I prepared this term paper project in my third semester of Masters in Political Science. Also, I referred to a number of other philosophers works in order to create a better project. I hope this will be of great help to anyone who views it. Thanks.
Youth Unemployment and Poverty in Nigeria: Effective Social Protection as a P...ijtsrd
This paper examines the problem of youth unemployment and poverty in Nigeria, with a view of highlighting the need for effective and sustainable social protection strategy in the country. Majority of Nigerians are engulfed in the ocean of poverty. The Nigerian government seem to have shown lighter effort in its contractual obligation to provide socioeconomic security to its citizens. There is drastic collapse of social security, increase in unemployment rate and consequently high rate of poverty. Youth are very important stakeholders in any society; they are regarded not only as useful resources in nation-building but also the backbone of any societal development. The primary objective of this paper is to identify the dual problem of poverty and unemployment especially among the youths as the major disease that crippled the attempt by Nigeria to achieve sustainable development and at the same time ascertain the need for the formulation and implementation of effective and sustainable social protection strategy as a means of tackling the ever increasing rate of unemployment and poverty in Nigeria. The paper recommended that, for Nigeria to tackle unemployment and poverty problem, the priority of the people shall be identified, corruption must be eliminated and informal sectors, such as agriculture, shall be incorporated into the national economic priority, not public sector or oil alone. Muazu Abdullahi Ishaq | Sulaiman Isyaku Muhammad | Aminu Abdullahi | Jamilu Abdulahmid Bello"Youth Unemployment and Poverty in Nigeria: Effective Social Protection as a Panacea" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5961.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/5961/youth-unemployment-and-poverty-in-nigeria--effective-social-protection-as-a-panacea/muazu-abdullahi-ishaq
Causes of poverty in world A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri Ext...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Causes of poverty in world A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri Extension KPK/Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
Feminization of Poverty: Causes, Consequences & RecommendationsMasum Hussain
Women’s purportedly disproportionate and rising share of poverty - as encapsulated in the widely popularised term the ‘feminisation of poverty’ – has conferred unprecedented prominence upon gender in poverty analysis and policy. However, the ‘feminisation of poverty’ is often used in a cursory and unsubstantiated manner and, in its implicit privileging of income, does not necessarily highlight aspects of poverty which are most relevant to poor women at the grassroots. Although the UNDP’s gender indices go some way to reflecting broader aspects of gendered poverty, particularly in respect of capabilities and opportunities, there is scope for improvement. In the interests of working towards gender indices which are more responsive to crucial gender gaps in poverty (understood not only as income deficiency, but in a more multidimensional fashion, and which give weight to the onus of dealing with poverty), the main aims of this paper are three-fold. The first is to draw attention to existing conceptual and methodological weaknesses with the ‘feminisation of poverty’. The second is to offer some thoughts on how the ‘feminisation of poverty’ could be re-cast to more effectively capture trends in gendered privation among the poor. The third is to propose directions for the kinds of data and indicators which might be incorporated within the GDI or GEM, or used in the creation of a Gendered Poverty Index (GPI).
Youth Unemployment and Poverty in Nigeria: Effective Social Protection as a P...ijtsrd
This paper examines the problem of youth unemployment and poverty in Nigeria, with a view of highlighting the need for effective and sustainable social protection strategy in the country. Majority of Nigerians are engulfed in the ocean of poverty. The Nigerian government seem to have shown lighter effort in its contractual obligation to provide socioeconomic security to its citizens. There is drastic collapse of social security, increase in unemployment rate and consequently high rate of poverty. Youth are very important stakeholders in any society; they are regarded not only as useful resources in nation-building but also the backbone of any societal development. The primary objective of this paper is to identify the dual problem of poverty and unemployment especially among the youths as the major disease that crippled the attempt by Nigeria to achieve sustainable development and at the same time ascertain the need for the formulation and implementation of effective and sustainable social protection strategy as a means of tackling the ever increasing rate of unemployment and poverty in Nigeria. The paper recommended that, for Nigeria to tackle unemployment and poverty problem, the priority of the people shall be identified, corruption must be eliminated and informal sectors, such as agriculture, shall be incorporated into the national economic priority, not public sector or oil alone. Muazu Abdullahi Ishaq | Sulaiman Isyaku Muhammad | Aminu Abdullahi | Jamilu Abdulahmid Bello"Youth Unemployment and Poverty in Nigeria: Effective Social Protection as a Panacea" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5961.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/5961/youth-unemployment-and-poverty-in-nigeria--effective-social-protection-as-a-panacea/muazu-abdullahi-ishaq
Causes of poverty in world A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri Ext...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Causes of poverty in world A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri Extension KPK/Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
Feminization of Poverty: Causes, Consequences & RecommendationsMasum Hussain
Women’s purportedly disproportionate and rising share of poverty - as encapsulated in the widely popularised term the ‘feminisation of poverty’ – has conferred unprecedented prominence upon gender in poverty analysis and policy. However, the ‘feminisation of poverty’ is often used in a cursory and unsubstantiated manner and, in its implicit privileging of income, does not necessarily highlight aspects of poverty which are most relevant to poor women at the grassroots. Although the UNDP’s gender indices go some way to reflecting broader aspects of gendered poverty, particularly in respect of capabilities and opportunities, there is scope for improvement. In the interests of working towards gender indices which are more responsive to crucial gender gaps in poverty (understood not only as income deficiency, but in a more multidimensional fashion, and which give weight to the onus of dealing with poverty), the main aims of this paper are three-fold. The first is to draw attention to existing conceptual and methodological weaknesses with the ‘feminisation of poverty’. The second is to offer some thoughts on how the ‘feminisation of poverty’ could be re-cast to more effectively capture trends in gendered privation among the poor. The third is to propose directions for the kinds of data and indicators which might be incorporated within the GDI or GEM, or used in the creation of a Gendered Poverty Index (GPI).
