An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with real-time computing constraints. Embedded systems are present in many devices such as household appliances, vehicles, medical equipment, smartphones, and more. They typically use microcontrollers or microprocessors to monitor and control embedded hardware components. Key components of embedded systems include a CPU, memory, I/O ports, and timers/counters. Microcontrollers integrate most of these components onto a single chip, while microprocessors require external components. Embedded systems use various addressing modes and have inputs like interrupts and timers that allow them to interact with the external environment. Common applications areas of embedded systems include consumer electronics, industrial automation, automotive systems,
This document provides an industrial internship report for work completed at DRDO (Defense Research & Development Organization) in India. The internship focused on studying the AVR Atmega16 microcontroller architecture and applying it in a general purpose circuit. The report includes an acknowledgment, abstract, background on DRDO and the host lab SAG, and a detailed section-by-section summary of the work completed on microcontrollers, embedded systems, and a comparison of microcontrollers and microprocessors.
The document discusses timing diagrams of the 8085 microprocessor and the 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI). It provides a timing diagram example for the MVI A, 30H instruction in the 8085. It also explains that the 8255 PPI is a general purpose programmable I/O device that can be used to interface a CPU to external devices like ADCs and DACs. The 8255 has three 8-bit ports (A, B, C) that can be programmed as either inputs or outputs. The 8255 operates in either a bit set/reset mode or input/output mode.
The document provides an overview of the 8051 microcontroller, including its block diagram, pin descriptions, registers, memory mapping, stack, timers, and interrupts. It describes the CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, timers, and interrupt control that are integrated into a single chip in the 8051 microcontroller. It also explains various registers related to timers and interrupts in the 8051.
MPI UNIT 5 - (INTERRUPTS OF 8086, INTRODUCTION TO 8051).pptxRaviKiranVarma4
This document discusses the architecture and features of the 8051 microcontroller. It begins by explaining that the 8051 has 4KB of on-chip ROM, 128 bytes of internal RAM, four I/O ports, two timers, and supports interrupts. It then describes the pinout of the 8051 and the functions of each pin. Finally, it provides an overview of the main components of the 8051 architecture, including the CPU, memory, I/O ports, registers, serial port, and interrupt sources.
The document discusses the Intel 8051 microcontroller family. It provides a brief history of the 8051, noting it was introduced in 1980 and had 128 bytes of internal RAM and 4Kbytes of ROM. It then lists several manufacturers of 8051 variants and their key features. The rest of the document goes into more detail about the hardware architecture of the 8051, including the pin descriptions and functions of the ports, timers, and serial interface.
This document provides information about the features and architecture of the 8051 microcontroller. It describes the 8-bit CPU, 64K program memory, 64K data memory, 4K on-chip program memory, 128 bytes of on-chip data RAM, 32 I/O lines, two timers, UART serial communication, interrupt structure, and on-chip oscillator. It also covers the pin descriptions, registers, memory mapping, stack, I/O port programming, timers, and interrupts of the 8051. Finally, it discusses the instruction set groups for arithmetic, logical, data transfer, boolean, and program branching operations.
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with real-time computing constraints. Embedded systems are present in many devices such as household appliances, vehicles, medical equipment, smartphones, and more. They typically use microcontrollers or microprocessors to monitor and control embedded hardware components. Key components of embedded systems include a CPU, memory, I/O ports, and timers/counters. Microcontrollers integrate most of these components onto a single chip, while microprocessors require external components. Embedded systems use various addressing modes and have inputs like interrupts and timers that allow them to interact with the external environment. Common applications areas of embedded systems include consumer electronics, industrial automation, automotive systems,
This document provides an industrial internship report for work completed at DRDO (Defense Research & Development Organization) in India. The internship focused on studying the AVR Atmega16 microcontroller architecture and applying it in a general purpose circuit. The report includes an acknowledgment, abstract, background on DRDO and the host lab SAG, and a detailed section-by-section summary of the work completed on microcontrollers, embedded systems, and a comparison of microcontrollers and microprocessors.
