This document discusses noun clauses. It defines clauses, independent clauses, and dependent clauses. An independent clause is a complete sentence with a subject and verb, while a dependent clause is incomplete and must be attached to an independent clause. The document provides examples of noun clauses introduced with question words like who, what, when, where, why, how as well as whether and if. It also discusses noun clauses introduced with that and how that can be optional or required depending on if it is the subject or object of the sentence. The document concludes with a brief definition and examples of quoted speech.

1. GRAMMAR 4
CHAPTER 12
Noun Clauses

2. What is a clause?
A clause is a group of words containing
a subject and
a verb
Examples:
1. Sue lives in Tokyo.
2. Where does Sue live?

3. What is an Independent Clause?
An independent clause is a COMPLETE SENTENCE.
It contains the main subject and verb of a sentence.
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE is also called a MAIN CLAUSE

4. What is a dependent clause?
A
dependent clause is NOT a complete sentence
 It
must be connected to an independent clause
 Example:
good
The book which is on the table is very

5. Study now
The book which is on the table is very good
The book is very good is
the main clause
which is on the table is the dependent clause

6. The book which is on the table is very good
What is the main clause here?
• The book is very good.
What is the dependent clause here?
which is on the table
Can a dependent clause stand
alone?

7. Page 240
NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH
A
QUESTION WORD

8. Noun Clauses beginning with
WHETHER or IF
When a yes/no question is changed to a
noun clause, whether or if is used to
introduce the clause

9. EXAMPLES OF YES/NO
QUESTIONS
Yes/No question:
Will she come?
 I don’t know whether she will come.
 I don’t know if she will come.
Note how be-verb changes its position

10. Does he need help?

I wonder whether he needs help

I wonder if he needs help

11. Notice the patterns when or
not is used
I wonder whether or not she will come.
I wonder whether she will come or not.
I wonder if she will come or not

12. Page No 247
Question words
(when, where, how, who, whom, whose, what,
which) and whether may be followed by an
infinitive.
I don’t know what I should do.
 I don’t know what to do.
Both have the same meanings


13. Examples of infinitive
Please tell me how I can get to the airport.
Please tell me how to get to the airport.

14. Jim told us where we could find it
Jim told us where to find it

15. Noun clauses beginning with
that
Page 248
Statement: He is a good actor
I think that he is a good actor.
that he is a good actor is a noun clause, as the
object of the verb think
We know (that) the world is round.
Bracket shows its optional

16. See the difference
But when that and it are used as
subject , they are compulsory and
can't be removed.
That Ali is good at English is known to all.
In this sentence we can’t remove that
because that here introduces noun clause
which is the subject of the sentence

17. More examples
That the world is round is a fact.
Here that introduces a noun clause and so can’t
be omitted.
2. It is a fact that world is round.
Here it is the subject and so can’t be omitted

18. QUOTED SPEECH
What is a quoted speech?
a.
b.
c.
She said, “My brother is a student.”
“My brother is a student,” she said.
“My brother,” she said, “is a student.”
Note: All the three quoted speeches have the
same meanings; only style or pattern of
quotation is different.