The document outlines the processes and instrumentation involved in power plant operation, focusing on control mechanisms like drum level control and turbine loops. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining proper water levels in condensers and details various trip classes for generator and turbine protection. Additionally, it describes control strategies such as feed forward control and three-element control to optimize performance and efficiency.

1. Power Plant Process
&
It’s
Instrumentation - Control
BY – D. CHAKRABORTY
C & I Dept

2. BOILER CONTROLS
1. DRUM level Control
2. Main Steam Temp Control
3. Furnace Draft Control
4. APH Outlet Temperature Control

3. DRUM LEVEL CONTROL
FEED WATER FLOW – STEAM FLOW = DRUM LEVEL

4. The changes in steam flow can also cause large deviations in drum level,
and could possibly trip the boiler. Changes in steam flow rate are
measurable and this measurement can be used to improve level control
very successfully by using a feed forward control strategy.
For the feed forward control strategy, steam flow rate is measured and
used as the set point of the feed water flow controller. In this way the feed
water flow rate is adjusted to match the steam flow. Changes in steam flow
rate will almost immediately be counteracted by similar changes in feed
water flow rate. To ensure that deviations in drum level are also used for
control, the output of the drum level controller is added to the feed
forward from steam flow.
The combination of drum level measurement, steam flow measurement,
and feed flow measurement to control boiler drum level is called three-
element control.

5. Turbine Loops
1. Hot well level Control
2. D/A Level Control
3. Aux PRDS Lev Control
4. Gland Steam Pressure Control

6. HOTWELL LEVEL CONTROL

7. The steam after passing through low pressure turbine it goes to the
condenser . In the condenser, the steam is turned in to water. Upon
passing the turbine, the steam density, temperature and pressure get
reduced.
Hence, to suck the steam, a vacuum pressure is applied on steam by
the condenser. Then the steam reaches the condenser and touches the
water tubes which are carrying cool water from cooling towers and then
the steam condensates in to the water and the water is collected at the
bottom of the condenser. Here, the temperature of the water in the
condenser will be approximately 30 to 40 degree Celsius. Hence,
condenser is commonly called as HOT WELL.

8. The hot well level is to be maintained to normal level. This is why
because, if the water level in the hot well goes below the desired
level, the vacuum level increases so that the low pressure turbine
blades gets sucked along with the steam by the vacuum pressure
and if the water level in the condenser raises above the desired
level, then deterioration of vacuum takes place.
Hence, the water level in the hot well should be maintained to a
fixed level. Thus undesired water level in the hot well effects power
plant efficiency.
.

9. TRIP CLASSES
CLASS A TRIP - ELECTRICAL PROTECTION OF GENERATOR , GEN.
TRANSFORMER & UNIT AUX TRANSFORMER .
CLASS B TRIP - TURBINE PROTECTION & FOLLOWED BY GENERATOR
TRIPPING BY SENSING LOW FORWARD POWER .
CLASS C TRIP - TRIPPING OF GENERATOR CIRCUIT BREAKER (GCB)
BY ISOLATING EXTERNAL GRID

10.  GENERATOR TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
 UNIT AUX. TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
 GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
 LOW FORWARD POWER PROTECTION
 LOSS OF EXCITATION WITH OUT UNDER VOLTAGE
 POLE SLIP PROTECTION
 ROTOR E/F PROTECTION
 STATOR E/F PROTECTION
 DAED MACHINE PROTECTION
 GENERATOR WINDING TEMPERATURE PROTECTION
 EMERGENCY TRIP OPERATED
CLASS- “A” TRIP
Any one from above will initiate GCV , Field Breaker &Turbine Trip

11. CLASS – “B” TRIP
 UNDER FREQUENCY PROTECTION
 OVER FREQUENCY PROTECTION
 LOSS OF EXCITATION WITH UNDER VOLTAGE
 CLASS – A TRIP
 E.P.B. OPERATED FROM WWG
 TRIP SIGNAL GENERATED FROM TURBINE PROTECTION
Any one from above will initiate Turbine Trip

12.  NEG. PH. SEQ. PROTECTION
 REVERSE POWER PROTECTION
 OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION
 OVER FLUX PROTECTION
 GT OIL TEMP. HIGH
 UAT OIL TEMP. HIGH
CLASS- “C” TRIP
Any one from above will initiate GCB & UAT –LV BREAKER