The document discusses timing diagrams of the 8085 microprocessor and the 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI). It provides a timing diagram example for the MVI A, 30H instruction in the 8085. It also explains that the 8255 PPI is a general purpose programmable I/O device that can be used to interface a CPU to external devices like ADCs and DACs. The 8255 has three 8-bit ports (A, B, C) that can be programmed as either inputs or outputs. The 8255 operates in either a bit set/reset mode or input/output mode.
The document provides an overview of the 8051 microcontroller, including its block diagram, pin descriptions, registers, memory mapping, stack, timers, and interrupts. It describes the CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, timers, and interrupt control that are integrated into a single chip in the 8051 microcontroller. It also explains various registers related to timers and interrupts in the 8051.
MPI UNIT 5 - (INTERRUPTS OF 8086, INTRODUCTION TO 8051).pptxRaviKiranVarma4
This document discusses the architecture and features of the 8051 microcontroller. It begins by explaining that the 8051 has 4KB of on-chip ROM, 128 bytes of internal RAM, four I/O ports, two timers, and supports interrupts. It then describes the pinout of the 8051 and the functions of each pin. Finally, it provides an overview of the main components of the 8051 architecture, including the CPU, memory, I/O ports, registers, serial port, and interrupt sources.
The document discusses the Intel 8051 microcontroller family. It provides a brief history of the 8051, noting it was introduced in 1980 and had 128 bytes of internal RAM and 4Kbytes of ROM. It then lists several manufacturers of 8051 variants and their key features. The rest of the document goes into more detail about the hardware architecture of the 8051, including the pin descriptions and functions of the ports, timers, and serial interface.
This document provides information about the features and architecture of the 8051 microcontroller. It describes the 8-bit CPU, 64K program memory, 64K data memory, 4K on-chip program memory, 128 bytes of on-chip data RAM, 32 I/O lines, two timers, UART serial communication, interrupt structure, and on-chip oscillator. It also covers the pin descriptions, registers, memory mapping, stack, I/O port programming, timers, and interrupts of the 8051. Finally, it discusses the instruction set groups for arithmetic, logical, data transfer, boolean, and program branching operations.
The document discusses embedded systems and microcontrollers. It provides information on what embedded systems are, examples of where they are used, components of embedded systems like microprocessors and microcontrollers, differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, features of the Intel 8051 microcontroller and its applications in embedded systems. It also discusses addressing modes, timers, interrupts and embedded operating systems.
The document describes the 8085 microprocessor, including its pin diagram, functional units, architecture, and example assembly language programs. Specifically, it provides details on the 8085's power supply and frequency pins, data and address buses, control signals, interrupt signals, and serial and DMA signals. It outlines the 8085's functional units like the accumulator, arithmetic logic unit, registers, and timing and control unit. Example programs are provided to exchange 16-bit numbers, add and subtract 8-bit and 16-bit numbers, and add two N-byte numbers.
The document provides information about the 8051 microcontroller. It describes the basic components of a microcontroller including the CPU, memory, I/O ports, and timers. It explains the pin layout and functions of the 8051 microcontroller. Key components like registers, memory mapping, stack, and interrupts of the 8051 are summarized. Programming I/O ports and timers is also covered at a high level.
Unit 01.Lec2 Introduction to 8051 microcontroller (2).pptxSamarpitaBakshi
The document discusses a session on the 8051 microcontroller, including reviewing previous material on registers and block diagrams, learning outcomes on creating a pin diagram and identifying input/output pins, content on the pin functions delivered through presentations and programming exercises, and preparation for the next session covering arithmetic instructions and programs.
This study paper portrays a fresh approach for
a course and laboratory design to establish low cost prototypes
and other entrenched devices that accentuate virtual
programmable logic device (VPLD), object oriented java and
real time processing tactics. JAVA is used for software
development. The study encompasses the use of host and node
application. A high performance, low power AVR with high
endurance non-volatile memory segments and with an advance
RISC structure is used to construct prototypes. The paperwork
deals with the VPLD board which is capable to work as
corresponding digital logic analyzer, equation parser, standard
digital IC and design wave studio
The document discusses Microprocessor and its Applications. It contains 28 questions related to microprocessors, their basic units, addressing modes, interrupts, assembly language instructions, and more. Specifically, it discusses the 8085 and 8051 microcontrollers, explaining concepts like multiplexing, flags, machine cycles, timing diagrams, and memory mapping.
