This document provides an overview of a lecture on muscular tissue given to nursing and physiotherapy students. It describes the three main types of muscle tissue - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle - comparing their structures, locations, and modes of control. Skeletal muscle fibers are striated and voluntary, cardiac muscle is in the heart walls and involuntary, and smooth muscle lines organs and is also involuntary. The lecture discusses muscle fiber formation, sarcomere structure, and the sliding filament model of contraction. It provides details on skeletal muscle architecture, attachments, fiber types, and neuromuscular junctions. Cardiac and smooth muscle structures are also outlined. The document concludes with notes on muscle disorders and sarcopenia in aging.
Muscle is one of the four primary tissue types of the body, and the body contains three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
Describes the overview of the skeletal muscles, its description, functons, and properties. It also inccludes the gross organization of the skeletal system.
Muscle is one of the four primary tissue types of the body, and the body contains three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
Describes the overview of the skeletal muscles, its description, functons, and properties. It also inccludes the gross organization of the skeletal system.
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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1. KILIMANJARO CHRISTIAN MMEDICAL
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine
Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience
Anatomy Lecture for BSc.Nursing and BSc.Physiotherapy
LECTURE 7
TOPIC: MUSCULAR (CONTRACTILE) TISSUE
Date: Nov. 11th 2022, from 1:30 am -3:30pm, GYM – Physiotherapy School
Lecturer: J. S. Kauki, BSc, MSc, on PhD, Email: jskauki@gmail.com.
Office ext. 70 Block C, 3RD Floor, Anatomy dept.
2. Objective
Describe the general features of muscular
tissue.
Compare the structure, location, and
mode of control of skeletal, cardiac, and
smooth muscle tissue.
3. Introduction
Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers
or myocytes that can use ATP to generate force.
As a result, muscular tissue produces body movements,
maintains posture, and generates heat.
It also provides protection.
Based on its location and certain structural and functional
features, muscular tissue is classified into three types: skeletal,
cardiac, and smooth
4. Functions of muscle tissue
Movement
Maintenance of posture
Joint stabilization
Heat generation
Special functional characteristics of
muscle
Contractility
Only one action: to shorten
Shortening generates pulling
force
Excitability
Nerve fibers cause electrical
impulse to travel
Extensibility
Stretch with contraction of an
opposing muscle
Elasticity
Recoils passively after being
stretched
5. Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal
•Attach to and move skeleton
•40% of body weight
•Fibers = multinucleate cells (embryonic cells fuse)
•Cells with obvious striations
•Contractions are voluntary
Cardiac:
• only in the wall of the heart
•Cells are striated
•Contractions are
involuntary (not voluntary)
Smooth: walls of hollow organs
•Lack striations
•Contractions are involuntary (not voluntary)
6. Similarities…
Their cells are called fibers because they are elongated
Contraction depends on myofilaments
Actin
Myosin / Desmin (smooth muscles)
Plasma membrane is called sarcolemma
Sarcos = flesh
Lemma = sheath
7. Skeletal Muscle
Each muscle is an organ
Consists mostly of muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle also contains
Connective tissue
Blood vessels
Nerves
Plasma membrane is called a sarcolemma
Cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm
8. Skeletal muscle
Connective tissue and fascicles
Connective tissue sheaths
bind a skeletal muscle and its
fibers together
Epimysium – dense regular
connective tissue surrounding
entire muscle
Perimysium – surrounds each
fascicle
(group of muscle fiber
Endomysium – a fine sheath
of connective tissue wrapping
each muscle cell
Nerves and blood vessels
Each skeletal muscle supplied by
branches of
One nerve
One artery
One or more veins
10. Attachments
Many muscles span two or more joints
Called biarticular or multijoint muscles
Cause movements at two joints
Direct or “fleshy” attachments
Attachments so short that muscle
appears to attach directly to bone
Indirect: connective tissue extends well
beyond the muscle (more common)
Tendon: cordlike (most muscles have
tendons)
Aponeurosis: flat sheet
Raised bone markings where tendons
meet bones
Tubercles, trochanters, crests, etc.
14. Skeletal muscle
Fibers (each is one cell) have
striations
Myofibrils are organelles of the
cell: these are made up of
filaments
Sarcomere
Basic unit of contraction
Myofibrils are long rows of
repeating sarcomeres
Boundaries: Z discs (or
lines)
This big
cylinder is a
fiber: 1 cell -an organelle
Basic unit of contraction of skeletal
muscle
Z disc (Z line) – boundaries of each
sarcomere
Thin (actin) filaments – extend
from Z disc toward the center of the
sarcomere
Thick (myosin) filaments – located
in the center of the sarcomere
15. Sarcoplasmic reticulum is smooth ER
Tubules surround myofibrils
Cross-channels called “terminal cisternae”
Store Ca++ and release when muscle stimulated to contract
To thin filaments triggering sliding filament mechanism of contraction
T tubules are continuous with sarcolemma, therefore whole muscle (deep
parts as well) contracts simultaneously
17. 09/01/2023 17
Myofibrils Made of three types of filaments
(or myofilaments):
Thick (myosin)
Thin (actin)
Elastic (titin)
18. Sliding Filament Model
__relaxed sarcomere__ _partly contracted_
fully contracted
“A” band constant
because it is
caused by myosin,
which doesn’t
change length
Sarcomere shortens
because actin pulled
towards its middle
by myosin cross
bridges
Titin resists overstretching
19.
