The document provides details of the proposed road project linking Badikhel and Bandegaun villages in Lalitpur District, Nepal. It includes background information on the need for the project, the project scope, location, climate conditions, methodology used, design of the road, drainage plans, quantity estimates, rate analysis, and cost estimate. The key aspects covered are the engineering survey conducted, preparation of drawings and reports, social impact assessment conducted, equipment used, and road classification, dimensions and drainage structure designs.
The document outlines the scope, location, climate, methodology, design considerations, and cost estimate for a proposed road project in Lalitpur District, Nepal. The scope includes surveying, mapping, drainage design, drawings, and estimates. The road runs from Badikhel to Badegaun along the Karmanasha River. Monsoon rains from June to August account for 80% of the annual rainfall. Methodology includes desk studies, surveys, social assessments, and office work. Design considers cross-sections, horizontal and vertical alignments, drainage, and pavements. Estimates include earthwork quantities and rates to determine total costs.
The units of measurements are mainly categorized for their nature, shape and size and for making payments to the contractor.
a) Single units work like doors, windows etc, is expressed in numbers.
b) Works consists linear measurements involve length like cornice, fencing, hand rail etc., are expressed in running meters (RM)
This document provides details for the design of a 108km rural road passing through three districts in Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan. It includes typical road cross sections for different terrains, geometric design values, structural pavement design, drainage structures, retaining walls, and a list of centerline coordinates and elevations. The road requires excavation, embankment filling, asphalt and gravel surfacing, drainage features like culverts and drains, and retaining walls given the mountainous terrain with elevation changes up to 1350m along the route.
This document discusses various factors that influence the geometric design of highways, including topography, land use, functional road classification, design speed, design vehicle, traffic volume, environmental and safety considerations, and economics. It describes key elements of horizontal alignment like straights, circular curves, transition curves, superelevation, and curve widening. Minimum radii for circular curves are provided for different design speeds. The objectives and methods for implementing transition curves and superelevation are also summarized.
The document discusses the key considerations for designing hill road alignments. It covers definitions of hill roads, design issues specific to hill terrain like complex topography and weather. It outlines factors to consider like temperature variations, rainfall, geology in route selection and design. The document presents design standards for geometric elements like sight distance, curve radius, carriageway widths as per Indian codes. It also includes case studies of hill road projects in India.
The document provides details of the proposed road project linking Badikhel and Bandegaun villages in Lalitpur District, Nepal. It includes background information on the need for the project, the project scope, location, climate conditions, methodology used, design of the road, drainage plans, quantity estimates, rate analysis, and cost estimate. The key aspects covered are the engineering survey conducted, preparation of drawings and reports, social impact assessment conducted, equipment used, and road classification, dimensions and drainage structure designs.
The document outlines the scope, location, climate, methodology, design considerations, and cost estimate for a proposed road project in Lalitpur District, Nepal. The scope includes surveying, mapping, drainage design, drawings, and estimates. The road runs from Badikhel to Badegaun along the Karmanasha River. Monsoon rains from June to August account for 80% of the annual rainfall. Methodology includes desk studies, surveys, social assessments, and office work. Design considers cross-sections, horizontal and vertical alignments, drainage, and pavements. Estimates include earthwork quantities and rates to determine total costs.
The units of measurements are mainly categorized for their nature, shape and size and for making payments to the contractor.
a) Single units work like doors, windows etc, is expressed in numbers.
b) Works consists linear measurements involve length like cornice, fencing, hand rail etc., are expressed in running meters (RM)
This document provides details for the design of a 108km rural road passing through three districts in Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan. It includes typical road cross sections for different terrains, geometric design values, structural pavement design, drainage structures, retaining walls, and a list of centerline coordinates and elevations. The road requires excavation, embankment filling, asphalt and gravel surfacing, drainage features like culverts and drains, and retaining walls given the mountainous terrain with elevation changes up to 1350m along the route.