The document provides information about the 8085 microprocessor, including its architecture, features, instruction formats, and addressing modes. The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor with an accumulator, registers, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), flags, and I/O controls. It has three types of instructions that are 1, 2, or 3 bytes long. The addressing modes allow instructions to specify operands and include immediate, direct, register, register indirect, and implicit modes.
This PPT covers some important points of 8051 microcontroller like Applications, block diagram, Architecture, comparison between microprocessor and microcontroller, Pin diagram, RAM memory space allocation, register banks, Instruction set, Addresing modes, serial communication, baud rate, machine cycle, serial interface with PC, Introduction to Timers/Counters etc....
The document provides an overview of the 8051 microcontroller, including its block diagram, pin descriptions, registers, memory mapping, stack, I/O port programming, timers, and interrupts. It explains the basic components and architecture of the 8051, how it maps memory and handles interrupts and timers. It also compares microprocessors to microcontrollers and discusses embedded systems.
The document describes the P89V51RB2/RC2/RD2 microcontroller, which features an 80C51 CPU, 16/32/64kB of flash memory, 1kB of RAM, and various peripherals. It has an X2 mode that allows it to run at twice the throughput of a standard 80C51 at the same clock frequency. The microcontroller supports both parallel and serial programming of its flash memory. It is available in PLCC44, TQFP44, and DIP40 packages.
The document describes the features and specifications of the AT89S51 microcontroller, including its 4K bytes of in-system programmable flash memory, I/O ports, serial communication channel, timers, and interrupt sources. It provides details on the microcontroller's pin configurations for different packages and describes each pin's functions, such as power supply pins, ports for input/output, reset pin, and pins for programming and memory access.
The document discusses the Intel 8085 microprocessor. It provides details on the architecture and pin diagram of the 8085. The 8085 is an 8-bit processor introduced in 1977 as an enhancement of the 8080. It has a maximum clock speed of 6MHz and can access 64KB of memory using its 16-bit address bus. The document outlines the various components of the 8085 architecture and describes its applications in areas like printing, gaming, and communications. It notes some disadvantages of the 8085 like potential overheating and limited data size.
The document is a presentation by Mrs. Pallavi Mahagaonkar about microcontrollers. It discusses the features of microcontrollers including CPU, RAM, ROM, input/output ports and timers. It provides examples of microcontroller applications in various devices. It also describes the architecture of the 8051 microcontroller, including its memory organization, registers, ports, and pins. It explains how the 8051 microcontroller interfaces with external memory.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller. It provides three key criteria for choosing a microcontroller: 1) meeting computing needs efficiently and cost effectively, 2) availability of software development tools, and 3) reliable sources. It then describes the basic components and features of the 8051, including 4K bytes of ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, four 8-bit I/O ports, two timers/counters, a serial interface, and support for external memory. Finally, it explains the memory organization and allocation of the 8051, distinguishing program memory, data memory, and external RAM.
A microprocessor is the main component of a microcomputer system and is also ...jeronimored
The document describes the curriculum for a course on microprocessors and their applications. It contains 5 modules: 1) Introduction, 2) 8085 pins, 3) 8085 architecture and programming, 4) interfacing techniques, and 5) other 8-bit microprocessors. Module 1 introduces basic microcomputer concepts like CPU, memory, I/O, hardware, and software. Module 2 describes the various pin categories and functions of the 8085 microprocessor. Module 3 discusses the 8085 architecture including registers, ALU, programming, and instruction set. Module 4 covers interfacing memories and I/O devices to the 8085. Module 5 provides an introduction to other 8-bit microprocessors like the Z80 and MC6800
The document provides an introduction to the 8051 microcontroller. It describes the 8051 as a single-chip computer containing a CPU, ROM, RAM, timers, serial port, and I/O ports. It details the 8051's features, block diagram, pin diagram, ports, important pins including PSEN, EA, ALE, and RST, and how signals like the crystal oscillator operate.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller architecture. It provides an overview of the 8051 including its Harvard architecture, block diagram showing CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and timers. It compares features of the 8051, 8052, and 8031 family members and describes the pin functions including power, clock, reset, I/O ports, and external memory interface. It also provides examples of software tools like Keil uVision and Proteus used for 8051 development and programming and discusses a sample traffic light project implemented using an 8051.
