could be INHERIT
DESEASE OF MUSCLE

54. What is fatigue?
“loss in the capacity for
developing force and / or
velocity of a muscle, resulting
from muscular activity under
load and which is reversible by
rest”

55. Age-Related Reductions
 By age of 80 Muscle size,
half of muscle mass has
atrophied
 Muscle elasticity
 Muscle strength
 Exercise tolerance
 Injury recovery ability
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57. For your knowledge
•
•
•
•
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
How many muscles are there in the human body?
Answer: 640 Muscles
The muscles make up about 40 % of the body mass.
What is the longest muscle in the body?
Answer: The Sartorius
The Sartorius runs from the outside of the hip, down and across to
the inside of the knee. It twists and pulls the thigh outwards.
What is the smallest muscle in the body?
Answer: The Stapedius
The Stapedius is located deep in the ear. It is only 5mm long and
thinner than cotton thread. It is involved in hearing.
What is the biggest muscle in the body?
Answer: The Gluteus Maximus
The Gluteus Maximus is located in the buttock. It pulls the leg
backwards powerfully for walking and running.

58. There are about 60 muscles in the face.
Smiling is easier than
frowning.
It takes 20 muscles to smile and over 40 to frown.
Smile and make someone happy.

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