This document discusses various factors that influence the geometric design of highways, including topography, land use, functional road classification, design speed, design vehicle, traffic volume, environmental and safety considerations, and economics. It describes key elements of horizontal alignment like straights, circular curves, transition curves, superelevation, and curve widening. Minimum radii for circular curves are provided for different design speeds. The objectives and methods for implementing transition curves and superelevation are also summarized.
The document discusses the key considerations for designing hill road alignments. It covers definitions of hill roads, design issues specific to hill terrain like complex topography and weather. It outlines factors to consider like temperature variations, rainfall, geology in route selection and design. The document presents design standards for geometric elements like sight distance, curve radius, carriageway widths as per Indian codes. It also includes case studies of hill road projects in India.
The document discusses the key considerations for designing hill road alignments. It covers definitions of hill roads, design issues specific to hill terrain like complex topography and weather. It outlines factors to consider in route selection, data required for design, and geometric design standards for elements like design speed, sight distance, curve radii, and cross-sections. The case study of NH-21 alignment in India is presented to illustrate hill road design challenges and solutions.
This document outlines road design standards for the Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) in Bangladesh. It discusses 5 basic geometric design types for rural roads based on traffic characteristics. It also provides details on pavement design configuration, embankment design considerations like height, crest width, side slopes, and setback distance. Design types are selected based on forecasts of commercial vehicles or peak hour passenger cars. Pavement layers include subgrade, sub-base, and surface course materials. Embankment slopes vary based on height from 1:1.5 to 1:2.5 based on slope stability analysis.
The document describes an engineering project located in Mukim Datu Mengkebang, Derah Batu Mengkebang, Jajahan Kuala Kari, Negeri Kelantan Darul Naim with a total area of 42,834 square meters. It includes site clearance, earthworks, road works, drainage system, sewage system, and water supply system. The project involves construction of 82 double story houses, a surau, sport complex, water tank, roads, sidewalks, and drainage systems. Earthworks include cutting, filling, and slope stabilization. The road design consists of a main road and sub-roads made of various pavement layers.
1. ii Highway Alignment,, Engineering Survey and feasibility study.pdfEr. Bam Bhandari
The document discusses highway alignment and engineering surveys. It explains that highway alignment includes horizontal and vertical alignment, with horizontal alignment consisting of tangents and curves defined by radius and deflection angle. Engineering surveys for highway projects are conducted in four stages - map study, reconnaissance, preliminary surveys, and final location and detailed surveys. The reconnaissance survey is a rapid survey to study feasibility and reduce alternative routes. Preliminary surveys further evaluate selected alternatives using instruments. The final survey accurately locates the selected route on the ground to provide details for construction.
Case Study on Geometry of Four Lane HighwayIRJET Journal
This document presents a case study on the geometry of a four lane highway in Maharashtra, India. It analyzes various geometric elements of the 45 km highway stretch including horizontal curves, vertical curves, sight distances, cross sections, shoulders, superelevation, and junction layouts. The study examines the existing geometry, identifies any safety issues, and checks compliance with Indian Road Congress design standards. It concludes that the highway's geometric design is well planned and meets guidelines to provide a safe, efficient road for users that minimizes accidents and travel times. Proper geometric design of highways is determined to be an important factor for constructing safe and cost-effective road infrastructure.
1. The document discusses the classification of highways in India based on factors like traffic volume, location, and function. It describes the different types of highways from expressways and national highways to state highways, major district roads, and village roads.
2. Details are provided about the characteristics of each type of highway including their allowed speeds, functions, and total lengths in India. Expressways have the highest speed limits while connecting major traffic points, and village roads have the lowest speeds.
3. The document also covers the important considerations for highway alignment including keeping it short, easy to construct and maintain, safe, and economical. Topographical controls and factors like obligatory points, traffic, geometry, economics, and stability must
Lead and Lift
Computation of Earthwork
Cross Section Area with no transverse slope
Calculation of Quantities of earthwork FOR
Mid Section Formula, - MeanSection Formula, - Prismoidal Formula
Mass Haul Diagram
transportation Engineering.Highway planning,alignment and geometry.ayudge
Broad description of highway planning,alignments and geometric design,factors involved in it.
history of road development in india.
all 20 year plan.
stopping sight distance.
overtaking sight distance.