An embedded system is a special purpose computer system that is part of a larger mechanical or electrical system. It performs one dedicated function, such as controlling a printer, thermostat, or engine. Embedded systems are found in many devices like household appliances, vehicles, medical equipment, and more. They contain a microprocessor or microcontroller along with memory and input/output components. Microprocessors are general purpose chips that require external RAM, ROM, and I/O ports, while microcontrollers have these components integrated on a single chip. Factors like speed, memory, I/O pins, cost, and power consumption must be considered when choosing a microcontroller. Common microcontroller architectures include 8051 and ARM. Embedded systems play an
This document discusses the architecture and programming of the 8051 microcontroller. It begins by outlining the objectives and outcomes of studying the 8051. It then provides details on the basics of the 8051 architecture, including its internal blocks like RAM, registers, timers, ports, and memory organization. It also compares microcontrollers to general purpose microprocessors. Finally, it discusses the internal registers of the 8051 like the program counter, stack pointer, and special function registers in detail.
The document discusses embedded systems and microcontrollers. It provides information on what embedded systems are, examples of where they are used, components of embedded systems like microprocessors and microcontrollers, differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, features of the Intel 8051 microcontroller and its applications in embedded systems. It also discusses addressing modes, timers, interrupts and embedded operating systems.
The document describes the 8085 microprocessor, including its pin diagram, functional units, architecture, and example assembly language programs. Specifically, it provides details on the 8085's power supply and frequency pins, data and address buses, control signals, interrupt signals, and serial and DMA signals. It outlines the 8085's functional units like the accumulator, arithmetic logic unit, registers, and timing and control unit. Example programs are provided to exchange 16-bit numbers, add and subtract 8-bit and 16-bit numbers, and add two N-byte numbers.
The document provides information about the 8051 microcontroller. It describes the basic components of a microcontroller including the CPU, memory, I/O ports, and timers. It explains the pin layout and functions of the 8051 microcontroller. Key components like registers, memory mapping, stack, and interrupts of the 8051 are summarized. Programming I/O ports and timers is also covered at a high level.
Unit 01.Lec2 Introduction to 8051 microcontroller (2).pptxSamarpitaBakshi
The document discusses a session on the 8051 microcontroller, including reviewing previous material on registers and block diagrams, learning outcomes on creating a pin diagram and identifying input/output pins, content on the pin functions delivered through presentations and programming exercises, and preparation for the next session covering arithmetic instructions and programs.
This study paper portrays a fresh approach for
a course and laboratory design to establish low cost prototypes
and other entrenched devices that accentuate virtual
programmable logic device (VPLD), object oriented java and
real time processing tactics. JAVA is used for software
development. The study encompasses the use of host and node
application. A high performance, low power AVR with high
endurance non-volatile memory segments and with an advance
RISC structure is used to construct prototypes. The paperwork
deals with the VPLD board which is capable to work as
corresponding digital logic analyzer, equation parser, standard
digital IC and design wave studio
The document discusses Microprocessor and its Applications. It contains 28 questions related to microprocessors, their basic units, addressing modes, interrupts, assembly language instructions, and more. Specifically, it discusses the 8085 and 8051 microcontrollers, explaining concepts like multiplexing, flags, machine cycles, timing diagrams, and memory mapping.
The document provides information about the 8085 microprocessor, including its architecture, features, instruction formats, and addressing modes. The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor with an accumulator, registers, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), flags, and I/O controls. It has three types of instructions that are 1, 2, or 3 bytes long. The addressing modes allow instructions to specify operands and include immediate, direct, register, register indirect, and implicit modes.
This PPT covers some important points of 8051 microcontroller like Applications, block diagram, Architecture, comparison between microprocessor and microcontroller, Pin diagram, RAM memory space allocation, register banks, Instruction set, Addresing modes, serial communication, baud rate, machine cycle, serial interface with PC, Introduction to Timers/Counters etc....
