Aniturri BHI shared this information with their Irish Comenius partners. Presentation used to prepare to be used at ECO-SCHOOLS CLIMATE CHANGE SUMMIT, STORMONT 14TH FEBRUARY 2013
This document contains a two-pager summarizing the state of scientific research on climate change. It discusses what is known and still unknown about climate change, factors driving changes in the global climate, who is conducting the research, areas needing further study, and key questions. It also includes two charts showing greenhouse gas emissions by country and selected contributors. The attached document was prepared by a top DOE scientist for the Department of Energy to summarize the consensus views on climate change research.
Senior Bush administration officials told a Senate committee that while human activities are largely responsible for recent climate changes, mandating drastic reductions in greenhouse gas emissions is not the appropriate response for the United States. Instead, the administration aims to reduce the greenhouse gas intensity of the U.S. economy by 18% over the next 10 years. However, critics argue this intensity approach would still allow emissions to increase faster than recent trends. The administration report to the UN described U.S. climate policies and measures but stopped short of pledging to stabilize or reduce overall greenhouse gas concentrations as called for in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
The document summarizes a review of over 200 climate studies that determined:
1) The 20th century was neither the warmest nor had the most extreme weather of the past 1000 years.
2) The Medieval Warm Period from 800-1300AD and Little Ice Age from 1300-1900AD occurred globally, not just in Europe/North America.
3) Many areas saw greater warmth during the Medieval Warm Period than the 20th century.
The document summarizes a study that reviewed over 200 climate studies from the past 1000 years. The study found that the 20th century was neither the warmest nor had the most extreme weather of the past 1000 years. The study also confirmed that the Medieval Warm Period from 800-1300 AD and the Little Ice Age from 1300-1900 AD were worldwide phenomena. While 20th century temperatures were higher than the Little Ice Age, many areas were warmer during the Medieval Warm Period than in the 20th century.
The document discusses a Senate hearing on climate change where administration officials agreed that human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased greenhouse gas levels but rejected mandating drastic emissions reductions. It notes the administration's goal of reducing greenhouse gas emission intensity by 18% in the next 10 years rather than absolute reductions, and critics arguing this would allow more pollution than current trends.
1) Senior Bush administration officials agreed that climate changes over the past decades were probably due to human greenhouse gas emissions but that mandating drastic reductions was not appropriate.
2) The administration's goal is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions intensity in the US economy by 18% over the next 10 years, but critics say this does not require actual emissions reductions as total emissions grew 12% from 1990 to 1999 while intensity dropped 17%.
3) A report from the National Wildlife Federation said the administration's plan would allow faster greenhouse gas pollution growth than if current trends continued.
The document summarizes a Senate hearing where administration officials agreed that human activities have contributed to climate change but rejected mandating drastic emissions reductions. They support reducing the greenhouse gas intensity of the US economy by 18% over 10 years, but critics argue this allows emissions to increase. The officials acknowledged the scientific consensus on human-caused climate change but said models cannot precisely predict impacts.
The document summarizes a Senate hearing where senior Bush administration officials acknowledged that human activities like burning fossil fuels are contributing to climate change but reject mandating drastic reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The administration proposes reducing greenhouse gas intensity by 18% over 10 years rather than absolute reductions, which critics argue would still allow emissions to increase. Senators challenge this approach as inadequate and not achieving real emission cuts.
This document contains a two-pager summarizing the state of scientific research on climate change. It discusses what is known and still unknown about climate change, factors driving changes in the global climate, who is conducting the research, areas needing further study, and key questions. It also includes two charts showing greenhouse gas emissions by country and selected contributors. The attached document was prepared by a top DOE scientist for the Department of Energy to summarize the consensus views on climate change research.
Senior Bush administration officials told a Senate committee that while human activities are largely responsible for recent climate changes, mandating drastic reductions in greenhouse gas emissions is not the appropriate response for the United States. Instead, the administration aims to reduce the greenhouse gas intensity of the U.S. economy by 18% over the next 10 years. However, critics argue this intensity approach would still allow emissions to increase faster than recent trends. The administration report to the UN described U.S. climate policies and measures but stopped short of pledging to stabilize or reduce overall greenhouse gas concentrations as called for in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
The document summarizes a review of over 200 climate studies that determined:
1) The 20th century was neither the warmest nor had the most extreme weather of the past 1000 years.
2) The Medieval Warm Period from 800-1300AD and Little Ice Age from 1300-1900AD occurred globally, not just in Europe/North America.
3) Many areas saw greater warmth during the Medieval Warm Period than the 20th century.
The document summarizes a study that reviewed over 200 climate studies from the past 1000 years. The study found that the 20th century was neither the warmest nor had the most extreme weather of the past 1000 years. The study also confirmed that the Medieval Warm Period from 800-1300 AD and the Little Ice Age from 1300-1900 AD were worldwide phenomena. While 20th century temperatures were higher than the Little Ice Age, many areas were warmer during the Medieval Warm Period than in the 20th century.
The document discusses a Senate hearing on climate change where administration officials agreed that human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased greenhouse gas levels but rejected mandating drastic emissions reductions. It notes the administration's goal of reducing greenhouse gas emission intensity by 18% in the next 10 years rather than absolute reductions, and critics arguing this would allow more pollution than current trends.
1) Senior Bush administration officials agreed that climate changes over the past decades were probably due to human greenhouse gas emissions but that mandating drastic reductions was not appropriate.
2) The administration's goal is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions intensity in the US economy by 18% over the next 10 years, but critics say this does not require actual emissions reductions as total emissions grew 12% from 1990 to 1999 while intensity dropped 17%.
3) A report from the National Wildlife Federation said the administration's plan would allow faster greenhouse gas pollution growth than if current trends continued.
The document summarizes a Senate hearing where administration officials agreed that human activities have contributed to climate change but rejected mandating drastic emissions reductions. They support reducing the greenhouse gas intensity of the US economy by 18% over 10 years, but critics argue this allows emissions to increase. The officials acknowledged the scientific consensus on human-caused climate change but said models cannot precisely predict impacts.
The document summarizes a Senate hearing where senior Bush administration officials acknowledged that human activities like burning fossil fuels are contributing to climate change but reject mandating drastic reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The administration proposes reducing greenhouse gas intensity by 18% over 10 years rather than absolute reductions, which critics argue would still allow emissions to increase. Senators challenge this approach as inadequate and not achieving real emission cuts.
The document summarizes a study that reviewed over 200 climate studies from the past 40 years. The study found that:
1) The 20th century was neither the warmest nor had the most extreme weather of the past 1000 years.
2) The Medieval Warm Period from 800-1300 AD and Little Ice Age from 1300-1900 AD were global phenomena.
3) Many parts of the world were warmer during the Medieval Warm Period than in the 20th century.
This document is a press release from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics summarizing a study they conducted on climate change over the past 1000 years. The study found that:
1) The 20th century was not the hottest nor had the most extreme weather of the last 1000 years.
2) The Medieval Warm Period from 800-1300AD and Little Ice Age from 1300-1900AD affected worldwide climate, not just Europe and North America.
3) Many parts of the world experienced greater warmth during the Medieval Warm Period than in the 20th century.
Climate change is unequivocally warming the planet and will profoundly impact freshwater resources in the United States. As the world gets warmer, precipitation patterns will become more variable with heavier rainfall and increased drought risk. This will reduce available water supplies and increase water demand. Current water policies are not equipped to handle these new challenges. To adapt, policies must emphasize more efficient water allocation and conservation. The warming is evidenced by rising global temperatures, melting ice and snow, and sea level rise. Most of North America is expected to warm more than the global average, especially the Southwest. This will significantly reduce water supplies through decreased snowpack in western mountains and increased evaporation. New approaches to water management will be needed to cope with
Addressing Concerns on Climate Change Science - NOAA ResearchObama White House
The document summarizes a report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that addresses several key points regarding climate change science:
1) The world has warmed by approximately 0.6°C over the past century according to multiple data sets and models. Temperatures are likely to increase further this century.
2) Future warming may increase transmission of diseases like malaria and dengue fever, though local factors greatly influence disease patterns.
3) Global sea level rise between 1990-2100 is projected at 0.09-0.88 meters due to thermal expansion and melting ice, though estimates vary.
4) Extreme weather events like heat waves, droughts and heavy rain
1) Dr. Fred Goldberg discusses observations about carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere over time and factors influencing atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
2) There are three main factors that control atmospheric CO2 levels: ocean surface water temperature and area, seasonal changes in water temperatures, and natural events like volcanic eruptions and El Ninos that impact ocean temperatures.
3) While human CO2 emissions are about 1% of total atmospheric CO2, the oceans and biosphere absorb about 25% of atmospheric CO2 annually, so human contributions have little influence on atmospheric CO2 levels.
The document summarizes a study of over 200 climate studies from the past 1000 years that challenge the notion that the 20th century was the warmest or had the most extreme weather. The study found evidence that the Medieval Warm Period from 800 to 1300 AD and the Little Ice Age from 1300 to 1900 AD affected different regions worldwide. While 20th century temperatures were higher than the Little Ice Age, many parts of the world experienced greater warmth during the Medieval Warm Period than in the 20th century.
The document discusses criticisms of the "hockey stick graph" used by the UN to show global temperature trends over the past 1000 years. It claims the graph is misleading because it does not show that global temperatures were as warm or warmer during the Medieval Warm Period and the margins of error in the tree ring data are too large to draw strong conclusions. It cites several scientists who have argued the hockey stick theory has been "effectively dismantled" and does not give an accurate depiction of historical temperature variation and trends.
This document contains a summary of key points criticizing an amendment introduced by Rep. Bob Menendez on global climate change. The summary argues that actual temperature data does not show significant global warming, climate changes in the past 900 years were often greater than today, and that natural factors like the sun influence the climate more than human emissions. It also argues the amendment would undo the Byrd-Hagel resolution and that proposals like Kyoto would have very high economic and social costs for the U.S. and disproportionately impact the elderly and poor.
The document discusses how climate change can impact health in several ways. It notes that climate change is causing rising global temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and more extreme weather events. These climate changes are increasing heat waves, flooding, droughts, and raising sea levels, which impact health by exacerbating malnutrition, diseases like malaria and diarrhea, and deaths from extreme weather. Vulnerable groups like the elderly, young, and sick are most at risk.
Global warming is caused by human-induced greenhouse gas emissions and is causing average global temperatures to rise. If emissions continue at their current rate, global temperatures could increase by 1.4-5.8°C by 2100, with devastating consequences such as more extreme weather, rising sea levels, species extinction, and major impacts on human societies. However, immediate action to reduce emissions through sustainable practices like renewable energy and energy efficiency could help limit global warming to less severe levels.
Global warming is the observed increase in average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. Global surface temperatures have increased 0.74°C over the past 100 years, and the IPCC concludes it is extremely likely that human activity such as increased greenhouse gases are the dominant cause of warming since 1950. Key human factors contributing to increased greenhouse gases are rapid industrialization, deforestation, fossil fuel extraction and use, and increased emissions from vehicles. While natural greenhouse gases are necessary to keep the planet habitable, increased human emissions are exacerbating the greenhouse effect and leading to consequences such as rising sea levels, more extreme weather, and species endangerments. Efforts to mitigate further warming involve reducing emissions and enhancing carbon sinks, while adaptation
The document discusses evidence that the Earth's climate is warming due to human activities. It notes that global temperatures and sea levels have increased over the past century, precipitation patterns have changed, and glaciers are retreating. The document projects that these trends will continue in the future, causing more warming, sea level rise, and extreme weather if emissions are not reduced. Coastal areas and developing nations will be most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.
Are ‘little ice ages’ and ‘megadroughts’ possible?
Scientists are investigating whether changes in ocean circu- lation may have played a role in causing or amplifying the “Little Ice Age” between 1300 and 1850. This period of abruptly shift- ing climate regimes and more severe winters had profound agri- cultural, economic, and political impacts in Europe and North America and changed the course of history.
This paper provides a 2000-year climate and environmental history for the Sierra Nevada mountains in California based on paleoclimate data from the region. It finds that abrupt climate changes, including severe droughts and temperature increases, have occurred in the Sierra Nevada over this period, often coinciding with abrupt changes seen in Greenland ice core records. These abrupt climate shifts were associated with severe wildfires and accelerated erosion in the Coburn Lake watershed, suggesting vegetation and landscapes were vulnerable to rapid climate fluctuations. The timing of drought conditions shifting between the Sierra Nevada and Greenland provides evidence these regions' climates were teleconnected and affected by changes in global precipitation patterns during periods of abrupt climate change.
1. Climate change poses risks to human health in the UK through increased temperatures, worsening air pollution, and changes in disease patterns.
2. A government report found risks from heatwaves, floods and impacts on food and water safety due to climate change. Vulnerable groups like the elderly are most at risk.
3. Adaptation is needed to prepare for inevitable changes, through measures like improved early warning systems, climate-resilient infrastructure and public health guidance. Mitigation of greenhouse gases can also benefit health.
This document discusses the relationship between climate change and electricity generation. It defines climate change as being caused by increasing levels of greenhouse gases from human activities like burning fossil fuels. Power generation is a major source of carbon dioxide emissions, which contributes significantly to global warming. In turn, climate change impacts power generation through phenomena like drought that reduce the availability of cooling water for fossil fuel plants. The document argues that renewable energy is an important solution as it produces electricity without greenhouse gas emissions.
This document summarizes the observed and potential future impacts of climate change on water resources at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest based on long-term data collection and climate modeling. Key findings include increases in annual precipitation, more frequent high flow events, decreases in snowpack, earlier snowmelt and soil thaw, rising stream temperatures, and potential impacts to water quality. These changes may have consequences for forest management, infrastructure, and recreation that require consideration of climate adaptation strategies.
The document appears to be a survey collecting responses from students about their participation and interests in various sports and physical activities. It includes questions about what activities were available in pre-school, primary school, secondary school and outside of school hours. It also asks students what sports they watch on TV or online and if they participate in any activities now if no longer in school. The responses are varied and include many popular team and individual sports like soccer, basketball, gymnastics, swimming, athletics as well as others like dance, martial arts, winter sports and more.
Gaelic football is an Irish sport played between two teams of 15 players each who attempt to kick an oval-shaped ball over their opponent's goalposts to score either 1 point by kicking it over the crossbar or 3 points for kicking it under the crossbar into the goal. Gaelic football combines elements of soccer, rugby, and basketball with high scoring.
The document summarizes a study that reviewed over 200 climate studies from the past 40 years. The study found that:
1) The 20th century was neither the warmest nor had the most extreme weather of the past 1000 years.
2) The Medieval Warm Period from 800-1300 AD and Little Ice Age from 1300-1900 AD were global phenomena.
3) Many parts of the world were warmer during the Medieval Warm Period than in the 20th century.
This document is a press release from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics summarizing a study they conducted on climate change over the past 1000 years. The study found that:
1) The 20th century was not the hottest nor had the most extreme weather of the last 1000 years.
2) The Medieval Warm Period from 800-1300AD and Little Ice Age from 1300-1900AD affected worldwide climate, not just Europe and North America.
3) Many parts of the world experienced greater warmth during the Medieval Warm Period than in the 20th century.
Climate change is unequivocally warming the planet and will profoundly impact freshwater resources in the United States. As the world gets warmer, precipitation patterns will become more variable with heavier rainfall and increased drought risk. This will reduce available water supplies and increase water demand. Current water policies are not equipped to handle these new challenges. To adapt, policies must emphasize more efficient water allocation and conservation. The warming is evidenced by rising global temperatures, melting ice and snow, and sea level rise. Most of North America is expected to warm more than the global average, especially the Southwest. This will significantly reduce water supplies through decreased snowpack in western mountains and increased evaporation. New approaches to water management will be needed to cope with
Addressing Concerns on Climate Change Science - NOAA ResearchObama White House
The document summarizes a report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that addresses several key points regarding climate change science:
1) The world has warmed by approximately 0.6°C over the past century according to multiple data sets and models. Temperatures are likely to increase further this century.
2) Future warming may increase transmission of diseases like malaria and dengue fever, though local factors greatly influence disease patterns.
3) Global sea level rise between 1990-2100 is projected at 0.09-0.88 meters due to thermal expansion and melting ice, though estimates vary.
4) Extreme weather events like heat waves, droughts and heavy rain
1) Dr. Fred Goldberg discusses observations about carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere over time and factors influencing atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
2) There are three main factors that control atmospheric CO2 levels: ocean surface water temperature and area, seasonal changes in water temperatures, and natural events like volcanic eruptions and El Ninos that impact ocean temperatures.
3) While human CO2 emissions are about 1% of total atmospheric CO2, the oceans and biosphere absorb about 25% of atmospheric CO2 annually, so human contributions have little influence on atmospheric CO2 levels.
The document summarizes a study of over 200 climate studies from the past 1000 years that challenge the notion that the 20th century was the warmest or had the most extreme weather. The study found evidence that the Medieval Warm Period from 800 to 1300 AD and the Little Ice Age from 1300 to 1900 AD affected different regions worldwide. While 20th century temperatures were higher than the Little Ice Age, many parts of the world experienced greater warmth during the Medieval Warm Period than in the 20th century.
The document discusses criticisms of the "hockey stick graph" used by the UN to show global temperature trends over the past 1000 years. It claims the graph is misleading because it does not show that global temperatures were as warm or warmer during the Medieval Warm Period and the margins of error in the tree ring data are too large to draw strong conclusions. It cites several scientists who have argued the hockey stick theory has been "effectively dismantled" and does not give an accurate depiction of historical temperature variation and trends.
This document contains a summary of key points criticizing an amendment introduced by Rep. Bob Menendez on global climate change. The summary argues that actual temperature data does not show significant global warming, climate changes in the past 900 years were often greater than today, and that natural factors like the sun influence the climate more than human emissions. It also argues the amendment would undo the Byrd-Hagel resolution and that proposals like Kyoto would have very high economic and social costs for the U.S. and disproportionately impact the elderly and poor.
The document discusses how climate change can impact health in several ways. It notes that climate change is causing rising global temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and more extreme weather events. These climate changes are increasing heat waves, flooding, droughts, and raising sea levels, which impact health by exacerbating malnutrition, diseases like malaria and diarrhea, and deaths from extreme weather. Vulnerable groups like the elderly, young, and sick are most at risk.