20. Neuromuscular
Junction
Motor neurons innervate muscle
fibers
Motor end plate is where they
meet
Neurotransmitters are released
by nerve signal: this initiates
calcium ion release and muscle
contraction
Motor Unit: a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates (these all
contract together)
•Average is 150, but range is four to several hundred muscle fibers in a motor unit
•The finer the movement, the fewer muscle fibers /motor unit
•The fibers are spread throughout the muscle, so stimulation of a single motor
unit causes a weak contraction of the entire muscle
23. Types of skeletal muscle fibers
Fast, slow and intermediate
Whether or not they predominantly use
oxygen to produce ATP (the energy
molecule used in muscle contraction)
Oxidative – aerobic (use oxygen)
Glycolytic – make ATP by
glycolysis (break down of sugars
without oxygen=anaerobic)
Fast fibers: “white fibers” – large,
predominantly anaerobic, fatigue
rapidly (rely on glycogen reserves);
most of the skeletal muscle fibers are
fast
Slow fibers: “red fibers” – half the
diameter, 3X slower, but can continue
contracting; aerobic, more
mitochondria, myoglobin
Intermediate: in between
24. 09/01/2023 24
A) staining for
ATPase at Ph 4.2.
Type 1 fibers dark,
type 2 fibers light.
B) Stainig to
demonstrate NADH
transferase. Type 1
dark stained, type 2
light stained.
25. NOTE
A skeletal muscle contracts when its motor units are stimulated
Amount of tension depends on
1. the frequency of stimulation
2. the number of motor units involved
Single, momentary contraction is called a muscle twitch
All or none principle: each muscle fiber either contracts completely or
not at all
Amount of force: depends on how many motor units are activated
Muscle tone
Even at rest, some motor units are active: tense the muscle even
though not causing movement: “resting tone”
26. Muscle hypertrophy
Weight training (repeated intense workouts): increases diameter and
strength of “fast” muscle fibers by increasing production of
Mitochondria
Actin and myosin protein
Myofilaments containing these contractile proteins
The myofibril organelles these myofilaments form
Fibers enlarge (hypertrophy) as number and size of myofibrils
increase
[Muscle fibers (=muscle cells) don’t increase in number but increase
in diameter producing large muscles]
Endurance training (aerobic): doesn’t produce hypertrophy
Muscle atrophy: loss of tone and mass from lack of stimulation
Muscle becomes smaller and weaker
Note on terminology: in general, increased size is hypertrophy; increased
number of cells is hyperplasia
27. Cardiac muscle
Bundles form thick
myocardium
Cardiac muscle cells are single
cells (not called fibers)
Cells branch
Cells join at intercalated discs
1-2 nuclei in center
Here “fiber” = long row of
joined cardiac muscle cells
Inherent rhythmicity: each
cell! (muscle cells beat
separately without any
stimulation)
Intercalated
disc__________
28. Smooth muscle
•Muscles are spindle-shaped cells
•One central nucleus
•Grouped into sheets: often running
perpendicular to each other
•Peristalsis
•No striations (no sarcomeres)
•Contractions are slow, sustained and
resistant to fatigue
•Does not always require a nervous signal:
can be stimulated by stretching or hormones
6 major locations:
1. inside the eye 2. walls of vessels 3. respiratory tubes
4. digestive tubes 5. urinary organs 6. reproductive organs
29.
30.
31.
32. Muscle tissues experience few disorders
Heart muscle is the exception
Skeletal muscle
Remarkably resistant to infection
Smooth muscle
Problems stem from external irritants
READ: Disorders of muscle Tissue,at least
three.
33. Muscle Tissue Through life
Muscle tissue develops from myoblasts
Skeletal muscles contract by the seventh
week of development.
Cardiac muscle
Pumps blood from three weeks after
fertilization
With increased age
Amount of connective tissue increases in
muscles
Number of muscle fibers decreases
Loss of muscle mass with aging
Decrease in muscular strength by 50% by
age 80
Sarcopenia – muscle wasting
34. Take home Assignment
Read about the following Muscle Disorders
1. Myopathies eg Polymyositis, Dermatomyositis, Duchenne Muscular
Dystrophy, Steroid induced myopathy
2. Cramp: prolong painful involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles
3. Fibrositis: Inflammation of fibrous connective tissues in muscles.it also
effect muscles of trunk and back.
4. Myasthenia Gravis
5. Rhabdomyolysis
6. Cardiac Myopathy: Coronary Artery Disease
7. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
8. Sarcopenia: This muscle disease can be primary or secondary.
Sarcopenia causes muscle mass loss and muscle strength