The document provides an overview of the 8051 microcontroller, including its block diagram, pin descriptions, registers, memory mapping, stack, I/O port programming, timers, and interrupts. It explains the basic components and architecture of the 8051, how it maps memory and handles interrupts and timers. It also compares microprocessors to microcontrollers and discusses embedded systems.
The document describes the P89V51RB2/RC2/RD2 microcontroller, which features an 80C51 CPU, 16/32/64kB of flash memory, 1kB of RAM, and various peripherals. It has an X2 mode that allows it to run at twice the throughput of a standard 80C51 at the same clock frequency. The microcontroller supports both parallel and serial programming of its flash memory. It is available in PLCC44, TQFP44, and DIP40 packages.
The document describes the features and specifications of the AT89S51 microcontroller, including its 4K bytes of in-system programmable flash memory, I/O ports, serial communication channel, timers, and interrupt sources. It provides details on the microcontroller's pin configurations for different packages and describes each pin's functions, such as power supply pins, ports for input/output, reset pin, and pins for programming and memory access.
The document discusses the Intel 8085 microprocessor. It provides details on the architecture and pin diagram of the 8085. The 8085 is an 8-bit processor introduced in 1977 as an enhancement of the 8080. It has a maximum clock speed of 6MHz and can access 64KB of memory using its 16-bit address bus. The document outlines the various components of the 8085 architecture and describes its applications in areas like printing, gaming, and communications. It notes some disadvantages of the 8085 like potential overheating and limited data size.
The document is a presentation by Mrs. Pallavi Mahagaonkar about microcontrollers. It discusses the features of microcontrollers including CPU, RAM, ROM, input/output ports and timers. It provides examples of microcontroller applications in various devices. It also describes the architecture of the 8051 microcontroller, including its memory organization, registers, ports, and pins. It explains how the 8051 microcontroller interfaces with external memory.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller. It provides three key criteria for choosing a microcontroller: 1) meeting computing needs efficiently and cost effectively, 2) availability of software development tools, and 3) reliable sources. It then describes the basic components and features of the 8051, including 4K bytes of ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, four 8-bit I/O ports, two timers/counters, a serial interface, and support for external memory. Finally, it explains the memory organization and allocation of the 8051, distinguishing program memory, data memory, and external RAM.
A microprocessor is the main component of a microcomputer system and is also ...jeronimored
The document describes the curriculum for a course on microprocessors and their applications. It contains 5 modules: 1) Introduction, 2) 8085 pins, 3) 8085 architecture and programming, 4) interfacing techniques, and 5) other 8-bit microprocessors. Module 1 introduces basic microcomputer concepts like CPU, memory, I/O, hardware, and software. Module 2 describes the various pin categories and functions of the 8085 microprocessor. Module 3 discusses the 8085 architecture including registers, ALU, programming, and instruction set. Module 4 covers interfacing memories and I/O devices to the 8085. Module 5 provides an introduction to other 8-bit microprocessors like the Z80 and MC6800
The document provides an introduction to the 8051 microcontroller. It describes the 8051 as a single-chip computer containing a CPU, ROM, RAM, timers, serial port, and I/O ports. It details the 8051's features, block diagram, pin diagram, ports, important pins including PSEN, EA, ALE, and RST, and how signals like the crystal oscillator operate.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller architecture. It provides an overview of the 8051 including its Harvard architecture, block diagram showing CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and timers. It compares features of the 8051, 8052, and 8031 family members and describes the pin functions including power, clock, reset, I/O ports, and external memory interface. It also provides examples of software tools like Keil uVision and Proteus used for 8051 development and programming and discusses a sample traffic light project implemented using an 8051.
An embedded system is a special purpose computer system that is part of a larger mechanical or electrical system. It performs one dedicated function, such as controlling a printer, thermostat, or engine. Embedded systems are found in many devices like household appliances, vehicles, medical equipment, and more. They contain a microprocessor or microcontroller along with memory and input/output components. Microprocessors are general purpose chips that require external RAM, ROM, and I/O ports, while microcontrollers have these components integrated on a single chip. Factors like speed, memory, I/O pins, cost, and power consumption must be considered when choosing a microcontroller. Common microcontroller architectures include 8051 and ARM. Embedded systems play an
This document discusses the architecture and programming of the 8051 microcontroller. It begins by outlining the objectives and outcomes of studying the 8051. It then provides details on the basics of the 8051 architecture, including its internal blocks like RAM, registers, timers, ports, and memory organization. It also compares microcontrollers to general purpose microprocessors. Finally, it discusses the internal registers of the 8051 like the program counter, stack pointer, and special function registers in detail.