Global warming is caused by human-induced greenhouse gas emissions and is causing average global temperatures to rise. If emissions continue at their current rate, global temperatures could increase by 1.4-5.8°C by 2100, with devastating consequences such as more extreme weather, rising sea levels, species extinction, and major impacts on human societies. However, immediate action to reduce emissions through sustainable practices like renewable energy and energy efficiency could help limit global warming to less severe levels.
Global warming is the observed increase in average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. Global surface temperatures have increased 0.74°C over the past 100 years, and the IPCC concludes it is extremely likely that human activity such as increased greenhouse gases are the dominant cause of warming since 1950. Key human factors contributing to increased greenhouse gases are rapid industrialization, deforestation, fossil fuel extraction and use, and increased emissions from vehicles. While natural greenhouse gases are necessary to keep the planet habitable, increased human emissions are exacerbating the greenhouse effect and leading to consequences such as rising sea levels, more extreme weather, and species endangerments. Efforts to mitigate further warming involve reducing emissions and enhancing carbon sinks, while adaptation
The document discusses evidence that the Earth's climate is warming due to human activities. It notes that global temperatures and sea levels have increased over the past century, precipitation patterns have changed, and glaciers are retreating. The document projects that these trends will continue in the future, causing more warming, sea level rise, and extreme weather if emissions are not reduced. Coastal areas and developing nations will be most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.
Are ‘little ice ages’ and ‘megadroughts’ possible?
Scientists are investigating whether changes in ocean circu- lation may have played a role in causing or amplifying the “Little Ice Age” between 1300 and 1850. This period of abruptly shift- ing climate regimes and more severe winters had profound agri- cultural, economic, and political impacts in Europe and North America and changed the course of history.
This paper provides a 2000-year climate and environmental history for the Sierra Nevada mountains in California based on paleoclimate data from the region. It finds that abrupt climate changes, including severe droughts and temperature increases, have occurred in the Sierra Nevada over this period, often coinciding with abrupt changes seen in Greenland ice core records. These abrupt climate shifts were associated with severe wildfires and accelerated erosion in the Coburn Lake watershed, suggesting vegetation and landscapes were vulnerable to rapid climate fluctuations. The timing of drought conditions shifting between the Sierra Nevada and Greenland provides evidence these regions' climates were teleconnected and affected by changes in global precipitation patterns during periods of abrupt climate change.
1. Climate change poses risks to human health in the UK through increased temperatures, worsening air pollution, and changes in disease patterns.
2. A government report found risks from heatwaves, floods and impacts on food and water safety due to climate change. Vulnerable groups like the elderly are most at risk.
3. Adaptation is needed to prepare for inevitable changes, through measures like improved early warning systems, climate-resilient infrastructure and public health guidance. Mitigation of greenhouse gases can also benefit health.
This document discusses the relationship between climate change and electricity generation. It defines climate change as being caused by increasing levels of greenhouse gases from human activities like burning fossil fuels. Power generation is a major source of carbon dioxide emissions, which contributes significantly to global warming. In turn, climate change impacts power generation through phenomena like drought that reduce the availability of cooling water for fossil fuel plants. The document argues that renewable energy is an important solution as it produces electricity without greenhouse gas emissions.
This document summarizes the observed and potential future impacts of climate change on water resources at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest based on long-term data collection and climate modeling. Key findings include increases in annual precipitation, more frequent high flow events, decreases in snowpack, earlier snowmelt and soil thaw, rising stream temperatures, and potential impacts to water quality. These changes may have consequences for forest management, infrastructure, and recreation that require consideration of climate adaptation strategies.
The document appears to be a survey collecting responses from students about their participation and interests in various sports and physical activities. It includes questions about what activities were available in pre-school, primary school, secondary school and outside of school hours. It also asks students what sports they watch on TV or online and if they participate in any activities now if no longer in school. The responses are varied and include many popular team and individual sports like soccer, basketball, gymnastics, swimming, athletics as well as others like dance, martial arts, winter sports and more.
Gaelic football is an Irish sport played between two teams of 15 players each who attempt to kick an oval-shaped ball over their opponent's goalposts to score either 1 point by kicking it over the crossbar or 3 points for kicking it under the crossbar into the goal. Gaelic football combines elements of soccer, rugby, and basketball with high scoring.
This document appears to be a class assignment for a group to create a map of schools in Europe. It contains the heading "European Studies 12-13" and the group name "J15" but does not provide any other context or details about the assignment, locations to be mapped, or expected outcomes.
The document provides information about Basque athletes competing for their national team and the 2012 London Olympics. It discusses how Basque athletes are not allowed to compete for their own national team and must instead compete for Spain or France. It then provides details about the Basque Country football team and Basque surfers and pelota players competing for their national team. The rest of the document focuses on the 2012 London Olympics, including the Olympic values, mascots, theme song, profiles of Basque athletes, and details about volunteering as a Games Maker.
O documento descreve uma metodologia para o desenvolvimento de interfaces para materiais educacionais digitais. Apresenta os principais aspectos a serem considerados no design visual, como estratégia de comunicação, legibilidade, usabilidade e funcionalidade. Também discute a importância da identidade visual e da avaliação do material pelo solicitante.
The local organization summarized is Celbridge GAA club. Celbridge GAA club was founded in 1885 and is located on Hazelhatch Road next to the tennis club. There are many roles in the club including chairman, vice chairman, secretary, and treasurer. The club has had success in underage competitions and has won several senior hurling championships. Funding comes from annual government grants distributed by the provincial councils as well as occasional donations and fundraisers.
Aniturri BHI is a secondary school located in Agurain, Araba, Basque Country. It has 270 students and 38 teachers. The school teaches subjects in Basque, Spanish, and English from ages 12-18. Students come from surrounding villages by bus. Aniturri participates in several European educational projects focused on topics like the environment, culture, and sports. It aims to prepare students to be European citizens and uses technology in teaching. The school building contains classrooms and facilities for various subjects. Students have visited nearby historical and natural sites as part of their education.
1) Climate observations in the UK show warming since 1960, with greater warming in summer than winter. There have also been increases in warm days/nights and decreases in cool days/nights. Human influence has increased the likelihood of warm summers.
2) Climate projections for the UK show temperature increases of up to 3C in the south and 2.5C further north by 2100 under a mid-range emissions scenario. Precipitation is projected to increase up to 10% across most of the UK, though some southern areas could see decreases of up to 5%.
3) Climate impacts projections include the potential for declining crop yields in southern UK but increases in northern areas. The UK is expected to
The document summarizes key points from the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report and highlights of the upcoming COP26 climate conference. It discusses the urgent need to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius to avoid the worst impacts of climate change. The IPCC report finds that human influence has unequivocally warmed the planet and that impacts are intensifying. Immediate, rapid and large-scale reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are needed this decade to curb climate change risks. The COP26 conference aims to secure global commitments to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 and keep 1.5 degrees within reach.
This document discusses various topics related to multicultural risk management and climate change:
- Local risk management is more effective than global risk management when it incorporates local cultural input.
- Three British Council micro-projects show how local risk assessment in areas like the Sunderbans mangrove forest in India/Bangladesh and the Paramo ecosystem in Colombia can inform climate change adaptation.
- Local communities are often best positioned to assess risks from gradual climate impacts or infrequent extreme events, whereas global or national risk assessments may underestimate these local risks.
The document discusses climate change impacts on UK agriculture. It notes that agriculture accounts for 7% of UK greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from methane and nitrous oxide. The Rural Climate Change Forum advises the government on reducing agricultural emissions through practices like improved fertilizer use and manure management. Climate change will impact UK agriculture through increased risks from pests, diseases and heat stress on livestock. Farmers need to both mitigate emissions and adapt to changes in climate and weather patterns.
Global warming is causing sea levels to rise, threatening a coastal city. As a consultant, I would:
1) Identify impacts like flooding, erosion, and infrastructure damage.
2) Recommend mitigation measures like boosting energy efficiency, greening transportation, and developing renewables to reduce greenhouse gases.
3) Recommend adaptation measures like coastal defenses, resettling vulnerable areas, and developing early warning systems to cope with rising seas.
Bank of England Climate Change Visualisation CompetitionAlfieCherry
Climate change is caused by greenhouse gas emissions from human activities like industrialization and deforestation. It is leading to global warming and more extreme weather events. Data shows both the impacts of climate change and countries' contributions to emissions. The UK economy has grown while reducing emissions, showing decarbonization and growth can occur together. Climate change will affect many stakeholders in the UK, with some industries and regions facing losses while others may see opportunities.
This document discusses advancements in semi-automated near-real time ocean carbon sink monitoring and their importance. Key achievements of the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) include developing an open-source FluxEngine toolbox for calculating air-sea carbon dioxide fluxes using in situ, satellite, and model data. Revised analyses using these methods found the ocean carbon sink is larger than previously estimated, with implications for revising the global carbon budget. Sustained monitoring efforts are still needed to continuously balance the carbon budget and inform policies.
