This document provides details of a proposed project to augment the flexible pavement connecting Itawa to Nabinagar in Bihar, India. It includes an introduction describing the need for the project and objectives to provide the shortest alignment and improve local economics. The methodology section outlines the various surveys and tests to be conducted, including topographic, soil, traffic, and hydrological surveys as well as soil tests. It also describes the proposed works including earthwork, pavement design, and a timeline for completion of works by 2023. Relevant literature on flexible pavement design methods and modeling is reviewed.

1. VEL TECH RANGARAJAN DR. SAGUNTHALA R&D
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
AUGMENTATION OF THE FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
CONNECTING ITAWA TO NABINAGAR
Presented by,
Anshu Raj (VTU13942)
Nitish Kumar (VTU13965)
Internal Guide,
Mr. M. Sridhar M.E.
(Assistant Professor)
External Guide,
Mr. Kameshwar Singh
(SDO RWD Aurangabad,Bihar)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL & CONSTRUCTION

2. Introduction
01
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Literature Review
03
Objective & Scope of
project
02
Literature Summary
04
Methodology
05 06
Works completed
as on date & works
to be completed
07 Reference

3. INTRODUCTION
• Rural Road Connectivity is a key component of rural development by promoting access to economic
and social services and thereby generating increased agricultural incomes and productive employment
opportunities.
• While travelling into the city, there is no other direct ways to reach the city, have to cover large
distance and the entire route is badly damaged.
• The Central government has decided to construct the district road from Itawa to Nabinagar (Bihar)
under the scheme Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY).
• This route is one of the important route which connects to the NH-2.
• Providing all-weather road access to all the villages/habitation of population greater than 2000 by the
end of 2024.

4. Objectives and Scope
➢ Objectives:
• To provide shortest alignment between Itawa and Nabinagar.
• To improve the local economic of the project.
• To wide the road at Nabinagar for fast moving traffic.
➢ Scope:
• To do the alignment survey and design of pavement between Itawa and Nabinagar.

5. LITERATURE REVIEW
• Khan (2020), describes the Group Index Method and California Bearing Ratio Method for
design of flexible pavements. In Group Index Method the thickness is obtained by first
determining the Group Index of soil. The curves are plotted between Group Index of subgrade
and thickness for various traffic conditions. In California Bearing Ratio Method, the curves are
plotted between California Bearing Ratio Percent and depth of construction.
• Kwang (2020), have reported various methods for design of flexible pavements. These various
methods are Group Index Method, CBR Method, California Resistance Value Method and
McLeod Method. In the Group Index Method, the thickness of base and surfacing is related to
the volume of traffic. In CBR Method the curves are plotted between CBR and pavement
thickness for light, medium and heavy traffic. California Resistance Value Method uses
California Resistance value, called R-value.

6. • Punmia et. al (2019), have reported stresses in homogeneous mass; elastic deformation under
circular load and Burmister analysis for flexible pavement. Charts for vertical deflections have been
developed. The design curves by Group Index Method and California Bearing Ratio Method have
been developed. In Group Index Method, the curves are plotted between Group Index and thickness
• Subagio et.al (2019), discusses a case study for multi layer pavement structural analysis using
methods of equivalent thickness. An approximate method has been developed to calculate stresses
and strains in multilayer pavement systems by transforming this structure into an equivalent one-
layer system with equivalent thicknesses of one elastic modulus. This concept is known as the
method of equivalent thickness which assumes that the stresses and strains below a layer depend on
the stiffness of that layer.
• Rahman et. al (2018), design of flexible pavement is largely based on empirical methods using layered
elastic and 2-d finite element analysis. In this study, flexible pavement modelling is done using ABAQUS
software in which model dimensions, element types and meshing strategies are taken by successive trial and
error to achieve desired accuracy and convergence of the study.

7. Literature summary
• A review present that reliability is an important factor in flexible pavement design to
consider the variability associated with the design inputs.
• It is shown that the AASHTO provides higher reliability values compared to the
probabilistic procedure.
• It is observed that flexible pavements are more economical for lesser volume of traffic. The
• life of flexible pavement is near about 15 years whose initial cost is less needs a periodic
maintenance after a certain period and maintenance costs very high.
• A review suggested that the Finite element method is able to analyse stability, time
dependent problems and problems with material nonlinearity.

8. Fig: Details of the Proposed Road.

9. Analyzing the need for the project
Acquisition of data Survey
Tests on Soil
Alignment Design
Pavement Design
Traffic
Survey
Hydrological
Survey
Soil and
Materials Survey
Detailed Methodology Flow Chart
Topographic
survey

10. Detailed Methodology
Acquisition of data:
• For the design of our road, the preliminary data needed was acquired after carrying out different
surveys.
• Topographical survey was carried out for detailed engineering survey of the proposed road site.
The suitable and convenient place for starting benchmark was marked.
Location Itawa to Nabinagar
Distance 12 km
Duration of Project 1 Year
Connecting National Highways NH-2
Total distance of the road 25 km

11. Fig: Reference Benchmark.

12. Survey:
A)Topographic Survey:
• Topographical Surveys will be carried out on the identified stretches of rural roads with the
help of Total Station Equipment.
• Topographical survey measures and identifies the exact location of and specifications of
natural and human made features within an area of land.
• All the features of the road like centerline, pavement, edges, shoulder edges, toe points etc,
shall be accurately lifted from the ground on the map including details of trees and permanent
structures if any.