Similar to ppt ISTAMCE 314 conference ppt sample.pptx (20)
An embedded system is a microprocessor-based system designed to perform dedicated functions. It is a combination of computer hardware and software designed to operate within a larger system. Embedded systems are found in many devices from kitchen appliances to spacecraft. They are specialized computer systems that perform specific tasks, unlike general purpose computers.
architecture of 8086 new Lecture 4new.pptxDrVikasMahor
The document describes the architecture and pin configuration of the 8086 microprocessor. It discusses the various pins and signals of the 8086 chip. It explains that the pins can be categorized into three groups - signals common to minimum and maximum mode, signals with special functions in minimum mode, and signals with special functions for maximum mode. The document then proceeds to describe each of the important pins and signals of the 8086 microprocessor.
POWER AMPLIFIER- introduction to power amplifier.pptxDrVikasMahor
A power amplifier is the last amplifier stage that delivers power to the load. Power amplifiers are classified based on the proportion of the input cycle during which the amplifying device conducts current. Class A amplifiers conduct over the entire input cycle but have low efficiency. Class B amplifiers only amplify half of the cycle, improving efficiency but introducing distortion. Class AB is a compromise with better linearity than B. Class C has very high efficiency but is used for RF where distortion is controlled by a tuned load. Class D amplifiers use pulse-width modulation for very high efficiency.
Unit IV 8086 complete ppt, architecture and instruction set.pptxDrVikasMahor
The document discusses the architecture of the 8086 microprocessor. It describes the two main components - the Execution Unit (EU) which executes instructions, and the Bus Interface Unit (BIU) which fetches instructions and reads/writes data from memory. The BIU uses segment registers to access different segments of memory. The EU contains registers like the accumulator, base, counter, and data registers. It also has flags in the flag register. Various addressing modes allow instructions to access memory using these registers.
8259 programmable PPI interfacing with 8085 .pptDrVikasMahor
This document provides information about the 8259A Programmable Interrupt Controller chip. It describes the chip's features such as supporting 8 levels of priority and being expandable up to 64 levels. It also explains how the chip works as an interrupt manager in a system, accepting requests from peripherals and determining which has highest priority to issue to the CPU. Block diagrams and explanations of the chip's registers and pins are provided.
8086 all instructions combined presentation.pptxDrVikasMahor
Memory segmentation allows a microprocessor with 16-bit addresses to access 1Mb of memory by dividing memory into segments for programs, data, and the stack. This facilitates separate memory areas and permits programs and data to be placed in different memory locations each time, making multitasking easier.
presentation for NEC course to defend for NEP 2020DrVikasMahor
This document summarizes an audit presentation on an LT-Spice tutorial for circuit simulation course given by Dr. Vikas Mahor. The objectives of the course are to teach students how to use CAD tools to analyze microelectronic circuits. The content includes installing LT-Spice software, its device models, creating and simulating circuits, and performing various circuit analyses. Upon completing the course, students will be able to analyze electrical DC circuits, build and simulate DC circuits, and write technical reports. The need for electronic circuit simulators is discussed. A list of simulation activities conducted is provided, including rectifier, clipper, clamper, logic gate, and filter circuits. Course assignments are managed via Moodle and assignment reports
introduction to Architecture of 8086 and it's applicationDrVikasMahor
This document describes the architecture and pin configuration of the 8086 microprocessor. It discusses the execution unit (EU) and bus interface unit (BIU) that fetch and execute instructions separately. It describes the segment registers (CS, DS, SS, ES), instruction pointer, and flags register. It provides details on the general purpose, pointer, index, and stack registers. It also covers the minimum and maximum mode pin functions and signals.
final thesis pptReductions of leakage and ground bounce noise in.pptDrVikasMahor
This document discusses a stacking power gating technique to reduce leakage current and ground bounce noise in high performance circuits. The stacking technique uses two sleep transistors connected in series to virtually ground a circuit block in sleep mode. This reduces leakage by raising the intermediate node voltage. Ground bounce is reduced by controlling the intermediate node voltage and turning on the second transistor in the linear region. Simulation results show the stacking technique reduces leakage by 81.71% and ground bounce by 90.39% compared to conventional power gating. However, it increases wakeup latency due to the intermediate node control.