Neighborhoods at Risk of Drowning in Alexandria in Light of Climate Change, C...ijtsrd
This document discusses threats to Alexandria, Egypt from climate change and rising sea levels. It notes that while some have claimed Alexandria will be "drowned" by climate change, the ancient city itself is at elevations of 5-25 meters above sea level and therefore not directly threatened. However, urban expansions to the south at lower elevations are at risk, particularly from the Abu Qir Bay to the north and Max Bay to the west. These low-lying areas could be protected by constructing armored concrete walls, but political will and funding would be needed. A few small depressions within the original highlands of Alexandria totaling around 3.5 square kilometers are also at risk of flooding if subsurface water levels rise.
The document discusses green values and sustainability initiatives across Europe. It describes green city projects in several European cities that promote renewable energy, public transportation, green spaces, and energy efficiency. It also provides details about specific green building projects in Austria and Italy that utilize solar energy, biomass heating, green roofs, and other eco-friendly designs. The Environment Park in Turin, Italy is highlighted for its campus-style layout integrated with grassy roofs and landscaping to blend buildings with nature.
Natural England Biodiversity Net Gain BrochurePAS_Team
The brochure summarises the forthcoming mandatory approach to BNG, the opportunities BNG presents and what it might mean for developers, landowners and Local Planning Authorities.
The brochure introduces the concept of net gain, highlighting the benefits it can deliver for nature, people and the economy. It also draws attention to resources that can be accessed now, with further information, guidance and advice on the approach as it develops.
This document summarizes a study assessing the impacts of projected climate change on water resources in the Mekong River Basin by 2030. The study finds that temperatures are likely to increase by 0.79°C on average across the basin. Precipitation is projected to increase by 13.5% annually, mainly due to increases in wet season rainfall. Total annual runoff is projected to increase by 21% or 107,000 million cubic meters. Increased flooding is likely to affect all parts of the basin. Food scarcity may increase in some areas due to population growth and changes in fisheries productivity from altered hydrology.
Land use-cover-trends-climate-variability-nexus-in-the-njoro-river-catchmentoircjournals
Anthropogenic activities have consequences on the land use/cover trends in the watershed and subsequently on the hydrological characteristics of rivers through intertwine of climate variability. The interplay between land use changes and climate variability are seen as contributory causes of catchment degradation in Kenya. The land use/cover changes increase impervious ground surfaces, decrease infiltration rate and increase runoff rate thereby affecting the hydrological characteristics of rivers. This study considers the interactions between climate variability and land use/cover changes in the river Njoro catchment in Kenya. The River Njoro drains into the lake Nakuru basin one of the Great Rift Valley Lakes in Kenya. The objectives of the study were: To evaluate the land-use and land cover patterns and changes in Njoro River catchment between 1996 and 2016, analyze the temperature and rainfall variations between 1996 and 2016 and compare the land use/cover changes with the variation in the rainfall and temperature. Landsat images and secondary data on water quality parameters were used in this study. The study showed that there was significant variation in rainfall and temperature trends in the Njoro river catchment and therefore the dynamics of land use/land cover in the river Njoro would be more attributed to anthropogenic activities than climate variability.
A global_outlook_of_economic_expansion_and_environmental_degradation-__an_emp...Marwadi University Rajkot
The study initiated with the questioning about the relation among economic growth, energy use in industries and environmental pollutants of countries in the world. This research work uses cubic function for which data collected in both time series and cross section the panel econometric models such as pooled OLS, unit root tests, co-integration, ADL models were used. This study measures the relationship between CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth. The research advocates that the correlation among CO2, energy consumption and economic development in major countries of the world on both co-integration and individual cross-country results. The study also recombed on the lower time period as well as long term relation embrace environmental protection plan such as re-usable sources, greenery development as directed by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and other Environmental agencies in the world and vis versa to control on carbon emissions in coming years.
Keywords: Industrial energy use, environmental pollutants, economic growth, CO2 emissions, panel data models, Environmental Kuznets Curve
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENERGY; THE CASE OF GHANA. DISCUSS.williamson20032001
Climate change is the gradual, long-term alteration of worldwide weather patterns, especially increases in temperature and storm activity, attributable to the increased accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This increases the temperature of the earth and carries with it a series of repercussions for the environment. The earth’s atmospheric temperature is maintained by greenhouse gases, whose duty is to form an insulating blanket around the earth and regulate the amount of solar radiation that stays in its atmosphere. Chief among these gases are water vapour (most abundant), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). These occur naturally. Human-made additions include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%) are the two most abundant gases of the earth’s atmospheric cover by volume percent but have properties that restrict infrared absorption. The greenhouse gases that make up less than a percentage of the earth’s atmospheric composition are the culprits in global warming. The role of greenhouse gases is profound. The sun is the primary source of heat to the earth. The solar spectrum is a collection of radiant energy forms that are partly absorbed by the earth. X-ray, infrared, gamma, visible light and ultraviolet radiation all are emitted from the sun.
This document outlines an investigation into the effect of carbon dioxide emissions on temperature in the USA and UK from 2009-2019. The research question asks to what extent different levels of CO2 concentration in the USA vs the UK affect average temperature. The investigation will examine CO2 emission levels and global temperature data over 10 years in the two countries. It is hypothesized that there will be a correlation between CO2 concentrations and temperature trends, and that differences in CO2 emissions between the countries will result in different temperature trends. The independent variable is CO2 concentration and the dependent variable is average temperature. Controlled variables include the data sources and years studied.
This document outlines an investigation into the effect of carbon dioxide emissions on temperature in the USA and UK from 2009-2019. The research question asks to what extent different levels of CO2 concentration in the USA vs the UK affect average temperature. Secondary data on CO2 emissions and average temperature in both countries will be collected from credible sources over the 10-year period. The hypothesis is that there is a correlation between CO2 concentrations and temperature trends, and differences in CO2 levels between the countries will result in differences in temperature trends. Key variables are CO2 concentration as the independent variable and average temperature as the dependent variable.
- The global mean near-surface temperature for 2023 (through October) was the highest on record at 1.40°C above 1850-1900 levels, making 2023 virtually certain to be the warmest year.
- The past 9 years, 2015-2023, are the 9 warmest years on record. Monthly temperature records were broken for both land and ocean temperatures from April through September 2023.
- Greenhouse gas concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide reached new highs in 2022 and continued to rise in 2023, according to real-time monitoring data.
The first article defines climate change as changes in climate patterns attributed to increased greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. One scientist, Mark Lynes, warns that 3 degrees of warming could melt glaciers and dry out the Amazon rainforest.
The second article describes climate change as a long-term shift in weather patterns over decades or longer. Scientists say global warming must be limited to 2 degrees Celsius to avoid irreversible damage.
The third article discusses how novel food production strategies like cell-based foods could ensure future food security for Colombia as climate change impacts intensify. It also notes increased atmospheric CO2 levels since pre-industrial times.
The document discusses a Japanese-American plaza in Portland, OR that was created to honor cultural diversity and remember the internment of Japanese families during WWII. It then lists various funding opportunities and events related to climate action, sustainability, and building a healthy future. Finally, it provides some sobering climate news including reports of potential impacts of melting Antarctic ice and findings from the latest IPCC report on the urgency of addressing climate change through emissions reductions.
The document discusses a Japanese-American plaza in Portland, OR that was created to honor cultural diversity and remember the internment of thousands of Japanese families during WWII. It then lists various funding opportunities and events related to climate action, sustainability, and building a healthy future. Finally, it provides some sobering climate news including reports of potential impacts of melting Antarctic ice and findings from the latest IPCC report on the urgency of addressing climate change through emissions reductions.
Similar to Climate Change in the Basque Country (20)
Estudios y trabajo en el país vasco. Comenius 2010-2012aniturribhi
El documento describe el sistema educativo y laboral en el País Vasco. Después de la educación secundaria obligatoria de 4 años, los estudiantes pueden asistir a un ciclo de formación profesional de grado medio o bachillerato de 2 años. Tras el bachillerato, pueden asistir a la universidad o cursar un ciclo de grado superior. La mayoría de las universidades son públicas y requieren buenas calificaciones para ingresar. Finalmente, el documento señala que encontrar trabajo después de los estudios es difícil debido a la
The document appears to be a survey containing responses from multiple individuals about sports and physical activities. It includes questions about sports available in preschool, primary school, secondary school, and outside of school hours. It also asks if respondents play or watch sports now and lists common responses like football, basketball, swimming, gymnastics and others. The survey was conducted as part of a COMENIUS program in multiple countries from 2010 to 2012.
The document summarizes some of the key facts and cultural differences the author learned about the German education system and culture during a student exchange trip to Germany. Some of the main points include: 1) German students can finish compulsory education between ages 18-19 and are separated into different schools based on academic abilities after 4th grade; 2) cultural differences like addressing people formally until given permission to use the informal "you", drinking sparkling water, and eating foods like pretzels and potatoes; and 3) surprising details learned about the local region like a prince who previously lived in the town and the Australian soccer team training there.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of serotonin and endorphins which elevate mood and may help prevent mental illness.