13. B)Soil and Materials Survey:
• The soil and materials investigations were done following the guidelines of IRC: SP:20-2002 and
IRC: SP: 72-2007 and other relevant IS codes. The potential sources of borrow areas for soil and
quarry sites will be identified.
• As per government norms and provisions bricks should be transported within the range of 3km and
other materials for the construction of road should be transported within a range of 8 km.

14. c) Traffic Survey:
• In the present scenario of new connectivity/upgradation road, 3 days, 24 hours traffic volume count has
been conducted on the already completed or similar type of PMGSY/MMGSY road in the vicinity of the
project road.
• The classified volume count survey has been carried out in accordance with the requirements of the
Terms Of Reference and relevant codes.
• Below Table 1 Average daily traffic at proposed road is conducted in both ways.
• Table:1
SI
No.
Type of Vehicle Day-1 Day-2 Day-3 Average
1. Car, jeep, Van 12 11 8 10
2. Auto Rikshaw 13 14 10 12
3. Tractors with trailer/ without trailer 22-26 20-26 24-29 22-27
Total CVPD 48 46 53 49

15. D) Hydrological Survey:
• One of the very important reason for a very rapid loss in the level of serviceability of the rural roads
in the country is the lack of attention to appropriate drainage.
• It is mandatory to have a drainage plan prepare for each rural road project. The following points must
be taken into the design of rural roads.
• Provide the specified camber both for the carriageway and the shoulder. Shoulder should never be
allow to be higher the pavement.
• Road side drain, with proper longitudinal slopes leading the water to cross drain and hence to a
natural water course must be provided.
• When the road passes through a village, keep the road level high, with side drain on both sides to
ensure proper drainage and to prevent water from dwelling.
• The drain should be open L shaped drain or U shaped depending upon site condition.
• Water balancing culverts need to be provide in areas which do not have a well defined water channel
to drain out rain water.

16. Earth work:
• Scrapping of existing pavement has been done during the earth work process.
• Subgrade work has been done on Shoulder.
• Existing pavement levelling work has been done.
Fig: Scrapped Material

17. Tests on Soil:
• Soil samples will be collected along and around the road alignment at three locations per km, from
the adjoining borrow areas, as well as one sample is collected from the existing road.
• Soil classification tests like grain size analysis and Atterberg’s limit were conducted for all the
samples collected.
• Standard proctor tests and the corresponding 4 day soaked CBR test were conducted either for a
minimum of 1 test per km for soil samples of same group or more tests due to vibrations of soil type.
• The following tests were conducted as detailed below:
• Grain Size analysis as per IS:272(part 4)-1985
• Atterberg’s limit as per IS:2720(part 5)-1985
• Standard proctor density test as per IS:2720(Part 7)-1980
• 4 day soaked CBR test as per IS:2720(part 16)-1985

18. Alignment Design:
• The basic aim of road design is to identify environmental-friendly and economically feasible road
alignment.
• The ensuring section deals with obligatory points which control road alignment, design of cross-
section, road geometric design, methodology and design of miscellaneous items.
• The main components included in the road design are:
• Cross-section elements.
• Embankment.
• Horizontal Alignment.
• Vertical profile.
• Junctions and/or interchanges.
• Road furniture.

19. Pavement Design:
• Considering the subgrade strength, projected traffic and the design life, the pavement design for low
volume PMGSY roads was carried out as per guidelines of IRC: SP:72-2015, or IRC SP:77.
• Pavement design is simply the process of planning, designing and constructing pavements for road
crossings, parking lots, playgrounds, footpaths, and many other applications.
Fig: Proposed Pavement Design

20. ➢ Works completed as on date
• Till 18th October 2022 WBM work is going on.
➢ Works to be completed:
• Completion of WBM layer by January 2023(approx).
• Completion of DBM layer by August 2023(approx).

21. REFERENCE
• Ameri, M., Salehabadi, E.G., Nejad, F.M. and Rostami, T. (2012), “Assessment of Analytical
Techniques of Flexible Pavements by Finite Element Method and Theory of Multi-Layer System”,
Journal Basic Applied Science Research, Vol.2, No.11, pp.11743-11748.
• Das, A.(2008), “Reliability Considerations of Bituminous Pavement Design by Mechanistic-
Empirical Approach, the International Journal of Pavement Engineering”, Vol.9, No.1, pp. 19-31.
• Dilip, D., Ravi, P. and Babu,G. (2013), “System Reliability Analysis of Flexible Pavements, Journal
Transportation Engineering”, Vol.139, No.10, pp. 1001-1009.
• Jain, S., Joshi,Y.P., Golia, S.S. (2013), “Design of Rigid and Flexible Pavements by Various Methods
and Their Cost Analysis of Each Method, International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications”, Vol.3, No.5 pp.119-123.
• Tarefder, R., Saha, N. and Stormont, J.(2010), “Evaluation of Subgrade Strength and Pavement
Designs for Reliability, Journal Transportation Engineering”, Vol.136, No.4, pp. 379-391.

22. THANK YOU