P.I.E.V theory and lots more.
The document discusses various aspects of vertical alignment in transportation infrastructure design and construction. It covers key components like gradient and ruling, the effects of gradient on vehicle resistance, and the design of vertical curves including summit and valley curves. Design parameters discussed include sight distance, centrifugal force, and length determination based on these factors. Equations are provided for calculating curve length and heights. The document also includes examples of previous questions asked on these topics in civil engineering examinations.
This document discusses the geometric design of rural roads. It defines geometric design and its basic principles, including that ultimate geometric requirements should be considered from the beginning. Design standards are minimum values that aim to balance safety and cost. The document outlines factors like terrain classification and their influence on design speed. It provides recommendations for elements of geometric design like road land width, carriageway width, shoulders, sight distances and more. Standards are provided to guide the geometric design of rural roads.
Design Methodology for Feasible Railway AlignmentIRJET Journal
This document describes the methodology for designing a feasible railway alignment between Nimerkhedi Station in Madhya Pradesh and a nearby power plant. The process involves reconnaissance, preliminary, and location surveys to determine the optimal route based on factors like topography, soil conditions, and costs. Horizontal and vertical alignments are designed through trial and error to set gradients and curves that allow trains to traverse changes in elevation within the required standards. Survey data on coordinates, ground levels, and obstacles is collected and analyzed to design the alignments that meet the objectives of connecting the two locations while minimizing construction costs.
This document discusses the process and considerations for conducting an alignment survey for hill roads. It involves:
1. Reconnaissance survey to select the general route by studying maps, aerial photos, and ground reconnaissance of difficult areas.
2. Trace cut to transfer the selected route onto the ground, constructing a 1-1.2m wide access track.
3. Detailed survey where bench marks are fixed and longitudinal and cross sections are obtained within a 15-30m strip on either side of the road.
Geometric standards like gradient, super elevation and curve radii differ from plains roads due to topography. Drainage structures like side drains and sub-surface drains are important to prevent erosion
Alignment: The position or the layout of the central line of the highway on the ground is called the alignment.
Highway Alignment includes both
a) Horizontal alignment includes straight and curved paths, the deviations and horizontal curves.
b) Vertical alignment includes changes in level, gradients and vertical curves.
This document summarizes the design of a proposed highway project in Bijapur, Karnataka. It includes the location details, survey methods used, components designed like pavement thickness, horizontal curves, vertical curves, and a box culvert. The design considers the longitudinal profile, cross-sections, and block contouring. Calculations are shown for pavement thickness, horizontal curve elements like radius, length, super elevation, extra widening, and sight distances. Vertical curve length is designed based on stopping and overtaking sight distances. Earthwork quantities of cutting and filling are also provided.
This document discusses site grading standards and processes. It defines site grading as ensuring a level or sloped base for developments like roads, railways, and landscapes. Proper grading is important for drainage and aesthetics. Methods for expressing slope include percentage, proportion, degree, and spot elevations. The grading process involves site analysis, developing a conceptual plan, preliminary cut/fill calculations, and a final grading plan. Criteria for grading elements and sports fields are provided. Earthwork involves preparation, excavation, and estimating cut and fill quantities. Information on soil and rock materials comes from agencies and site testing.
This document provides guidelines for canal surveying procedures, which include desk studies, field surveys, and office work. The field surveys involve intake site surveys, discharge measurements, canal alignment and profile surveys, structure site surveys, and command area surveys. Specific procedures are outlined for each type of survey, including equipment, mapping standards, contour intervals, and deliverables. Horizontal and vertical control is also established following standard accuracy levels.
The document discusses the key considerations for designing hill road alignments. It covers definitions of hill roads, design issues specific to hill terrain like complex topography and weather. It outlines factors to consider in route selection, data required for design, and geometric design standards for elements like design speed, sight distance, curve radii, and cross-sections. The case study of NH-21 alignment in India is presented to illustrate hill road design challenges and solutions.