What is Poverty?
• “a state or condition in which a
• person or community lacks the financial resources
• and essentials to enjoy a minimum standard of life
• and well-being that's considered acceptable in society”
• Source: Pakistan Economic Survey 2013-14
Who are consider to poor?
People living below $1.25 a day as per 2005 international dollar prices are considered poor. Poverty line are drawn locally according to some set criteria
Who are considered poor in Pakistan
• a person is earning less than Rs.1745 per person is considered as poor in Pakistan.
• (source Pakistan economic survey 2013-14 where Survey of 2010-11 transpiring the above figure)
• Example. If a family consists of 5 members and their total income is less than Rs.8725 per month, than that family is considered as poor.
How many people’s are poor in Pakistan?
• Official view: World Bank calculations indicate that there are 21.04% of the population (2008 estimates)are living below the Internationally specified poverty line i.e. $1.25.
• (source Word Development Indicator 2014)
How many people’s are poor in Pakistan
• Independent view: According to a study conducted by SDPI (Sustainable Development Policy Institute)
• 1/3rd Pakistanis are poor
• (source The Express Tribune 25 Feb. 2014)
What is difference between absolute and relative poverty
• When poverty is measured considering the money necessary to need the necessities than it is termed as absolute poverty. Whereas relative poverty in concerned the quality of life with respect to the other members of the society.
How we measure the poverty
• Headcount Index
• Poverty Gap Index
• Squared Poverty Gap (Poverty Severity)
• Index
• Sen Index
• The Sen-Shorrocks-Thon Index
• The Watts Index
• And many others measures
Causes of poverty
• Conflicts and War
• Corruption
• Bad Geography
• Colonialism
• Higher population growth rate
• Low level of Industrialization
• External dependence
• Low Human Development
• Adverse Climatic conditions
Consequences of Poverty
• Poverty causes Low growth thus low development and prospective for up-coming generations.
• High infant mortality and Death rate
• High incidence of diseases
• Increased crime rate
• High conflicts and less social cohesion
• Less capability to utilized their endowed resources
What we should do
• As we cannot live alone the handicap brother and sister without help so we should not leave alone the 1/3rd fellow brother and sister of our nation alone.
• Since they will not be able to handout in the economic progress of nation. Thus we should prepare policies which are mostly socially inclusive.
Poverty & concept of ‘feminisation of poverty’ poverty & human capabilities ...VIBHUTI PATEL
Universalisatio n of Education (UE)
UE was launched in 2000 with the primary objective of achieving Universalization of elementary education before 2010 with time bound integrated approach in participation with the states. The project aimed at completion of five years of primary schooling for all children by 2007 and completion of eight years of schooling by 2010 along with reduction of gender and social gaps. The expenditure was to be shared in the basis of 85:15 in the ninth plan and 75:25 from the tenth plan onwards. The SSA wanted to bring about the change in the following areas: Teacher training, improvement in quality of education, provision of teacher training materials, establishment of cluster groups for support and education guarantee centers.
Introduction:
Poverty Condition in Pakistan
Causes/Reasons of poverty in Pakistan
Effects of poverty in Pakistan
Solutions/Remedies to Overcome the Poverty in Pakistan
Conclusion
What is Poverty?
• “a state or condition in which a
• person or community lacks the financial resources
• and essentials to enjoy a minimum standard of life
• and well-being that's considered acceptable in society”
• Source: Pakistan Economic Survey 2013-14
Who are consider to poor?
People living below $1.25 a day as per 2005 international dollar prices are considered poor. Poverty line are drawn locally according to some set criteria
Who are considered poor in Pakistan
• a person is earning less than Rs.1745 per person is considered as poor in Pakistan.
• (source Pakistan economic survey 2013-14 where Survey of 2010-11 transpiring the above figure)
• Example. If a family consists of 5 members and their total income is less than Rs.8725 per month, than that family is considered as poor.
How many people’s are poor in Pakistan?
• Official view: World Bank calculations indicate that there are 21.04% of the population (2008 estimates)are living below the Internationally specified poverty line i.e. $1.25.