8087 COPROCESSOR connection with 8086 and other processorsDrVikasMahor
The document discusses the architecture and operation of numeric coprocessors used with Intel x86 processors. It describes the 8087, 80287, and later coprocessors and their compatibility with processors like the 8086, 80286, 80386 etc. The key components of the 8087 coprocessor are described, including its 8-register stack, control and status registers, and numeric execution unit. The document also covers the circuit connections and synchronization between the x86 CPU and its numeric coprocessor to ensure proper data transfer and instruction execution.
analog to digital converter and dac finalDrVikasMahor
The document discusses interfacing analog to digital converters with microprocessors using an 8255 chip as an I/O port. It describes how the 8255 is used to issue start and end of conversion signals to the ADC and read the digital output. It provides examples of interfacing common ADC chips like the 0808/0809, which use successive approximation conversion. Interfacing a digital to analog converter like the AD7523 is also covered, including a program to generate a sawtooth waveform using an 8086 CPU and 8255 port.
The 8259A is an interrupt controller that manages interrupt requests from peripheral devices connected to a microprocessor. It has 8 interrupt request lines that accept signals from devices. The 8259A prioritizes the interrupt requests, masks some if needed, and issues an interrupt signal to the CPU. It then provides the CPU with the address of the interrupt service routine for the highest priority active interrupt by placing the address bytes on the data bus over 3 interrupt acknowledge pulses from the CPU. This allows efficient interrupt-driven processing of device requests.
The document provides information about the Madhav Institute of Technology & Science (MITS) in Gwalior, India. It discusses (1) the founding and history of MITS, which was established in 1957, (2) the academic programs offered including B.Tech and M.E. degrees in electronics engineering and related fields, and (3) the department of electronics engineering including its establishment, faculty, labs, projects, placements, and prominent alumni.
LTspice IV is a free SPICE circuit simulator developed by Linear Technologies. It allows users to schematically capture circuits and perform DC and transient analyses. While more advanced than simulators with schematic capture, LTspice requires knowledge of SPICE directives and has limited component libraries. However, it is widely used due to being free, fast, and powerful. The document provides guidance on using LTspice's interface and features such as adding models, performing analyses, and viewing waveforms.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS AS ANTI-FREEZING AGENT
ppt ISTAMCE 314 conference ppt sample.pptx
1. A COMPARITIVE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MULTI-GATE
FINFET ARCHITECTURES UNDER PVT VARIATION
Dr. Vikas Mahor
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics Engineering
Presentation on
Paper ID: ISTAMCE 314
MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
GWALIOR (M.P.)
(A Govt. Aided Autonomous & NAAC Accredited Institute, Affiliated to R. G. P. V. Bhopal)
2. CONTENTS
Introduction to FinFET Technology.
Introduction to Multi Gate FinFETs.
Parameter variation.
Ring Oscillator design.
Effect of process variation on differenet Multi-Gate
FinFETs.
Conclusion.
Madhav Institute of Technology & Science
3. CRITERIA IN CHOOSING A MICROCONTROLLER
Meeting the computing needs of the task efficiently and cost
effectively
– speed, the amount of ROM and RAM, the number of I/O
ports and timers, size, packaging, power consumption
– easy to upgrade
– cost per unit
– Noise of environment
Availability of software development tools
– assemblers, debuggers, C compilers, emulator,
simulator, technical support
Madhav Institute of Technology & Science
4. COMPARISON OF THE 8051FAMILY MEMBERS
ROM type
–
–
–
–
8031 no ROM
80xx mask ROM
87xx EPROM
89xx Flash EEPROM
Example (AT89C51,AT89LV51)
AT= ATMEL(Manufacture) C =
CMOS technology LV= Low
Power(3.0v)
89xx
8951
8952
8953
8955
898252
891051
892051
Microcontroller
Madhav Institute of Technology & Science
5. COMPARISON SOME OF THE 8051 FAMILY MEMBERS
ROM RAM Timer
8051 4k EROM 128 2
8031 - 128 2
8951 4k EPROM 128 2
8052 8k EPROM 256 3
8032 - 256 3
8952 8k EPROM 256 3
Madhav Institute of Technology & Science
6. 8051 BASIC COMPONENTS
4K bytes internal ROM
128 bytes internal RAM
Four 8-bit I/O ports (P0 - P3).