This document describes Elos, a European school network and curriculum concept that aims to provide students with an international education. Elos creates a curriculum called European and International Orientation that is based on European frameworks for key competencies and language skills. The goal is to prepare students for a globalized world by developing their identity and competencies through international cooperation and mobility. Schools and teachers benefit from exchanging best practices with international partners, while students gain skills for learning, working, and living abroad. Schools can market their participation in Elos to attract students and gain international recognition for quality. The document provides information on implementing Elos in the curriculum, activities, and certification processes for schools and students.
The document provides information about Basque athletes competing in the Olympics and their situation.
1) Basque athletes are not allowed to compete for the Basque national team and must instead compete for Spain or France. The Basque Country football team is considered the unofficial national team but is not affiliated with FIFA or UEFA.
2) Several Basque sports are mentioned, including pelota which was a demonstration sport in past Olympics. Surfing and football players also want to compete for an official Basque team.
3) Biographies are given for two Basque athletes, Naroa Agirre and Paul de la Cuesta, competing in track and field and skiing respectively.
1) Students from Aniturri BHI trained to become tour guides in Vitoria-Gasteiz and led an exchange programme where they gave tours to partners and handed out documents about sites.
2) During the tours, the partners from Germany took notes about the monuments and sites they saw.
3) The document includes photos from the tour and rehearsal where the students explained things like the Prado museum, Ajuria Enea Palace, and the tram system to the partners.
Students from Aniturri BHI trained to become tour guides for a tour of Vitoria-Gasteiz that they will lead, during which participants will receive a document about sites and monuments to take notes on during the tour.
El País Vasco se encuentra entre Francia y España, al norte de la península ibérica. Su cultura se caracteriza por su lengua, el euskera, sus tradiciones como Olentzero en lugar de Papa Noel, sus fiestas regionales como Sanfermines, su gastronomía basada en pinchos, y danzas y deportes tradicionales como la pelota vasca y las regatas de traineras.
Organic food is produced without pesticides, chemical fertilizers, or genetic modification. Organic farming uses organic fertilizers and respects animal welfare. The EU organic logo guarantees that at least 95% of ingredients are organically produced under official inspection. Organic farming has benefits like producing healthy, nutritious food while protecting the environment and rural communities. However, organic farmers face challenges from issues like weather, access to land, and intensification of conventional agriculture. Groups are working to support farmers through training, advocacy, alliance-building, and improving access to local markets and infrastructure.
This document describes the author's favorite sport of basketball. It notes that the author practices basketball in Araia, a village near Egino, as part of a team called C.D. Alinpedi. The team has 12 players and they practice basketball two days a week. The author also enjoys watching professional basketball and is a fan of the Spanish professional team called Baskonia.
First, peel and cut potatoes and onions into small pieces. Crack eggs into a bowl and mix. Heat oil in a skillet and fry the potato and onion pieces. Then mix the fried vegetables with the eggs and fry until both sides are golden brown. Finally, flip the omelette and serve on a plate.
Chocolate cookies ana berta olaia leireaniturribhi
This document provides instructions for making chocolate cookies in 8 steps. It involves melting chocolate tablets and milk in a water bath, crushing biscuits and mixing them with the chocolate mixture, shaping the combined ingredients on a foil-covered plate, then refrigerating the cookies for 30 minutes to harden before eating.
This document provides instructions for making a pizza using water, flour, tomato sauce, bacon, tuna, turkey, olives, and cheese. It instructs the user to mix water and flour to form dough, roll out the dough and add tomato sauce, then layers of cheese, bacon, tuna, turkey, olives, and more cheese before baking the pizza in the oven for 15 minutes.
Organic food is produced without chemical products and complies with organic standards. It contains only organic products that are grown in gardens without laboratory processing. Organic food can be identified because it does not contain genetically modified ingredients or pesticides like artificial food. There are two types of organic products - seasonal products available in certain seasons like tomatoes in summer, and local products from the same village. Farmers use limited numbers of animals humanely to produce organic food. People should eat organic food because it is healthier, more delicious, protects the environment, and does not contain chemicals. The number of organic farms has increased since 1999 because more people know organic food is healthier than artificial varieties and many now grow their own organic products.
Este documento presenta información sobre una presentación sobre Alemania que se realizó en Agurain, España en mayo de 2012. El documento incluye una estructura con secciones sobre información general, monumentos y detalles sobre las ciudades alemanas de Öhringen, Hohenlohe y Schwäbisch Hall. La sección sobre Schwäbisch Hall proporciona detalles sobre su ubicación, población, origen de su nombre, atracciones turísticas como la iglesia de San Miguel y actividades recreativas para niños, familias, adolescentes y adult
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
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2. Information that Basque students shared with partner
school Holy Trinity, Cookstown.
The Irish students have been learning about the Basque
Country to represent us at an Eco-Schools summit to
be held at Stormont on 14thFebruary 2013.
Good luck!
Zorte On!
3. INTRODUCTION
Aniturri BHI is located in the
Basque province of Araba. The
Basque Country comprises the
Basque Autonomous Community
and Navarre in Spain and the
western part of the French
départament of Pyrénées
Atlantiques. One nation within
two states and three
administrations.
4. Author: eitb infography
PREDICTIONS
Basque Country data
Jon Saenz Aguirre
He says that there is not a lot of information
abourt the level of impacts in the Basque
Autonomous Community, but at least, it is clear
that the scenaries which have high
concentration of CO2 will increase their
temperature (like the A2 zone), comparing
with the scenaries of less CO2 concentration
(like A1 zone). (Slide 5)
We know as well that the area near the coast
won’t be so affected as the inner area.
Furthermore, we know that there will be a
temperature increase of one or two degrees in
winter, compared with the current average..
However, rainfalls will not change much.
6. The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change) makes medium
and long term impact predictions
The Basque Centre for Climate Change is called bc3. It contributes with data and
research on scientific, technical and socio-economic aspects of climate change.
Author: eitb infography
7. The areas of research where BC3 is developing
research capabilities fall broadly into the following
groups:
ADAPTATION TO AND THE IMPACTS OF
CLIMATE CHANGE
Health and human related: understanding the
impacts of climate change in terms of health and
how best to adapt to them.
Agriculture and eco-system related:
understanding the impacts of climate change on
agriculture and forests and how best to respond to
them
Water related: understanding the implications of
climate change for the availability and use of water
resources and what changes in water management
will be necessary in the future.
Infrastructure-related: analysis of how climate
change requires changes in the design of
infrastructure and in the planning of long-term
investments.
The bc3 is a Research Centre
based in the Basque Country
which aims to contribute to
long term research on
the causes and consequences
of climate change in order to
foster the creation of
knowledge in this
multidisciplinary science.
The BC3 seeks to prepare a
highly-qualified team of
researchers with the primary
objective of achieving
excellence in research, training
and dissemination.
Source:
http://www.bc3research.org
8. MEASURES TO MITIGATE CLIMATE
CHANGE
Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
and measures to sequester carbon:
modelling the inter linkages between the
economic and climate sub-systems to
better understand how the economy will
be affected by climate change; measures to
control greenhouse gases that are
responsible for climate change. Design of
instruments to reduce greenhouse gases
at the regional, national and global levels.
Policies to promote carbon-free
technology: the role of technology in
reducing greenhouse gases and what
polices will be needed to best promote the
right kinds of technologies.
Uncertainty and climate policy: how
best to design policies to address climate
change in the face of huge uncertainties
and the long time periods over which
climate change will impact the economy,
ecology and society.
INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF CLIMATE
POLICY
International and regional agreements on
climate action: understanding how
international agreements related to climate
control are arrived at and what constitutes a
stable and effective agreement. Climate policy
and development policy: finding synergies
and conflicts between the goals of climate
mitigation and development.
DEVELOPING AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH
THAT INFORMS CLIMATE POLICY IN THE
BASQUE COUNTRY
The aim is to act as the benchmark centre for
research on all aspects of climate policy in the
Basque Country, drawing on the substantial
research that is ongoing in the universities
and other research centres of the region.
Issues to be addressed will include more
precise assessment of impacts, design of
optimal adaptation strategies, policies for
mitigation, better measurement of emissions
from land use and policies to improve
IPCC/GHG inventories for agriculture and
land use methodologies in the Basque
Country through comparison with other
countries (e.g. UK).
9. BC3 Network and International Projects
The BC3 operates under the philosophy
that effective research in this area can
only be conducted in collaboration with
other research groups. It is imperative
therefore to be part of a network and
to collaborate actively with those
members of the climate research
network who are undertaking
complementary research.
The main objective of this networking is
to promote the cooperation on climate
change and motivate shared
projects. The cooperation in the BC3
Network will mainly be based on:
The exchange of researchers.
The exchange of Ph. D. students.
The conducting of shared research
projects.
The transference of the best practices.
The cooperation and participation in
conferences and seminars.
AGREEMENT WITH THE UNIVERSITY OF THE BASQUE
COUNTRY:
The creation of the Basic and Excellence Research
Centres (BERC) exemplifies a move to combine the
increasingly high standards of scientific research in
the Basque Country with the attraction of high level
talents. BC3 will provide the University of the Basque
Country with high level researchers and also will
develop ways to promote their careers. There will be a
two-way research interaction to reinforce the Basque
university system. BC3 will also conduct joint
research projects with the University of the Basque
Country to increase research capabilities in the
Basque Country.