• (source Word Development Indicator 2014)
How many people’s are poor in Pakistan
• Independent view: According to a study conducted by SDPI (Sustainable Development Policy Institute)
• 1/3rd Pakistanis are poor
• (source The Express Tribune 25 Feb. 2014)
What is difference between absolute and relative poverty
• When poverty is measured considering the money necessary to need the necessities than it is termed as absolute poverty. Whereas relative poverty in concerned the quality of life with respect to the other members of the society.
How we measure the poverty
• Headcount Index
• Poverty Gap Index
• Squared Poverty Gap (Poverty Severity)
• Index
• Sen Index
• The Sen-Shorrocks-Thon Index
• The Watts Index
• And many others measures
Causes of poverty
• Conflicts and War
• Corruption
• Bad Geography
• Colonialism
• Higher population growth rate
• Low level of Industrialization
• External dependence
• Low Human Development
• Adverse Climatic conditions
Consequences of Poverty
• Poverty causes Low growth thus low development and prospective for up-coming generations.
• High infant mortality and Death rate
• High incidence of diseases
• Increased crime rate
• High conflicts and less social cohesion
• Less capability to utilized their endowed resources
What we should do
• As we cannot live alone the handicap brother and sister without help so we should not leave alone the 1/3rd fellow brother and sister of our nation alone.
• Since they will not be able to handout in the economic progress of nation. Thus we should prepare policies which are mostly socially inclusive.
Poverty & concept of ‘feminisation of poverty’ poverty & human capabilities ...VIBHUTI PATEL
Universalisatio n of Education (UE)
UE was launched in 2000 with the primary objective of achieving Universalization of elementary education before 2010 with time bound integrated approach in participation with the states. The project aimed at completion of five years of primary schooling for all children by 2007 and completion of eight years of schooling by 2010 along with reduction of gender and social gaps. The expenditure was to be shared in the basis of 85:15 in the ninth plan and 75:25 from the tenth plan onwards. The SSA wanted to bring about the change in the following areas: Teacher training, improvement in quality of education, provision of teacher training materials, establishment of cluster groups for support and education guarantee centers.
Introduction:
Poverty Condition in Pakistan
Causes/Reasons of poverty in Pakistan
Effects of poverty in Pakistan
Solutions/Remedies to Overcome the Poverty in Pakistan
Conclusion
The Impact of Poverty on Under 5 Children in Rural Communities of the West Af...GABRIEL JEREMIAH ORUIKOR
Background: Under 5 children mortality is a significant
public health issue in West Africa, where poverty is
prevalent. Poverty is a complex and multifaceted issue that
affects various aspects of life, including health outcomes.
The impact of poverty on under 5 children mortality has
been extensively studied in West Africa, and this review
aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the
findings of these studies.
Methods: This review is aqualitative Narrative review in
which systematic review procedures were employed to
search, select, and extract data from overviews that meet
eligibility criteria for this study. The search yielded a total of
1,245 articles; published between 2005 and 2023 in West
Africa, including Nigeria, Ghana, Mali, and Senegal. 78
articles were selected for full-text review, out of which 30
met the inclusion criteria and included in the final analysis.
The studies used different study designs, including crosssectional, cohort, and case-control studies. The sample sizes
ranged from 100 to 10,000 participants.
Results: The findings of the studies showed that poverty has
a significant impact on under 5 children mortality in West
Africa. Children from poor households were more likely to
die before their fifth birthday compared to children from
wealthier households. Poverty also affected the health
outcomes of mothers, which in turn affected the health
outcomes of their children. The studies identified various
factors that contribute to the impact of poverty on under 5
mortality, including malnutrition, lack of access to
healthcare, poor sanitation, and inadequate housing. The
studies also highlighted the role of community-level factors,
such as social support and community participation, in
mitigating the impact of poverty on under 5 mortality.
Conclusion: Poverty affects various aspects of life,
including access to healthcare, nutrition, and basic
amenities, which in turn affects the health outcomes of
children. Community-based interventions that address the
underlying causes of poverty and improve access to
healthcare and basic amenities should be strengthened,
designed better and implemented in collaboration with
stakeholders to ensure their effectiveness and sustainability.
Further research is needed to identify effective interventions
that can improve health outcomes in impoverished
communities.
Building Educational Response to Combat Poverty and Deprivation in South AsiaKeshav Prasad Bhattarai
This paper says something about how can education make effective response to poverty and deprivation that has become the identity of South Asia and how such a capacity is built using education as a tool for that purpose.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Despite global effort it is estimated that about 2.2 billion people still live in poverty, and that approximately 80 of this figure is made up of people living in rural areas. The Sustainable Development Goals SDGs of the 2030 Agenda include as its number 1 goal, the goal to end poverty. However, the report by the World Bank 2018 stated that putting an end to poverty is proving to be one of the greatest human rights challenges the modern world faces.The Sustainable Development Goals SDGs which are an extension of the Millennium Development Goals MDGs was adopted on September 2015 by the United Nations Assembly to fight against poverty and eradicate human deprivation.This paper presents a brief introduction on poverty laws, discusses possible challenges and the way forward. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Sarhan M. Musa "Poverty Laws: An Introduction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33275.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/33275/poverty-laws-an-introduction/paul-a-adekunte
Assalamu'alaykum everyone, I bring the collection of Imam An-Nawawi to you in the presentation format. There is no goodness in me, all the good that I do is only and only by Allah and from His guidance. We are all sinners striving to be better human beings and our aim should only be to please the Lord of the Heavens and the Earth. Always remember that this life is temporary so leave its glitter for those who desire it.