Two 16-bit timers/counters
One serial interface
64k external memory for code
64k external memory for data
210 bit addressable
Madhav Institute of Technology & Science
10. IMPORTANT PINS (I/O PORTS)
Port 0:
• pins 32-39 (P0.0 ～ P0.7 )
• 8-bit R/W - General Purpose
I/O Or acts as a multiplexed
low byte address and data
bus for external memory
design
One of the most useful features of the 8051 is that
it contains four I/O ports (P0 - P3) Each port can be
used as input or output (bi-direction)
Madhav Institute of Technology & Science
11. Port 1
（ pins 1-8 ）
（ P1.0 ～ P1.7 ）
• Only 8-bit R/W - General
Purpose I/O
IMPORTANT PINS (I/O PORTS)
Madhav Institute of Technology & Science
12. Port 2
（ pins 21-28)
（ P2.0～ P2.7 ）
• 8-bit R/W - General
Purpose I/O Or high
byte of the address bus
for external memory
design
IMPORTANT PINS (I/O PORTS)
Madhav Institute of Technology & Science
13. Port 3
(pins 10-17)
( P3.0 ～P3.7)
• General Purpose I/O
• Also used for as internal
peripherals (timers) or external
interrupts.
IMPORTANT PINS (I/O PORTS)
Madhav Institute of Technology & Science
14. PORT 0 WITH PULL-UP RESISTORS
Madhav Institute of Technology & Science
15. PORT 3 ALTERNATE FUNCTIONS
Port Pin Alternate Function
P3.0 RXD (serial input port)
P3.1 TXD (serial output port)
P3.2 INT 0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 INT 1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 T0 (Timer 0 external input)
P3.5 T1 (Timer 1 external input)
P3.6 WR (external data memory write
strobe)
P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)
Madhav Institute of Technology & Science
16. • ALE - Address latch enable to select valid
address
• EA/Vpp- External access enable
• EA-0 :execute program in external Memory
• EA-1:execute program in internal Memory
• Vpp : During Flash Programming, this Pin
receives 12V Programming Enable Voltage
(VPP).
• PSEN : Program store enable signal to read
external program memory
OTHER PINS
Madhav Institute of Technology & Science
17. REGISTERS
DPH DPL
PC
DPTR
PC
Some 8051 16-bit Register
Some 8-bit Registers of
the 8051
A
B
R0
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
Madhav Institute of Technology & Science
19. DATA POINTER (DPTR)
The data pointer consists of a high byte (DPH)
and a low byte (DPL). It's function is to hold a 16
bit address. It may be manipulated as a 16 bit data
register or two independent 8 bit register. It serves
as a base register in indirect jumps, lookup table
instructions and external data transfer.
DPH DPL
DPTR
Madhav Institute of Technology & Science
20. PROGRAM STATUS WORD (PSW)
RS0 RS1 BANK SELECTION
0 0 00H – 07H BANK0
0 1 08H – 0FH BANK 1
1 0 10H – 17H BANK2
1 1 18H – 1FH BANK 3
CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV P
CY = 0 (No
Carry)
CY = 1 (Carry)
AC = 0 (No
Auxiliary Carry)
CY = 1 (Auxiliary
Carry)
OV = 0 (No
Overflow)
CY = 1 (Overflow)
P = 0 (Odd Parity)
P = 1 (Even Parity)
Madhav Institute of Technology & Science
21. SUMMARY
8051 has 4 8-bit I/O Ports which are used for data and address
transfer.
8051 consists of 10 general purpose registers (R0-R7, ACC and
Register B).
The Flag register is a SFR used to show the status of
arithmetic and logical operations.