AGREEMENTS WITH OTHER RESEARCH CENTRES:
The BC3 will lead the integration of various agents
currently active in the field of climate change in the
Basque Country. The BC3 will be an active, dynamic
part of the Basque Science, Technology and
Innovation Network, promoting and collaborating in
research projects with the different members of the
network.
BC3 will also promote agreements with other
international research centres. The current network
will be reinforced to guarantee the continuation of
collaboration. To date the following agreement has
been reached:
16. ANGEL BORJA
Fundamentally, the first influence
climate change will produce is the
increase of the temperature. In the
last 30 years the temperature of the
sea’s water has increased.
The second influence is the increase
of the level of the sea. During the
last 60 years the level of the sea has
increased 10-15 centimeters. In the
Bay of Biscay.
As a result, a change of the
inhabitants and species may
happen.
Author: eitb infography
18. Author: eitb infography
Climate change could produce
a manifestation of several
impacts on natural, social and
economic systems.
The consequences on the
population depend on where
the people live. The highest
effects would appear in poor
countries, where the
agriculture would be
seriously affected and it
would generate a decline of
food production.
Likewise, global warming
would have consequences on
the population of places that
would be affected by external
weather effects. So there may
be cases in which the
population has more
possibilities of suffering bad
weather and therefore, it may
produce social problems like
the migration from Africa to
Europe.
21. Expected impacts of
climate change in
the Basque Country
SOURCE: ENCORE
Climate change, according to the first results of
available models, results, in the Basque Country,
in a raining estimated reduction of between 15
and 20% per year, with increases in winter and
decreases in summer. Extreme maximum
temperatures for the end of the century can raise
between 1.5 C and 3.5 C; and extreme minimum
ones between 1 C and 3 C. This thermal increase
causes a higher evapotranspiration and a higher
risk for forest fires.
Increase in sea level and waves force is
significant, since it shall cause a backward
movement of coastline in beach areas of between
11 and 13 m about the middle of XXI century and
the risk of flood in estuaries.
Priority performances have been identified
according to expected impacts in natural and
economic systems, human health and
performance capacity. Although impacts are not
well known and started researches must be
expanded, also for the development of scenes
adapted to the Basque Country dimensions,
economic cost-effectiveness to undertake early
performances becomes evident.
22. Physical consequences
Two of the main climate variables which shall be
affected because of climate change are temperature
and rainfall. Regarding the last one, both global and
specific models suggest a decrease of rainfall in the
southern region. These models also foresee a yearly
reduction in rainfall, particularly during summer
months, which in the case of the Basque Country is
estimated between 15 and 20%.
The change in distribution of rainfall through the
year does not show a clear behaviour pattern, which
indicates a quite low reliability of projections, which
suggest a increase of it for winter months
(December to February) estimated between a 5 and
20% and a decrease for summer months (June to
August) estimated between a 30 and 50%. The main
pluviometric change might be more conditioned by
the seasonal distribution of rains (with a higher
space and temporal heterogeneity) than by the very
percent diminution in absolute values.
Regarding temperatures, projections for XXI
century show an increase of average temperature
up to 5–7°C in summer and 3–4°C in winter, which
in coast are reduced in 2°C. Predictably, the number
of days with extreme maximum temperatures shall
increase, and the ones with extreme minimum
temperatures shall decrease. In the specific case of
the Basque Country, for the last third of XXI century
a 1.5°C increase of extreme maximum temperatures
in coastline and 3.5°C in the rest of territory is
expected. With regard to extreme minimum
temperatures (as monthly averages) a increase
between 1 and 1.5°C is estimated in the coastline,
between 2 and 2.5°C in the rest of the Atlantic basin
and middle area and between 2.5 and 3°C in the
southern region of the Basque Country. Seasonally,
the extreme maximum values present differences
between the different climate regions of the Basque
Country. These values are shown in the following
chart.
SOURCE: ENCORE
WINTER SUMMER
1.5-2º C 4.5-5.5º C
2-2.5º C 5.5-7º C
Bardeak in Navarrre
photo: eitb infography
23. Donostia (San Sebastian)
One of the most significant problems
derived from climate change to face in the
Basque Country is the increase of the sea
level and the energy of the swell (higher
waves and longer storms) together with a
change of its direction (2° to the west). The
most exhaustive report in state referring to
affection to the coast estimates an increase
of sea level of 0.4 cm/year, which would
mean an increase of about 40 cm at the end
of XXI century. This increase in sea level
shall cause the 11–13 m backward
movement of coastline in beach areas about
the middle of XXI century, changes in
coastal morphology and loss of stability and
rebasing of works and coastal
infrastructures (worthwhile with an
increase of their area between 6 and 20%).
In the estuaries, as well as a potential space
or temporary regime more irregular, the
main danger is the flood risk of coast
human settlements (urban, agricultural and
industrial) and particularly in estuaries of
big cities like Bilbao and Donostia.
Pasaia, Gipuzkoa
The increase of sea level
SOURCE: ENCORE
24. Impacts on natural,
social and economic
systems
The Basque Country has a protecting measure in
the 22.7% of its territory. However, as a result of
climate change, changes in animal and vegetable
communities are expected, including an advance or
delay in migration or reproduction periods,
hormonal changes, changes in the distribution of
continental and sea species (in the case of some sea
species changes in latitude and depth have been
stated), modification of productivity, modifications
in invading and parasitic species, increase of
vulnerability or population changes (increase or
decrease of number of individuals depending on
the considered specie). Vulnerability is the
maximum for endemic and especially interesting
species (amphibian and reptiles). Moreover, the
possible loss of organic carbon of ground would
reduce its fertility for tree species and brushes.
Giant trees in Munain, Araba: 608 trees of over a metre
in diameter and between 500 and 800 years old. These trees have been
studied both from a dasymetric and associated biodiversity point of view
An Oak tour around Agurain
25. In the north of the Basque Country, pollard beeches are so common that people
believe that pollard beeches and wild beeches constitute two different species.
Nevertheless, they are actually two ways of handling a single species.
Other trees like ash trees, chestnut trees and several species of oak trees have also
been pollarded, but as there aren't many oaks in the Basque Country, they don’t
have so much relevance on the landscape.
In the province of Araba, there exists a special abundance of pollard oaks, especially
in the towns of Munain and Okariz in the municipal district of San Millan.
The giant oaks of Munain and Okariz are located on the mountainsides of the
Entzia Range. It is made up of some 608 trees of over a meter in diameter (some are
4-5 meter), an average of 428 perimeter and between 500 and 800 years old. There
could have been more trees, but for a time, people didn't know that those trees were
very important and they cut them for firewood. These trees have been studied both
from a dasymetric and associated biodiversity point of view, and the results have
been surprising.
Researchers put in the oaks containers full of water and salt to know what type of
insects there were in the area. The containers attracted more animals than
expected, like cows, which caused inconveniences. Finally, they discovered a total of
103 beetle species, among which, two of these (Lucanus Cervus and Rosalia Alpina)
are a priority in European policies.
Nowadays, although the nearest oaks have been fenced in, the most beautiful and
spectacular trees are outside the enclose. These outstanding trees are in the forest
and they are better than those that are together. In spite of the fact that they
haven't fenced all of them together, some residents of Munain are a bit disgusted.
A worth mentioning fact could be that the British Royal gardener visited the oaks
in Munain. He hugged an oak and he cried.
Munain
26. Impacts on natural,
social and economic
systems
Water resources have a limited storing capacity (about
60 Hm³) and are very conditioned by rainfall, so a more
heterogeneous distribution of rainfall shall cause a
higher variability, resulting in temporary situations of
water shortage, which, however, might be solved by
means of a suitable management system.
In primary sector, the 390,000 Ha exploitation of tree
forest surface (54% of the Basque Country total surface)
shall have its productive period changed (deciduous leaf
species shall be benefited against perennial ones), an
aspect which can cause some species not to be
profitable and be replaced with imports. Also, a greater
difficulty to overcome the summer drought stages has
been predicted. This change in productivity can be also
applied to ranching sector (likely to be affected in a
higher extend by parasitic illnesses) and to the 242,000
hectares devoted to agriculture (it shall particularly
benefit corn and beetroot cultivations and damage
cereal cultivations), which can has the duration of
harvest reduced and sowing and harvest times modified.
Araia, Araba
Gaubea, Araba
Cereal
Oceanic or transitional climate
SOURCE: ENCORE
27. Impacts on natural,
social and economic
systems
In the tourist sector, a change in the demand and an
intensification of the interseasonal tourism is expected. It is
conditioned by affections likely to be suffered from by the
different settlements and coastal infrastructures (35 beaches in
the Basque Country) which might result in changes in geographic
and tourist space.
Referring to human health, an increase of morbid mortality and of
acute respiratory episodes, especially allergies, is expected. These
episodes shall intensify as a result of extension of pollination
period and the number of hot and dry days which promote
environmental charge (southern region being the most affected),
which shall mainly affect the sensitive population, like children
and old people (in 2020 the 25% of population shall be older than
65). Changes in infectious illnesses passed on by mosquitoes and
ticks, and an alteration of comfort and wellbeing conditions are
expected. Finally, as a result of the increase of temperature,
tropospheric ozone concentration shall also increase, especially
during summer, with the subsequent worsening of air quality.