Please keep me in your precious duas!
May Allah bless everyone who reads the content here. Jazakum'Allahu Khayran!
Wasallam!
Do you know about 24 million people in Yemen are in need of humanitarian aid of which 12 million people are children. Read the slides to get more information!
Asalamu'Alaikum dear readers,
This is a very important topic and one of the major pillars on which our Imaan is strengthened on a daily basis. It is beautiful how the Glorious Qur'an will become our intercessor for or against us on the Day of Judgement. I hope it will be helpful for all of you. Would love to read your view about it in the comments section!!
Dua is a powerful weapon of the believers!! Whenever we feel at our lowest to connect to God via spiritual supplication that reaches heaven and by the grace of Almighty gets accepted. Our heart is at ease with every dua that we make. It is the powerful weapons against the oppressors.
Asalamu'Alaykum Dear Readers,
I hope you are well!
Ramadan was the time where we strove hard to perform good deeds. Do you want to remain steadfast and continue to perform good deeds after this month? Ramadan passed so quickly and most of us were in great shock. Well, this is one of the signs of end times that time will pass quickly! Let's take heed and be consistent in performing good deeds.
Here are some tips to follow...
Dear Viewers & Readers,
This PowerPoint presentation has been created by my brother Fateen who has worked hard on this in order to help you all with your Grade 8th studies. This chapter is based on the topic of Resources. This also includes the types of resources with examples as well as a brief about sustainable development. I hope you will find it beneficial & helpful!
Asalamu'alaykum lovely readers,
I believe we all should use our talents for the sake of Allah. I covert my blogs into the PowerPoint presentation format to upload here and to benefit and dearest brothers and sisters in Islam & even Non-Muslims brothers & sisters. (for their info.)
Let's benefit from it and say dhikr as much as we can in our free time. Allah (SWT) has blessed us with the organ (tongue) let's use it in His remembrance.
Keep your tongue moist in the remembrance of Allah.
May you all have a blessed Ramadan. Aameen.
I had presented this term paper in my second year in the Master's degree in Political Science. I would like to share with you all so that you benefit from it. :)
This is a short 2-page informative document prepared by me on the topic "Backbiting in Islam". It is very important for every Muslim to know what backbiting really means and how to avoid it. I hope by the Will of God this manual will be beneficial. Rest I pray to Allah to grant us tawfiq to implement this is our life. Reminder for myself first and foremost!
This is a detailed description of how a Muslim can balance life with technology. A Muslim should make good use of his skills and talents that ALLAH has blessed us with.
This is a beneficial short PowerPoint presentation made by me in order to benefit the community. We should always make sure that we use words of goodness when we communicate with any individuals.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Poverty Alleviation: A Challenge for the Indian Government
1. Poverty Alleviation:
A Challenge for the Indian
Government
Name: Benish Mahajan
Course: MA. Political Science (2nd
year)
Subject: Institution, Development and Poverty
Roll no.: 1708416
3. 1.0 ABSTRACT
The problem of being in the state of poverty is not only a problem of a person but is a
national problem. India is considered as the poorest of country. The estimation rates of the
regions suffering from poverty are very shocking as it is caused by the lack of assets, and
vulnerability of the people. Poor people are lacking the necessities that in turn have a great
negative impact upon their lives. In a simple line, poverty is the violation of basic rights and
fundamental freedoms. It is not because of religion, culture, gender but their poverty can be
choice of the rich in power. Implementation of microfinance, conditional and unconditional
cash transfers, employment guarantee schemes, property rights and governmental reforms can
help to achieve the goal of poverty reduction.