This document outlines road design standards for the Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) in Bangladesh. It discusses 5 basic geometric design types for rural roads based on traffic characteristics. It also provides details on pavement design configuration, embankment design considerations like height, crest width, side slopes, and setback distance. Design types are selected based on forecasts of commercial vehicles or peak hour passenger cars. Pavement layers include subgrade, sub-base, and surface course materials. Embankment slopes vary based on height from 1:1.5 to 1:2.5 based on slope stability analysis.
The document describes an engineering project located in Mukim Datu Mengkebang, Derah Batu Mengkebang, Jajahan Kuala Kari, Negeri Kelantan Darul Naim with a total area of 42,834 square meters. It includes site clearance, earthworks, road works, drainage system, sewage system, and water supply system. The project involves construction of 82 double story houses, a surau, sport complex, water tank, roads, sidewalks, and drainage systems. Earthworks include cutting, filling, and slope stabilization. The road design consists of a main road and sub-roads made of various pavement layers.
1. ii Highway Alignment,, Engineering Survey and feasibility study.pdfEr. Bam Bhandari
The document discusses highway alignment and engineering surveys. It explains that highway alignment includes horizontal and vertical alignment, with horizontal alignment consisting of tangents and curves defined by radius and deflection angle. Engineering surveys for highway projects are conducted in four stages - map study, reconnaissance, preliminary surveys, and final location and detailed surveys. The reconnaissance survey is a rapid survey to study feasibility and reduce alternative routes. Preliminary surveys further evaluate selected alternatives using instruments. The final survey accurately locates the selected route on the ground to provide details for construction.
Case Study on Geometry of Four Lane HighwayIRJET Journal
This document presents a case study on the geometry of a four lane highway in Maharashtra, India. It analyzes various geometric elements of the 45 km highway stretch including horizontal curves, vertical curves, sight distances, cross sections, shoulders, superelevation, and junction layouts. The study examines the existing geometry, identifies any safety issues, and checks compliance with Indian Road Congress design standards. It concludes that the highway's geometric design is well planned and meets guidelines to provide a safe, efficient road for users that minimizes accidents and travel times. Proper geometric design of highways is determined to be an important factor for constructing safe and cost-effective road infrastructure.
1. The document discusses the classification of highways in India based on factors like traffic volume, location, and function. It describes the different types of highways from expressways and national highways to state highways, major district roads, and village roads.
2. Details are provided about the characteristics of each type of highway including their allowed speeds, functions, and total lengths in India. Expressways have the highest speed limits while connecting major traffic points, and village roads have the lowest speeds.
3. The document also covers the important considerations for highway alignment including keeping it short, easy to construct and maintain, safe, and economical. Topographical controls and factors like obligatory points, traffic, geometry, economics, and stability must
Lead and Lift
Computation of Earthwork
Cross Section Area with no transverse slope
Calculation of Quantities of earthwork FOR
Mid Section Formula, - MeanSection Formula, - Prismoidal Formula
Mass Haul Diagram
transportation Engineering.Highway planning,alignment and geometry.ayudge
Broad description of highway planning,alignments and geometric design,factors involved in it.
history of road development in india.
all 20 year plan.
stopping sight distance.
overtaking sight distance.
P.I.E.V theory and lots more.
The document discusses various aspects of vertical alignment in transportation infrastructure design and construction. It covers key components like gradient and ruling, the effects of gradient on vehicle resistance, and the design of vertical curves including summit and valley curves. Design parameters discussed include sight distance, centrifugal force, and length determination based on these factors. Equations are provided for calculating curve length and heights. The document also includes examples of previous questions asked on these topics in civil engineering examinations.
This document discusses the geometric design of rural roads. It defines geometric design and its basic principles, including that ultimate geometric requirements should be considered from the beginning. Design standards are minimum values that aim to balance safety and cost. The document outlines factors like terrain classification and their influence on design speed. It provides recommendations for elements of geometric design like road land width, carriageway width, shoulders, sight distances and more. Standards are provided to guide the geometric design of rural roads.