This situation shall intensify in anticyclone situations in which
high temperatures, scarce cloud coating and not much air
predominate (situations which, predictably, due to climate
change, shall happen more frequently).
Finally, in transport (15 harbours in constant expansion and
reconversion of activities as well as two large sea ports), energy
(468 km electrical network, 3,700 km gas distribution, 103 water
power stations), town planning/building and services sectors
(252 km of coast and 700 km of rivers with different distributions
of urban settlements), the main impact is the increase of danger
associated to weather phenomena and the increase of risk
associated to structural integrity of different infrastructures,
increasing the vulnerability of financial sector and insurers. The
changes in the energy demand and in the supply sources
(promotion of renewable ones) or the changes in the habitability
conditions of the buildings are other expected impacts.
Bermeo, Bizkaia
Wind farm in
Langraitz, Araba
SOURCE: ENCORE
28. • Spanish version of
the video
Author: AZTITV
• Basque version of
the video
Author: AZTITV
Climate change and the increasing level of the sea are global
problems that we are all facing. The aim of this science project is to
study the causes and the consequences of this rise. According to
studies of tide gauges, since 1950, the average of the sea level has
risen 1,8mm per year.
According to the report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) written on 2007, the impact on the costal area could
worsen in the following years 18 or 19cm. The uncertainty of
estimates comes from different places and scenes that make
increase the greenhouse effect. Some estimates can be false about
the cost of the Basque country because the level of the see is usually
variable.
29. WHY DOES SEE LEVEL RISE?
2 FACTORS
TERMIC EXPANSION MELTING
The video:
Anil Markandya (scientific Director of the BC3) says that depending on the area, problems can be bigger like
floods, damage to agriculture, in ecosystems… These two factors are consequences of the global warming.
According to Ainhoa Caballero (AZTI-Tecnalia’s oceanographer), the thermal expansion will produce more
damages than the melting.
Anil Markandya says that in many cases they have to protect the coastal areas, but they have to look at the entire
coast line to know what actions they are going to take in each area.
Urdaibai is the only biosphere reserve in the north of the Spain and the first protected natural area in the Basque
Country. Its objective is to be a resting area for the birds which migrate between Africa and Europe. There are 318
types of vertebrates.
Javier Franco, an “AZTI-tecnalia” ecologist, says that Urdaibai experimented changes those years because people
used this area for agriculture and ranching. But the following years those lands were abandoned and they recovered
in a natural way.
Angel Borja says that the increase of the sea level won’t affect this area because it has the ability to adapt. But the
temperature will affect the area. Species that lived in the Basque Country are now in the south and species that lived
in the south are in the coast of the Basque Country.
Studies demonstrate since 1943 the sea level in the north has increased 2,1mm per year whereas the global level
has increased 1,8mm per year. In 50 years the sea will have increased 10cm.
Since 1954 they have studied the coast and they have seen that in the coast of Gipuzkoa the beach size has been
reduced.
The sea level has increased from 1,8mm to 3mm per year. This increase will be bigger in this century.
30. A report undertaken by the AZTI-Tecnalia technological centre in cooperation with
researchers from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Tecnalia
Research & Innovation and IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), is synthesised existing
information on climate change observed in and forecast for the Basque Country
and the southeast of the Bay of Biscay, in order to better predict the impact of
future changes along the coast and in the marine environment. The report, falling
within the remit of the Basque Government-financed K-Egokitzen project, points
to a gradual increase in the air and water temperatures and in the sea level, as well
as to an intensification of strong episodes of precipitation and heat waves. The
study was published recently by the Climate Research journal, a publication of
international reference in climate matters. READ more Source: AZTI
31. Eguraldia24
Effects on the sea
An interview to Guillem Chust
Source: AZTITV
Climate change will produce
an increase of the sea water
level of between 30-50 cm,
due to the increase of the
temperature of the sea water
and the air, and also
alterations in precipitation.
Guillem Chust (Azti Tecnalia)
• The sea level will rise more
than 1 km² in Gipuzkoa. In
this province, 30% of the
urban areas are going to be
the most damaged zones.
• One of the most susceptible
elements are the beaches.
They are going to widen
between the 25- 40%.
• The increase of the sea level
will be caused by heating of
the sea water, and if this
takes place, the sea can
expand.
The second factor belonging
to the climate change is the
melting of the glaciers and
the continental ice. To
resolve this problem, we may
strengthen the dikes.
Furthermore, we shouldn’t
build more near the beaches
and the marshlands.
The consequence of this matter is that the
biodiversity and vegetation will disappear. The
immigration of the fowls is going to be harden
because of the changes of natural means, the
topography and the things that are done by
humans (artificial matters).
32. Alterations in marine flora of Basque coast due to climate change evident
VideoResearch undertaken by the University of the
Basque Country (UPV/EHU) team shows an
increase in 1º C in the sea temperature over
the past 30 years. The temperature of the
water in the Eastern Cantabrian Sea (Bay of
Biscay) has risen by 0.24 ºC each decade
since the eighties, an increase that rises to
0.33º C in summer. That is to say, over the
past 30 years the temperature of the water
has risen by almost 1º C above the summer
average, which, together with other factors
arising from climate change, is causing
significant changes in marine vegetation.
This is the conclusion of the research study,
'Seaweed assemblage changes in Eastern
Cantabrian Sea and their potential
relationship to climate change', undertaken
on Marine Benthos by the UPV/EHU. The
research was published in Estuarine, Coastal
and Shelf Science, a multidisciplinary
international journal for the study of
physical, chemical and distribution processes
of species in the marine areas of the coast,
estuary and continental platform.
SOURCE: Basque Research READ
more
In Basque language
The principal theme of the UPV marine research team are
aspects about the influence of the pollution on marine
vegetation. In this decade they have been studying how climate
influences the change on vegetation.
Bizkaia is the place that they chose to do their submarine
experiments. They want to explain why there are less red
seaweeds. They put an immerse surface to check the changes of
the dark red colour of the plants.
This decade they have seen that the plants have taken a
yellowish colour and the seaweed has lost covering. This plant
makes marine meadows in some places they have checked an
important set-back. The key is the cantatrice coast because the
life of most seaweed can have important consequences there.
They investigate it to find the causes of the possible factors. That
causes could be the increase of the water level. They have
compared 1980 summer with the one in 2010.
33. KOSTASYSTEM
The sustainable management of the coastal
erosion problem needs information over a wide
range of spatial scales (centimeters to
kilometers) and time periods (seconds to years)
to characterize the coastal dynamics. Recently,
the analyses of coastal environments using video
images have proven to be an efficient
methodology (autonomous and low cost),
offering clear advantages over traditional
methods (topography and bathymetry).
The “KOSTASystem” project, a littoral monitoring
system, comes as a result of a collaboration
between AZTI-Tecnalia and LaSAGeC (Anglet,
Université de Pau et Pays de l’Adour, France). The
two institutes, one in the Basque Country and the
other in Aquitaine, agreed on the necessity of
dealing with the problem of littoral management
in a coordinated way, because of the
interdependency of the two frontier coastal
systems. Out of the technological developments
comes the KOSTASystem,.
SOURCE: KOSTASYSTEM
There are four station running:
In Mundaka
In Bakio
In Zarautz
In Zumaia
0 KOSTASYSTEM video
High-precision cartography of sea
beds of Bilbao and Donostia
Photo: AZTI-Tecnalia
34. KOSTASYSTEM
Pedro Liria, one of the members of AZTI-tecnalia, says that Kostasystem consists of
taking pictures of a known shore part with some cameras installed in different parts
of the coast to show the changes of the beach and sand banks. He also says that it can
be used to create maps of the beaches and maps with the location of every single
person on the beach.
Koldo Larazabal, the coordinator of the Red Cross, says that they use this system to
see the changes of the bulk flows of water near the shore to provide better services.
Pedro Liria says that the system can be used to show live information about the
world-famous Mundaka left wave. They can see its height and length and can tell the
information to the surfers. He also says that they have a new station in Tenerife
because they want to recover an area of the shore which was damaged and they want
to use this system to provide information about the waves to the surfers and the
workers who have to rebuild that part of the coast.
An image of the first camera in Zarautz.
Photo: AZTI-Tecnalia
35. MUNDAKA
Consequences of estuarine sand dredging and dumping on the Urdaibai Reserve
of the Biosphere (Bay of Biscay): the case of the “ Mundaka left wave”
36. THE CASE OF MUNDAKA LEFT WAVE
Authors: M. MONGE-GANUZAS, A. CEARRETA, E. IRIARTE
ABSTRACT
In the spring of 2003, 240,000 m3 of sand were dredged from the main channel
of the lower Oka estuary (Urdaibai Reserve of the Biosphere) and dumped on the
southern area of Laida beach located at the estuary mouth. After few months,
strong erosion of the deposited sediments occured as a consequence of the
northwards migration of the final meander of the main estuarine channel before
it reached the estuary inlet. At the same time, the estuarine inlet abandoned its
original position near the rocky western margin and migrated eastwards cutting
and eroding the sandy ebb delta (Mundaka sand bar). This caused a change in
the way the incident wave broke as it reached the shallow water of the ebb tidal
delta and beach and made surfing impossible under the same optimal conditions
previously enjoyed due to the production of a wave that gradually broke from
right to left as it reached shallow water, the so called “ Mundaka left wave” . As a
consequence, the Billabong Pro surf championship was cancelled in 2005. This
paper describes the results obtained during a study of the outer estuary carried
out during the period May 2005-April 2006 to characterize the processes
operating on the most dynamic area of the estuary throughout the year and to
evaluate the influence that the anthropogenic activities in the estuary had on the
wave characteristics. No corrective measures were taken in the outer estuary
during the study period and the environment recovered its normal
morphological features naturally. This natural restoration it is hoped will be
more stable, long lasting and reliable to ensure the continuing future of the
“ Mundaka left wave” .
