BSF Maggot as potential solution to tackle urban organic waste problem and meet future protein demand

1. Environmental
Engineering
Maggot BSF: A Circular
Economic Solution for Urban
Organic Waste Problem and
Future Global Protein Demand
By: Zaid P Nasution, Ph.D.
USU – TU Berlin Conference, Medan,
February 2024

2. Content
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BLACK SOLDIER FLY LARVAE
INTRODUCTION: 2
PROBLEMS
SOLUTION
OFFERED
BSF & LARVAE
BSF
DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC &
ENVIRONMENTAL
BENEFIT
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3. Source: Kaza et al, 2018
• Introduction
• By 2050, Global waste generation is
estimated to be 3.40 billion
tonnes/year
• 60% of the global waste generation
comes from Europe, Central Asia,
East Asia and the Pacific, and South
Asia
• The highest volume of waste in the
world is organic waste (food and
green waste) at around 44%
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Urban Organic Waste Problem :
Urban in Different Continents
Setting : Asia and Europe

4. • Introduction
Urban Organic Waste Problem :
Urban in Different Continents
Setting : Asia and Europe
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• The types of food waste
generated in each country are
different depend on the habits
and culture of each
region/country.
• Globally, the highest types of
food waste generated are
cereal 23.6% and rice 20.1%.
• In the Asia, the highest types
of food waste are vegetables
(26.0%) and cereal (22.8%).
Source: Kiran et al, 2019 : Kim et al, 2021

5. • In 2018, Global protein demand was estimated
at 26kg/person, and by 2025 it is projected to
increase by 27% or 33kg/person.
• In 2025, China is estimated to be in first place
as the country with the largest protein demand
at 70 million tonnes.
• In 2025, Japan and Australia are estimated to
have the lowest protein demand at <4 million
tonnes
Source: Food Innovation Australia (FIAL), 2020
Current Protein Demand Problem
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6. Current Protein Demand Problem
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• Globally, the largest volume of protein source demand is
plant-based from 2000 - 2025, but the volume of non-
traditional protein sources is estimated to increase to
872% in 2018 - 2025.
• A very rapid increase of non-traditional protein source is
insects.
Source: Food Innovation Australia (FIAL), 2020

7. BSFL has a high
protein and lipid
content
Solve the two problems with Black
Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL)
Crude protein
content 35 - 44
%DM, lipid 14 -
49 %DM
BSF doesn't
pose any danger
to human safety
and health
BSFL consumes
organic waste, animal
manure, human faecal
matter, agricultural
organic waste, and
organic wastewater
content
2. Solution offered
1 shot for 2 targets
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Two problems in the previous
explanation
BSFL can reduce various
types of organic waste
approximately 13.2% -
95.2%.
Source: Joly dan Nikiema, 2019; Kim et al, 2021; Purkayastha & Sarkar, 2021.

8. 0.4 3.7 8.5 45.3 5.4K 40K 30K 110K 1 100 200 1400 0.9 3.5 3.7 26.6
Animal Feed (kg) Water (liters) Land (m2) Greenhouse Gas
Emission (Kg CO2-eq)
1 shot for 2 targets Resources Needed To Produce 1 kg of
Protein
Source: https://ptn.ipb.ac.id/arsifpdf/Materi-Guest-Lecture-16-PTN-IPB-Aminudi-SP%20-Biomagg.pdf
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9. 3. Black Soldier Fly - Larvae (BSF-L)
BSFL usually grows in warm climates at an ideal temperature
of 24 ˚C - 30 ˚C.
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• If the temperature is too hot, the larvae will seek shade and
leave their food source.
• If the temperature is too cold, the larval growth and metabolism
will slow down and larvae will consume less food.
The Climate and Environment of BSFL
Black Soldier Fly originated from the tropics, subtropics, and
temperate regions
BSFLs thrive in Indonesia because of the tropical
climate, and Indonesia has a great potential for BSF
breeding, farming and production.

10. Instar #2
Fly
Pupae
Light sources
for successful
mating
Instar #4
Instar #5
Pre-Pupae/ Instar
#6
Pupation
2-6 days
or
Possible by-Products
Egg cluster
Egg Laying
Egg
Hatching
4-6 days
Instar #1
Instar #3
Mating
6-10
days old
larvae
Waste treatment and
reduction 16-22 days
Waste
stream
day 1
2-4 days
3-6 days
Compost
Final day
Chicken Feed Fish Feed Feed Biodiesel Essential Oil Organic Fertilizer
Life Cycle of BSF-L
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Chitin

11. 11
Several BSF Companies in Indonesia
Several BSF Companies in Europe and US
Several BSF Companies

12. BSF Market is expected to reach $3,4 Billion by 2030; Asia Pacific
has the Largest Share.

13. BSF Farmers Geographical Distribution in Indonesia (Fishery Cultivation
Directorate General, 2021)

14. Some Calculations
• Standard Solid Waste generation: 0.5 kg/p/day, 60% organic waste = 0.3 kg/p/h
• Standard: 1 gr of BSF eggs can grow into 2.5 kg fresh larvae, and can treat and process 15 kg
of organic waste
• Medan has 2,5 M population, and generates at least 1500 ton SW/day, and 500 ton/day
ended in the landfill
• Take 1 sub district: Medan Belawan: Population of 99.100 people, produces organic waste of:
33 ton/day  ‘Almost free’ food for BSF-Larvae.
• Enough food for at least 4 ton of BSF-L/day
• If the price of 1 kg BSFL is (only) Rp. 5.000,- (fresh larvae); then the 5 ton would worth of Rp
20 million/day = Rp 600 million/month.
• That value is received when the larvae is sold as fresh larvae (the lowest value).

15. Environmental costs of USD 2,550
5.Economic and
Environmental Benefit
From BSFL Business
Development
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250 tonnes/day
of organic
waste
90,000 tonnes/year
organic waste in
landfill
Reduce
Use 1 tonne of
BSFL flour
3 tonnes of wild fish in the ocean
Keep
Produce 1 tonne
of BSFL flour
Saved
fossil fuel consumption
fish resource depletion
carbon emission
Source: Joly and Nikiema, 2019

16. 5.Economic and
Environmental Benefit
From BSFL Business
Development
Source: Antarest et al, 2020
According to Antarest et al
(2020), animal feed based on
BSFL have a promising market
in East Java
Estimate that the market size
around 300 tons/month with
a market value of around USD
1 million/month for the
Surabaya area.
Market price USD 3.5 - 20 per
kg
Market demand for farmed
animal feed is almost 60,000
tons per month
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17. Additional: BSF in Wastewater Treatment

18. Additional: BSF in Wastewater Treatment

19. thank
you
Let's Discuss!

20. Some Calculations
• Standard Solid Waste generation: 0,5 kg/p/day, 60% organic waste = 0,3 kg/p/h
• Standard: 1 gr of BSF eggs can grow into 2,5 kg fresh larvae, and can treat and process 15 kg of
organic waste
• Medan has 2,5 M population, and generates 1500 ton SW/day, and 500 ton/day ended in the landfill
• Take 1 sub district: Medan Belawan: Population of 99.100 people, produces organic waste of: 33
ton/day  ‘Almost free’ food for BSF-Larvae.
• Enough food for at least 4 ton of BSF-L/day
• If the price of 1 kg BSFL is (only) Rp. 5.000,- (fresh larvae); then the 4 ton would worth of Rp 20
million/day = Rp 600 million/month.
• That value is received when the larvae is sold as fresh larvae (the lowest value).
• For getting much higher value, only if they can be sold as:
– Dried larvae, can be stored for longer time, and the price is 10-15 times higher than fresh BSF-L. Can be sold to
different regions/countries.
– BSF-L oil:
– BSF-L meal/flour:
– BSFL-left-over food, the bio-conversion (liquid) fertilizer:

21. 5.Economic and
Environmental Benefit
From BSFL Business
Development
According to the financial feasibility
study of organic waste treatment with
BSFL in Surabaya, East Java
Capacity of 10
tonnes/day
Installation area
1,544 sqm
56 staff
Produce such
products as fresh
larvae, dried
larvae, larval meal
and oil
With details Cost
Capital Cost
USD 147,451
Operating
Cost
USD 205,042
Source: Grau dan Zurbrugg , 2022
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