Design Methodology for Feasible Railway AlignmentIRJET Journal
This document describes the methodology for designing a feasible railway alignment between Nimerkhedi Station in Madhya Pradesh and a nearby power plant. The process involves reconnaissance, preliminary, and location surveys to determine the optimal route based on factors like topography, soil conditions, and costs. Horizontal and vertical alignments are designed through trial and error to set gradients and curves that allow trains to traverse changes in elevation within the required standards. Survey data on coordinates, ground levels, and obstacles is collected and analyzed to design the alignments that meet the objectives of connecting the two locations while minimizing construction costs.
This document discusses the process and considerations for conducting an alignment survey for hill roads. It involves:
1. Reconnaissance survey to select the general route by studying maps, aerial photos, and ground reconnaissance of difficult areas.
2. Trace cut to transfer the selected route onto the ground, constructing a 1-1.2m wide access track.
3. Detailed survey where bench marks are fixed and longitudinal and cross sections are obtained within a 15-30m strip on either side of the road.
Geometric standards like gradient, super elevation and curve radii differ from plains roads due to topography. Drainage structures like side drains and sub-surface drains are important to prevent erosion
Alignment: The position or the layout of the central line of the highway on the ground is called the alignment.
Highway Alignment includes both
a) Horizontal alignment includes straight and curved paths, the deviations and horizontal curves.
b) Vertical alignment includes changes in level, gradients and vertical curves.
This document summarizes the design of a proposed highway project in Bijapur, Karnataka. It includes the location details, survey methods used, components designed like pavement thickness, horizontal curves, vertical curves, and a box culvert. The design considers the longitudinal profile, cross-sections, and block contouring. Calculations are shown for pavement thickness, horizontal curve elements like radius, length, super elevation, extra widening, and sight distances. Vertical curve length is designed based on stopping and overtaking sight distances. Earthwork quantities of cutting and filling are also provided.
This document discusses site grading standards and processes. It defines site grading as ensuring a level or sloped base for developments like roads, railways, and landscapes. Proper grading is important for drainage and aesthetics. Methods for expressing slope include percentage, proportion, degree, and spot elevations. The grading process involves site analysis, developing a conceptual plan, preliminary cut/fill calculations, and a final grading plan. Criteria for grading elements and sports fields are provided. Earthwork involves preparation, excavation, and estimating cut and fill quantities. Information on soil and rock materials comes from agencies and site testing.
This document provides guidelines for canal surveying procedures, which include desk studies, field surveys, and office work. The field surveys involve intake site surveys, discharge measurements, canal alignment and profile surveys, structure site surveys, and command area surveys. Specific procedures are outlined for each type of survey, including equipment, mapping standards, contour intervals, and deliverables. Horizontal and vertical control is also established following standard accuracy levels.
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1. C. Scope
To review the existing study reports, standards and
specifications.
Detailed engineering survey of alignment.
Preparation of topographical map.
Study for cross-drainage works and propose suitable drainage
structure.
2. Preparation of working drawings.
Preparation of quantity and cost estimate.
Preparation of survey and design report
3. D. Project location
The proposed road is located in the Lalitpur District,
Bagmati Zone, Central Region. The road starts from
Badikhel and ends at Badegaun.
The road runs along Karmanasha River corridor.
The latitude and the longitude of the starting point are
27057’07’’ and 85035’27’’ respectively.
4. F. Hydrology And Meteorology
Small temporary streams running only during monsoon crosses
the alignment with small discharge.
The project area experiences marked seasonal and specific
climate variation with moderately hot summer and relatively
cool winters. Average temperature is 25oC in summer and 10oC
in winter.
Almost 80% of the rainfall occurs during monsoon which starts
at the middle of the June and continues until the end of August.