2.0 INTRODUCTION
Poverty is not simply a lack of adequate income. It is a condition of being in the state where
an individual is even deprived of the day to day necessities such as inadequacy of food,
clothes, and shelter. Today poverty in the world is widespread with over 3 billion people
living on less than $2.50 a day. The inequality is visible from the fact that the Gross
Domestic Product of the 41 Heavily Indebted Poor Countries is less than the wealth of the
world’s top seven richest people combined. Due to severe hunger and malnutrition, 10.6
million died in 2003 before they reached the age of 5.[1]
Poverty is an extremely complex phenomenon, that comes in a range of overlapping and
interwoven economic, political and social deprivations which include lack of assets, hunger,
low income levels, poor health, insecurity, physical and psychological hardship, social
seclusion, degradation and discrimination, and political powerlessness and disarticulation.[2]
Its concept evolved over the last decade in highly different ways. It goes beyond the
dimensions of income and consumption and education and health to include the risk and
vulnerability and voicelessness and powerlessness of the unfortunate. “The Copenhagen
Declaration of the United Nations defines poverty as the condition characterized by severe
deprivation of basic human needs including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities,
health, education, and information.”[3]
However, this condition is widespread in India both in urban as well as rural areas. Different
challenges have been posed by the nature of urban poverty for facilities like housing, health,
education and the special needs of vulnerable groups such as women and children. Due to the
country’s adoption of a mixed economy, the urbanization in India began to increase which
gave rise to the development private sector. As per the statistics, over 25 percent i.e. around
81 million people reside in urban areas on incomes that are below the poverty line. Rural
poverty remains higher than urban poverty at a national level. But somewhere this gap is
closing. It is estimated that by 2030, urbanisation in India will reach 50 percent. According to
a survey done by United Nations State of the World Population report in 2007, by 2030, it is
estimated that 40.76% of country’s population is expected to live in urban areas. As per
World Bank, India, along with China, Indonesia, Nigeria and the United States, will lead the
world’s urban population surge by 2050.[4]
4. The situation of poverty is measured by what is known as the poverty ratio or head-count
ratio which is the ratio of total population expressed as percentage. It is measured from a
determined poverty line quantified in terms of per capita consumption expenditure over a
month and the class distribution of persons obtained from a large sample survey of consumer
expenditure data of the National Sample survey office (NSSO).[2]
Poverty is not a static condition rather it is dynamic condition. It differs as the resources rise
and fall and so the people’s ability to meet them. Therefore, it may be temporary, recurrent or
persistent over longer periods. In order to have a lasting and most substantial impact it is
important to have strong emphasis on interventions that will ultimately resolve the global
problem.[5]
For poverty alleviation being the major challenge for the Government of India,
there are two pre-requisites. Firstly, change in the agro-based relations so that the ownership
of land is mutually shared by a larger section of the people. Secondly, no programme of
poverty eradication can succeed in an economy suffering by high rise in the prices. With
these two pre-requisites a strong political will is must needed in the national leadership for
the implementation and introduction of such structural reforms. The government’s major
focus must be on the development of the social sector whose key constituent should be
population control, primary education to all, family welfare, employment opportunities
especially for people living in rural areas.[6]
3.0 CAUSES OF POVERTY
In order to understand the causes or the factors affecting poverty it is important to examine
the dimensions highlighted by the poor people:
3.01 Lack of income and assets
Lack of income and assets to attain the basic necessities such as food, shelter, clothing, health
facilities and quality education is the first cause. As the country grows richer so do the
demand of the poor in accordance to getting better-paid work since this is the only factor for
improving their lives. With the rise in economy, income poverty falls; and with contraction in
the economy, income poverty rises. Over four decades, the GDP growth rates in some
countries in East Asia were 4 to 5 percent with improvements in the living standards and in
health, education for poor people and for everyone else. A negative growth or as equal to no
growth at all was seen in countries mostly in Africa leading to no improvements even in
average living standards. As the economic growth of any country is linked with the poverty
alleviation, it is dependent upon the initial level of inequality in the distribution of income
and how that distribution changes over time. In order to achieve the goal of poverty
reduction, the government must build up institutions keeping in mind those inequalities that
will function in favour of the people who suffer most in this process. [7]
3.02 Voicelessness and Powerlessness—the institutional basis of poverty
The lack of voice, power, and independence among the deprived sections of the society leads
them with the feeling of helplessness that subjects them to rudeness, inhumane treatment and
exploitation at the hands of the institutions of state and society. Due to the absence of rule of
5. law, poor people are often prevented from taking advantage of the new economic
opportunities or participate in the new activities. This prevention places a large burden on
them. The reason for the slow progress of the human assets of poor people is due to this
unresponsive nature of the state. Socio-cultural norms and barriers can also contribute to such
voicelessness and powerlessness. Inequality is widespread between men and women. Poor
women are often discriminated against the household and in the land, labour, and credit
markets. [7]
3.03 Vulnerability
As far as the poor and near-poor is concern, vulnerability is a constant companion of material
and human deprivation. They reside in crowded places where rainfall could easily affect their
homes and are at higher risk of diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis. They are subject to
unstable employment, both in formal and informal sector. They are not treated well by the
local authorities. Women are often the victims of violence and crime. There are number of
causes of such vulnerable condition, the first being the risks faced by the poor people, the
second being the inability to reduce or cope with the negative shocks i.e. low levels of
physical, natural, and financial assets. Taking children out of school to earn money during
economic crisis, making quick sales on land at low prices; all of this worsen their situation in
long term. Another cause of vulnerability is the inability of the state to develop mechanisms
to reduce the risks faced by the poor people. Irrigation, infrastructure, public health
interventions, honest police and a fair legal system, public work schemes in times of stress,
microcredit to tide people through the aftermath of an adverse shock, social networks of
support and insurance, famine relief in extreme circumstances— all reduce vulnerability for
poor people. [7]
In order to experience poverty alleviation, the World Development Report proposed a
framework of action based on three pillars:
• Empowerment: Focusing on enhancing the capacity of the poor to influence the state
institutions and social processes that affect their lives and removing the barriers to
poverty reduction.
• Security: Reducing the repercussions of short-term negative shocks for the poorest,
such as health shocks, unemployment, crises and natural disasters. In other words,
helping them to carry off the risk that they face in their everyday lives.
• Opportunity: Providing them the economic opportunity by building up their assets
and increasing the returns on these assets through market-oriented and non-market
actions.
6. 4.0 POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES
The role national per capita income is mostly discussed topics in poverty reduction. A
number of statistical studies have found a strong relationship between national per capita
income and national poverty indicators with the use of both income as well as non-income
measures of poverty. With the rise in the per capita income, the national poverty indicators
falls. This proves that economic growth is the engine of poverty alleviation.
As there is increase in poverty among the deprived sections, there is an urgent need of
implementation of certain poverty reduction programmes for the betterment of those
individuals. Today, poverty reduction programmes can be found in most developing
countries. They include instruments such as conditional cash transfers, microfinance, and
rural employment guarantee schemes provided to the workers outside the formal economy.
Some of the programmes are discussed below:
4.01 Microfinance:
According to the Nobel Laureate Professor Mohammad Yunus: “Microcredit is not a miracle
cure that can eliminate poverty in one fell swoop. But it can end many and reduce its severity
for others.”[8]
The microcredit movement sought to address the credit needs of the people living in poverty
as during an economic-wide crisis there were situations when they were forced to borrow
from the money lenders who charged exorbitant interest rates. The microfinance institutions
help those low-income people who are not able to acquire loans from normal banks and they
make sure that loans are provided to the applicants at a very low rate. It provides right
amount of capital to either start a small business, or to finance their child’s education. Thus, it
fulfils an important task especially in countries where there is no state-sponsored social
security system. They usually come in the form of non-governmental organizations, credit
unions, cooperatives, banks and non-bank financial institutions or buy medications.[9]
The
2006 Global Microcredit Summit pledged to provide microfinance to 175 million poor
households by 2015. This credit is supported by the governments and development agencies
in order to expand the microfinance.[8]
Critique of Microfinance:
Studies done by Hulme and Mosley found that the poor people did not benefit from
microfinance. It was only the non-poor borrowers whom enjoyed positive impacts. Even
people with starting income as below the poverty line resulted in less incremental income
after getting microloans in comparison to those groups who did not obtain such loans.
Critics also note that in order to obtain its real goal and be successful, the microenterprises
need other complementary services, such as access to decent roads and affordable means for
moving their products to markets. Seasoned advocates of microfinance mutually agree that
microfinance in and of itself cannot remove poverty because it includes a broad array of
empowering interventions. [8]
7. 4.02 Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT)
Conditional Cash Transfer schemes provides cash to the poor households and disadvantaged
sections on fulfilling certain conditions such as sending their children to schools or regularly
attending health clinics and increase their participation in immunization programmes. This
was first introduced in Latin America in response to the economic crisis of 1990 which
resulted in the decline of the social services. Today it is increasingly widespread among the
low income countries. It was initiated in 1997 in Mexico focusing on nutrition, health, and
education. In 1996 it was initiated in Brazil with child labour as being major focus. Countries
including Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Jamaica, South Africa and Turkey initiated CCT
programmes. The objective of such programmes is ‘to correct for market failures that are
linked with noninternalized positive externalities’ (Janvry and Sadoulet, 2004, p.1). Its focus
was on addressing demand-side constraints.[10]
CCT schemes have two main objectives- to reduce poverty and to enhance the capabilities of
poor. The CCT programmes also addresses the needs of the vulnerable sections such as the
displaced person in Colombia, physically challenged persons in Jamaica and households
affected by HIV and AIDS virus in Zambia. Scope of the programmes has also extended from
admission in schools to covering aspects like secondary school completion in Mexico and
adult education, microcredit and housing in Brazil. It is also benefitting in empowering the
women, improving accountability, and reducing inequality. [10]
4.03 Unconditional and universal transfers
Unlike conditional cash transfer that was based on a specific condition, unconditional cash
grants aims to reduce poverty without any conditions upon receivers actions.[11]
This cash
transfer is based on the premise that providing the citizens with cash allows them to have
autonomy over their own lives.[12]
This type of cash transfers does not influence individual or
household consumption preferences rather it goes beyond it by enhancing individuals
livelihood and longer-term incomes. They grant protective social security measures to the
deprived sections. For instance, in response to the insufficient rainfall in Ethiopia in 2002 and
2003, the cash for relief programme was launched that provided them with small cash grants
over a period of three to six months directly to the affected households. This was evaluated to
be successful as the grants were used not only for consumption but also for reducing the debts
and improving land productivity.[8]
In an economy, the basic income grant reduces total employment by reducing labour and
increase the acceptable wage floor. This may in turn increase the productivity and provide
smooth consumption.
According to the supporters of targeted anti-poverty policies, the tax payers will criticize the
calls of universal programmes. The supporters feel that the tax payer will financially oppose
universal programmes. They argue the programmes support middle class people. The less
privileged people can receive extra benefits without stigma while the targeted programmes
deliver benefits across different social groups within the framework of universal programmes.
8. 4.04 Employment guarantee schemes
Employment guarantee schemes provide with the employment opportunities in order to help
those people living in poverty that have affected areas after a disaster or when creating
infrastructure which results in enhancing their welfare. Most of such schemes are on transient
basis and only a few of them offer employment guarantee schemes on an ongoing basis,
example, Argentina, China, Indonesia, and Republic of Korea. It is seen that this scheme has
increased the income of the participants while improving the infrastructure. For instance, the
Maharashtra Employment Guarantee Scheme in India found that the participants earned four
times their forgone income (Dutt and Ravallion, 1994). Few of the programmes also provided
with the sustainable employment opportunities. This could also provide those people who and
lost their jobs with new opportunities and social protection provisions.
However, later it was also noticed that it had little evidence of targeting the poor. It was
reported by the United Nations in 2007 that the Maharashtra Employment Guarantee Scheme
somewhere failed to attract the interests of those most in need. Also, in South Africa, an
assessment of seven public works programmes was made which found that districts with very
high poverty and unemployment has no labour-intensive projects as compare to the poverty
low districts as more projects (Adatom and Haddad, 2001).
4.05 Property rights
People of deprived sections not only lack income but also does not have enough assets to
generate the income which implies that there is a clear link between poverty and lack of
property that often calls for land reforms that provide the landless with transfers from the
landlords. Land is a critical asset for the people living in rural areas as it is their means to
provide livelihood and the landless are among the world’s poorest. In India, over 30 percent
of the landless live in poverty and in Bangladesh, there is two thirds of population of the
people living in poverty.
In rural communities, land ownership and land rights are linked with the social standing of
the community. The distribution of property rights within the household is also considered
important as it discriminates women. In many cases, women are given the ownership only
through the male members of the household but are evicted in the death of the man or divorce
or disinheritance. On the other hand, this landownership has given the women their rights and
lead to a decline in the domestic violence.
Land can also be used indirectly in the form of investments or sold to raise capital that has led
to campaigns as popularized by Hernando de Soto. According to Soto, to put an end on
capitalist apartheid, the property rights would ensure those people living in poverty with
credit. For example, countries in Latin America and Africa, to formalize land titles, they have
strongly aided the donors based on Soto’s argument. [8]
4.06 Governance reforms
Governance reforms have been a precondition for poverty alleviation as it has apparently
promoted good that is understood as market-friendly policies to achieve its purpose of
9. ensuring aid effectiveness. Thus, the concept of good governance identifies capabilities to
protect stable property rights, enforce the rule of law, implementing anti-corruption
properties. The “pro-poor” good governance reforms are supposed to enhance the scale and
efficiency of service delivery to people living in poverty.
Van Arcadia (2005) also notices that the governance discourse is also associated with the
political agendas and objectives keeping in mind the visions of political models. [8]
5.0 SELF-ANALYSIS
Poverty is widespread in many developing countries and India is one of the poorest countries
in the world. Around half of the population is living a miserable life because of poverty. Any
person is subject to be in the state of poverty when he/she is deprived of the basic essential
needs like food, clothing, shelter, better health facilities etc. It has its impact both on rural as
well as urban areas. Of the rural population around 48.5 percent of rural households are
deprived according to the caste census of 2011. Nearly 51 percent of all the households are
economically involved in manual labour and 30 percent of them are engaged in cultivation.
The poor people who reside in rural areas often migrate to the cities and towns in search of
better employment opportunities. It is analysed that the income is highly unstable as more
than 8 crore urban people is falling below the poverty line. Many them are either casual
workers or self-employed. Around 40% of all urban poor people of India are living in Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Odisha, and Madhya Pradesh and 35 percent of the total
population consists of slum population in the metropolitan cities.
As for the reasons as why, there is a rapid growth of poverty in India, several causes have
been brought forth; the first been the poor agriculture. Farmers working in the fields are
deprived of the good irrigation facilities and seeds and fertilizers that results in poor
agriculture. Also, as the farmers are uneducated, they are not aware of the modern method of
farming. Secondly, as the resources are limited and there is a rapid increase in the population.
As the population increases, we must spend more on development projects. Such growth
creates a problem. Another major cause of poverty in India is the widening gap between the
rich and poor. As the rich people are growing richer, the poor people are growing poorer.
This calls for a changed social system. Lastly, the reason is corruption that leads inefficiency
in offices.
Therefore, poverty effects greatly on the lives of the poor individuals. As the poor people are
deprived of the necessities, it becomes difficult for them to get the education services. Today,
when children are at an age to pursue their academic studies, they are subjected to child
labour. It has also an effect on the nutrition and diet routine, unemployment that result in the
poor people to live in unfulfilled life. Poverty has a direct impact upon health hygiene and
sanitation of the poor as they lack knowledge about it. It is observed that the government is
taking initiatives in providing them with clean and safe water, and proper sanitation system. It
has been analysed that the state of poverty has widely affected the lives of the women as they
10. are deprived of the major health facilities, proper diet. However, the government of India has
initiated programmes in to generate the wage employment for the poor unskilled people
living in rural areas such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(MNREGA) that aims at enhancing the livelihood security of the rural people by
guaranteeing 100 days of wage employment in a financial year, other are Jawahar Gram
Sarahi Yojana, National Old Age Pension, Integrated Rural Development programme,
Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana. All these programmes have helped improve the lives
of the poor people living in rural areas.
6.0 CRITICISM
Despite the various successful strategies implemented to reduce the poverty it has not yet
undergone any radical transformation i.e. none of the schemes resulted in change in the
ownership of assets, process of production or improvement of basic amenities to the poor
people. There is insufficiency of the resources as compare to the magnitude of poverty and
due to the unequal distribution of land, these benefited only the non-poor. These programmes
depended upon the government and bank officials for their implementation who are
motivated, corruption prone and result in wastage or inefficient use of resources. The
government does not assure through the schemes to support the individual or household for
getting minimum level of subsistence. For instance, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act scheme (MNREGA) does not provide the guaranteed 100 days
of work in many states. Even the old age pension varied by the place where you live, in some
places it is Rs 200 per month and in some states, it is 1500 or more. To have a positive impact
of the schemes, people who formulate alleviation programmes need to have knowledge and
understand chronic poverty and its dynamics. As poverty is especially known among the
occupational groups, the casual agricultural labour is the largest group stuck in poverty.
The situation of poverty can only be reduced when the poor people themselves start
contributing to growth by their active involvement in the growth process which is only
plausible through a process of social mobilisation and encouraging the poor people to take
part and get them empowered. This will in turn result in creating employment opportunities
which will ultimately lead to increase in the income, skill development, literacy and health.
Also, to fix the issue, it is essential to identify the poverty-stricken areas and accordingly
provide infrastructure for their enhancement.
11. 7.0 CONCLUSION
As we can conclude from the above research, that poverty has affected clear majority of
people both on national as well as global basis. It is a condition where an individual is not
able to fulfil his or her daily basic needs which include lack of assets, hunger, low income
levels, poor health, insecurity, physical. This becomes an invisible problem as their lives are
in great danger and put their lives into risk. It goes beyond the dimensions of income and
consumption and education and health to include the risk and vulnerability and voicelessness
and powerlessness of the unfortunate.
The causes of poverty include the lack of income and assets to attain the basic necessities
such as food, shelter, clothing, health facilities. With the rise in economy, income poverty
falls; and with contraction in the economy, income poverty rises. In order to achieve the goal
of poverty reduction, the government must build up institutions keeping in mind those
inequalities that will function in favour of the people who suffer most in this process. The
second being the lack of voice, power, among the deprived sections of the society leads them
with the feeling of helplessness that subjects them to rudeness, inhumane treatment and
exploitation at the hands of the institutions of state and society. Socio-cultural norms and
barriers can also contribute to such voicelessness and powerlessness. Lastly, poor people are
subject to unstable employment, both in formal and informal sector that results in their
vulnerability. The World Development Report proposed a framework of action in order to
experience poverty alleviation based on empowerment, security and opportunities provide to
the poor people in order to fulfil their needs.
Alleviation of poverty would ensure a sustainable and inclusive growth of economy and the
deprived sections of the society. There are certain measures that help to reduce poverty and
affect the lives of poor people in a good way. The microfinance institutions have helped those
low-income people who are not able to acquire loans from normal banks and they make sure
that loans are provided to the applicants at a very low rate. It provides right amount of capital
to either start a small business, or to finance their child’s education. The Conditional Cash
Transfer schemes and unconditional cash grants. The former provides cash to the poor
disadvantaged sections on fulfilling certain conditions and the latter that provided cash
unconditionally. Also, there were employment as well as government schemes that would
grant the people well paid employment opportunities. It also aims to provide the individuals
with property rights for poverty reduction.
12. 8.0 REFERENCES
1. Junofy Anto Rozarina. N., 2013. A Study on Poverty and Hunger in India.
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences.
2. More Sachin Sudhakarrao and Narendra Singh, 2014. Poverty in India: concepts,
measurement and status.
3. The Copenhagen Declaration and Programme of Action 1995, 1995. World Summit
for Social Development. New York: United Nations Department of Public
Information.
4. Akanksha Sharma, 2017. Cities of the Poor: A View on Urban Poverty in India, In the
Name of Development, Times of India.
5. Chris Goilden and Conor D’Arcy, 2014. A Definition of Poverty, The Joseph
Rowntree Foundation.
6. Puja Mondal, Your Article Library.
7. World Development Report 1990-2000/1, causes of Poverty and Framework of
Action
8. Poverty Reduction Programmes.
9. Manish Kumar, Narendra Singh Bohra, Amar Johari, 2010. Micro-Finance as an Anti-
Poverty Vaccine for Rural India, Research India Publications.
10. United Nations Development Programme, India, 2009. Conditional Cash Transfer
Schemes for Alleviating Human Poverty: Relevance for India.
11. Frank Pega, Stefan Walter, Sze Yan Liu, Roman Pabayo, Stefan K Lhachimi, Ruhi
Saith, 2014. Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities:
effect on use of health services and health outcomes in low and middle income
countries, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
12. Katherine Gan, 2016. The Benefits and Drawbacks of Unconditional Cash Transfer,
The Atlas Business Journal.