37. MUNDAKA WAVE
The return of a wave called Mundaka,
the best European left hand wave?
The movie produced by the locals Aritz
Aranburu and the Acero brothers makes
justice to the surf potential of Mundaka.
Among the surfing community, Mundaka,
which is between San Sebastian and
Bilbao, is worldwide famous for its left
hand powerful waves.
Mundaka used to be a regular stage on the
World Surfing Championship Tour and it is
an icon and reference surfing spot in the
Basque Country and Spain. It is a left-hand
wave that breaks due to a sandbar formed
along the river mouth.
The video was released in black and white
to remind us of the past when the wave
almost disappeared. It is said that the
cause was the drainage of a channel at a
shipyard four kilometers from Mundaka.
The sandbank located on the mouth of the
river was seriously damaged. As a result, it
killed the wave. Fortunately, this sandbank
started to form again, and so did the
waves you can see in this video.
We met Aritz Aranburu on our trip
to Germany (Comenius 2010)
38. Effects on economics
Tempranillo, viura (Macabeo) and garnacha (grenache) grapes
Some winemakers are actually rejoicing in the
higher temperatures of recent years. “Some of the
most expensive wines in Spain come from the
Rioja Alta and Rioja Alavesa regions,” Pancho
Campo, founder and president of the Wine
Academy of Spain, says. “They are getting almost
perfect ripeness every year now for Tempranillo.
This makes the winemakers say, ‘Who cares about
climate change? We are getting perfect vintages.’
The same thing has happened in Bordeaux. It is
very difficult to tell someone, ‘This is only going to
be the case for another few years.’”
The irony is, the wine business is better situated
than most to adapt to global warming. Many of
the people in the industry followed in their
parents’ footsteps and hope to pass the business
on to their kids and grandkids someday. This
should lead them to think further ahead than the
average corporation, with its obsessive focus on
this quarter’s financial results.
Source: What Climate Change Means for Wine
Industry
0 INTRODUCTION about
Basque wines Source: about.com
0 Tempranillo wine
Source: Basque Research
0 Rioja and global
warming Source: Insiderioja
39. tempranillo
The Alaves Rioja is located in the southern tip of the
Basque Country. The Basque Country influenced and
even promoted wine production throughout the ages,
because religious orders located there promoted the
art of wine-making. The primary varieties used in red
wines of the area are Tempranillo and Graciano,
According to University of Navarra researchers,
climate change may alter the composition of the
Tempranillo grape. Ms Salazar says that the increase
in CO2 in the atmosphere could have positive effects
on the vine and combat the negative ones: increases
in temperature and drought. The increase in CO2 and
higher temperatures and water stress shortens the
maturing times for the fruit.
The rise in temperature possibly affects the quality of
the grapes and that can influence the pH of the wine.
Another effect of water stress is oxidative damage.
Peaches
The climate change doesn’t affect only to the grape
production, it affects to other fruits like peaches. The
University of Navarra is studying how to adapt plants
to the climate change.
40. What is STOP CO2 Euskadi?
DEFINITION
OBJECTIVES
WHO IS INVOLVED
KNOW AND ACT News
0 Ecodesign Centre outstanding project
0 30 ecodesign projects
0 Eco-efficiency programmes investments of
12 million euros in its first year
0 French and German governments outline
efficiency of Basque companies
0 Over 400 Basque companies are becoming
more competitive through eco-efficient
actions
0 The Gamesa eco-designed wind turbine,
finalist of the Muy Interesante Innovation
Award
41. SOLUTIONS
In 2006, The Basque Country set up the Climate
Change Office and a plan in line with the
Environmental Framework programme 2007-
2010 following the Kyoto Protocol.
In 2009, the Basque Country expressed their
intention to lead a new development model - a
transversal and integrating pillar of the political
action of the Basque Government, gathered in the
EcoEuskadi 2020 instrument.
EcoEuskadi 2020 is a transversal tool designed
to articulate public actions towards the project of
a country that is economically competitive,
innovative and eco-efficient, social united and
jointly responsible, committed to the quality of
the assets and resources of its natural heritage.
In 2011, the Basque Government approved
the first Sustainable Development Strategy, called
EcoEuskadi 2020. This milestone has positioned
the Basque Country among Europe’s most cutting-
edge regions in the field of sustainability.
EcoEuskadi 2020 is economy, it is ecology and it is
the echo of the voice of society as a whole. It will
henceforth be the relevant instrument to prepare
all public policies. It is a common project
constructed by and for Basque citizens.
This plan aims to increase the employment level
of people between 20 and 64 to 75%, achieve
3% investment in research, development and
innovation; reduce greenhouse gas emissions by
20%; reduce the school dropout rate to under 10%
(13% now) and the number of people living under
the poverty threshold to under 15%.
Source: Infography: eitb 02 Basque Country
EcoEuskadi 2020
Society has to contribute to a more sustainable global future and cannot stay
out of the fight against climate change. There is not another way. For these
reason, the Basque Country has made a policy based in two strategic points.
First, to fight against climate change and get ready to face its consequences.
Secondly, to promote the culture of innovation that allows us to make progress
towards a sustainable Basque economy. The Basque plan to fight against the
climate change has some performances to reduce and adapt to it. There are 120
concrete immeasurable actions which will be carried out. The Basque Country is
already answering the United Nations call to put words into actions because the
Basque Country has already started taking action against the climate change.
Esther Larrañaga, Former Consellor of Environment and Regional Planning of
the Basque Country
Former
45. IHOBE
About Ihobe
13 Predictions for 2013
Areas of action: Climate
Change
The Basque Government
in action
Video: frenar el cambio clímatico
es cosa de todos y todas.
Source: INHOBE25urte Madariaga Dorretxea
46. IHOBE
Ihobe is a public corporation whose aim is to support
the Basque Government Department for
Environment and Spatial Policy in developing
its environmental policy and in spreading the culture
of environmental sustainability in the Autonomous
Community of the Basque Country.
Also, Ihobe is the owner of Laboratorio Oleaz (Oleaz
Laboratory), located in Zamudio, which carries out
the analytic and administrative control of the oil used
in the BAC, and in the Madariaga Tower, the Euskadi
Biodiversity Centre in Busturia.
Ihobe is a public society that works in the field of
environmental protection and management. From its
original role as a promoter of environmental
infrastructures it has grown into a fundamental
player in the Basque Government Department of
Environment and Spatial Policy Planning:
The organization responsible for implementing
environmental policy, in co-ordination with the
various directorates answerable to the Vice-ministry
of the Environment. Ihobe is a well-established
organization, and as such it is trying new ideas and
projects capable of catching the interest of people in
and outside the society.
Challenge for 2020:
Ihobe set the challenge to become a valuable team
that can provide innovative ideas for the new
transformation model of the Basque Autonomous
Community, EcoEuskadi 2020.
Mission:
Supporting the Ministry of Environment, Land Use
Planning, Agriculture and Fishing of the Basque
Government in enabling the environmental policy
and in spreading the green sustainability culture
within the Basque Autonomous Community.
47. IHOBE
For that purpose:
They encourage the production and
spreading of environmental knowledge.
They co-operate with companies, public
authorities and citizens.
They contribute and participate actively
in improving the environment.
Sharing their knowledge and their
resources
Striving for excellence and social
responsibility
View:
Ihobe should be able in 2012 to appear as:
An efficient partner and acknowledged
consultant of the Ministry, that uses its
experience to give solutions and services in
order to fulfil the environmental aims of the
Basque Autonomous Community.
A proponent of the environmental
knowledge, encouraging its production and
its spreading.
Values:
Credibility and involvement
Effective management and teamwork
Spreading faith in change
From our environment and to our environmet
48. ARTICLES
When we talk about climate change,
we must refer to a specific location,
and I think that each community has
to become involved, because climate
change impacts are specific for each
place. Therefore, if we are talking
about the Basque Country, it is
absolutely essential that we calculate
the specific impacts of climate change
there, which can only be addressed
by that community," said Rajendra
Pachauri, Chairman of the IPCC and
winner of the Nobel Peace Prize
2007, in an interview for ETB (public
Basque television).
Read more
Public Service Review reports on
the Basque Country's commitment
to fighting climate change, and the
planning and management
processes in place
Online article
49. bc3
ENCORE
Public Service Review
eitb eitb
CREDITS
Lifetrasmocho An Oak tour
AZTI
Basque Research
Stop CO2 Euskadi
Urdaibai
Grainy Mundaka Aritz Aranburu
EcoEuskadi 2020
IHOBE