5. METHODOLOGY
DESK STUDY
SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESMENT
FIELD WORK
EQUIPMENT USED FOR SURVEYING
OFFICE WORK
6. DESK STUDY
The geographical and the topographical maps
were studied and the relevant information
regarding the alignment selection, cross drainage
structures, gradient of the road were discussed.
The strategy for the field study was made
accordingly.
The study team member discussed the related
matters of the project.
7. SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESMENT
The study identified the following key social issues
for investigation:
Loss of private property and other assets (land,
houses and trees) and compensation modalities
for these losses.
Population displacement.
8. EQUIPMENT USED FOR
SURVEYING
Total station
GPS device
Staff
Compass
Measuring tape
Hammer
Communicating Device
9. Road Classification
As per the NRS 2045, the road project falls on the
category of District Roads.
10. A Design speed of 30 km/hr is taken for the
design of geometric parameters of the
road.
Design Speed
11. The Design values are taken as recommended by
NRS 2045 as far as practicable
The shoulder width is taken as 1 m considering
the site condition and the utility of the road
Minimum Gradient recommended by NRS (1% for
better drainage) cannot be incorporated
considering the site condition
12. Horizontal Alignment
The most suitable horizontal alignment was
selected considering the following factors:
Short (S)
Easy (E)
Safe (S)
Economical (E)
Minimum radius for the horizontal curve as
recommended by NRS is 12 m. The minimum
radius of 12m is provided at the intersection of
existing road and proposed road.
13. The extrawidening and transition curves are not
provided owing to low design speed and
simplicity in construction
A maximum of 5 % super elevation is provided at
each horizontal curve.
Superelevation is provided by rotation of
pavement about the center line.
Transition length for super elevation is provided
as 5 m
14. Summit curves are designed considering stopping
sight distance.
Valley curves are designed on the basis of night
visibility
The radius of vertical curve is adopted as large as
possible so that all the factors are satisfied
The least vertical radius taken in design is 1000 m
15. Cross Section Design
Cross section is designed providing camber of 4%
on carriageway and 5 % on shoulder
For embankment the side slope of 1.5H: 1V and
for cut the side slope of 1H: 1V is adopted
Total pavement thickness of 28 cm is adopted as
per CBR method of design
16. Gravel is used as the sub-base course
Otta Seal is used as the surface course
17. Drainage
Longitudinal drain is provided on the cut slope side of
the road
The side slope is 1:1 and longitudinal slope is parallel
to the alignment
Earthen drain is provided from chainage 0+000 to the
chainage of 1+251.35
Stoned masonry drain of thickness 20 cm is provided
from the chainage of 1+309.82 to chainage 2+027.24
18. Pipe culverts of 60 cm in diameter and total
length of 7.5m are provided at 12 sections of the
road
They are provided at the lowest point of the
vertical alignment
A minimum depth of 60 cm is provided between
the surface of the pavement and the crown of
the pipe
23. QUANTITY ESTIMATE
Earthwork Calculations:
Calculated at each cross-section
Separate calculation according to soil type
Total cut volume = 10283.57 m3
Total fill volume = 16052.44 m3
Balance (fill) = 5768.869 m3
Earthwork for drain = 768.129 m3
All the detailed calculation is shown in the
tabular form in the following slides:
24. Contd………
Necessary calculations:
i. For side drain:
Calculations were made taking the following
design considerations:
Section = trapezoidal
Depth: 0.3m
Base width: 0.3m
Side slope: 1:1
Unlined earthen canal(Ch. 0+000 to 1251.35)
Lined canal: (ch.1+309.82 to Ch. 2+027.24)
ii. Sub-grade calculations:
25. RATE ANALYSIS
Rate analysis was performed under the
following criteria:
The quantity of the materials, required labor
force and plants, machinery, tools and
equipments were taken from the work norms
provided by the DoR.
The rate for the materials, labors, plants and
machinery, tools and equipments was taken
from the district rates provided by the Lalitpur
DDC.
26. COST ESTIMATE
The BoQ was prepared on the basis of
the quantity of work calculated and
rate analysis done previously:
The cost estimate is as below: