It is more accurate that the other two methods viz., plinth area method and unit base method.

1. INTRODUCTION
A. Background
 At present , there is no road that directly links
Badikhel - Bandegaun.
 People are compelled to take the long alternative
routes to travel from one village to another.

2. C. Scope
 To review the existing study reports, standards and
specifications.
 Detailed engineering survey of alignment.
 Preparation of topographical map.
 Study for cross-drainage works and propose suitable drainage
structure.

3.  Preparation of working drawings.
 Preparation of quantity and cost estimate.
 Preparation of survey and design report

4. D. Project location
 The proposed road is located in the Lalitpur District,
Bagmati Zone, Central Region. The road starts from
Badikhel and ends at Badegaun.
 The road runs along Karmanasha River corridor.
 The latitude and the longitude of the starting point are
27057’07’’ and 85035’27’’ respectively.

5. F. Hydrology And Meteorology
 Small temporary streams running only during monsoon crosses
the alignment with small discharge.
 The project area experiences marked seasonal and specific
climate variation with moderately hot summer and relatively
cool winters. Average temperature is 25oC in summer and 10oC
in winter.
 Almost 80% of the rainfall occurs during monsoon which starts
at the middle of the June and continues until the end of August.

6. METHODOLOGY
DESK STUDY
SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESMENT
FIELD WORK
EQUIPMENT USED FOR SURVEYING
OFFICE WORK

7. DESK STUDY
 The geographical and the topographical maps
were studied and the relevant information
regarding the alignment selection, cross drainage
structures, gradient of the road were discussed.
 The strategy for the field study was made
accordingly.
 The study team member discussed the related
matters of the project.

8. SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESMENT
The study identified the following key social issues
for investigation:
 Loss of private property and other assets (land,
houses and trees) and compensation modalities
for these losses.
 Population displacement.

9.  Construction employment opportunities.
 Potentiality for social development.

10.  EQUIPMENT USED FOR
SURVEYING
 Total station
 GPS device
 Staff
 Compass
 Measuring tape
 Hammer
 Communicating Device

11. DESIGN

12. Road Classification
 As per the NRS 2045, the road project falls on the
category of District Roads.

13.  A Design speed of 30 km/hr is taken for the
design of geometric parameters of the road.
Design Speed

14.  The Design values are taken as recommended
by NRS 2045 as far as practicable
 The shoulder width is taken as 1 m considering
the site condition and the utility of the road
 Minimum Gradient recommended by NRS (1%
for better drainage) cannot be incorporated
considering the site condition

15. Horizontal Alignment
 The most suitable horizontal alignment was
selected considering the following factors:
 Short (S)
 Easy (E)
 Safe (S)
 Economical (E)
 Minimum radius for the horizontal curve as
recommended by NRS is 12 m. The minimum
radius of 12m is provided at the intersection of
existing road and proposed road.

16.  The extrawidening and transition curves are not
provided owing to low design speed and simplicity
in construction
 A maximum of 5 % super elevation is provided at
each horizontal curve.
 Superelevation is provided by rotation of
pavement about the center line.
 Transition length for super elevation is provided
as 5 m

17.  Summit curves are designed considering stopping
sight distance.
 Valley curves are designed on the basis of night
visibility
 The radius of vertical curve is adopted as large as
possible so that all the factors are satisfied
 The least vertical radius taken in design is 1000 m

18. Cross Section Design
 Cross section is designed providing camber of 4%
on carriageway and 5 % on shoulder
 For embankment the side slope of 1.5H: 1V and
for cut the side slope of 1H: 1V is adopted
 Total pavement thickness of 28 cm is adopted as
per CBR method of design

19.  Gravel is used as the sub-base course
 Otta Seal is used as the surface course

20. Drainage
 Longitudinal drain is provided on the cut slope side of
the road
 The side slope is 1:1 and longitudinal slope is parallel to
the alignment
 Earthen drain is provided from chainage 0+000 to the
chainage of 1+251.35
 Stoned masonry drain of thickness 20 cm is provided
from the chainage of 1+309.82 to chainage 2+027.24

21.  Pipe culverts of 60 cm in diameter and total length
of 7.5m are provided at 12 sections of the road
 They are provided at the lowest point of the
vertical alignment
 A minimum depth of 60 cm is provided between
the surface of the pavement and the crown of the
pipe

22. Plan and Profile
 Ch. 0+000-0+200
 Ch. 0+200-0+480
 Ch. 0+480-0+760
 Ch. 0+760-1+040
 Ch. 1+040-1+360
 Ch. 1+360-1+700
 Ch. 1+700-2+027.24

23. Cross Section
 Ch. 0+000-0+271.50
 Ch. 0+280-0+500
 Ch. 0+511.92-0+680
 Ch. 0+683.87-0+760
 Ch. 0+780-0+920
 Ch. 0+936.71-1+125.89
 Ch. 1+130.75-1+213.66
 Ch.1+220-1+319.59
 Ch.1+320-1+380
 Ch.1+397.04-1+465.09
 Ch.1+480-1+545.77
 Ch.1+560-1+800
 Ch.1+800.91-1+980
 Ch.1+984.58-2+027.24

24. Typical Pavement
Cross Drainage Structure

25. ESTIMATE
Quantity Estimate
Calculation of Earthwork
Necessary Calculations
Rate Analysis
BoQ /Cost Estimate

26. QUANTITY ESTIMATE
 Earthwork Calculations:
 Calculated at each cross-section
 Separate calculation according to soil type
 Total cut volume = 10283.57 m3
 Total fill volume = 16052.44 m3
 Balance (fill) = 5768.869 m3
 Earthwork for drain = 768.129 m3
All the detailed calculation is shown in the tabular
form in the following slides:

27. Contd………
 Necessary calculations:
i. For side drain:
Calculations were made taking the following design
considerations:
 Section = trapezoidal
 Depth: 0.3m
 Base width: 0.3m
 Side slope: 1:1
 Unlined earthen canal(Ch. 0+000 to 1251.35)
 Lined canal: (ch.1+309.82 to Ch. 2+027.24)
ii. Sub-grade calculations:

28. RATE ANALYSIS
 Rate analysis was performed under the
following criteria:
 The quantity of the materials, required labor
force and plants, machinery, tools and
equipments were taken from the work norms
provided by the DoR.
 The rate for the materials, labors, plants and
machinery, tools and equipments was taken
from the district rates provided by the Lalitpur
DDC.

29. COST ESTIMATE
 The BoQ was prepared on the basis of the
quantity of work calculated and rate analysis
done previously:
 The cost estimate is as below: