Background: Under 5 children mortality is a significant
public health issue in West Africa, where poverty is
prevalent. Poverty is a complex and multifaceted issue that
affects various aspects of life, including health outcomes.
The impact of poverty on under 5 children mortality has
been extensively studied in West Africa, and this review
aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the
findings of these studies.
Methods: This review is aqualitative Narrative review in
which systematic review procedures were employed to
search, select, and extract data from overviews that meet
eligibility criteria for this study. The search yielded a total of
1,245 articles; published between 2005 and 2023 in West
Africa, including Nigeria, Ghana, Mali, and Senegal. 78
articles were selected for full-text review, out of which 30
met the inclusion criteria and included in the final analysis.
The studies used different study designs, including crosssectional, cohort, and case-control studies. The sample sizes
ranged from 100 to 10,000 participants.
Results: The findings of the studies showed that poverty has
a significant impact on under 5 children mortality in West
Africa. Children from poor households were more likely to
die before their fifth birthday compared to children from
wealthier households. Poverty also affected the health
outcomes of mothers, which in turn affected the health
outcomes of their children. The studies identified various
factors that contribute to the impact of poverty on under 5
mortality, including malnutrition, lack of access to
healthcare, poor sanitation, and inadequate housing. The
studies also highlighted the role of community-level factors,
such as social support and community participation, in
mitigating the impact of poverty on under 5 mortality.
Conclusion: Poverty affects various aspects of life,
including access to healthcare, nutrition, and basic
amenities, which in turn affects the health outcomes of
children. Community-based interventions that address the
underlying causes of poverty and improve access to
healthcare and basic amenities should be strengthened,
designed better and implemented in collaboration with
stakeholders to ensure their effectiveness and sustainability.
Further research is needed to identify effective interventions
that can improve health outcomes in impoverished
communities.
The relationship between unemployment and poverty has been of interest to many a scholar with interest in development economics and social sciences. This paper is an addition to the empirical attempts to re-examine the relationship between unemployment rate and poverty incidence in Nigeria using secondary data sourced from relevant institutions to obtain major Social and Economic indicators spanning within 1980-2015. The study used Trend graph analysis, Correlation coefficient analysis and Granger causality tests in its analyses. As shown from the results, there is a positive-significant correlation between unemployment and poverty in Nigeria. More so, this was corroborated by the Trend graph analysis. It also established that unemployment granger causes poverty in Nigeria as suggests from the Granger causality tests. The economic implication of this result is that poverty is an increasing function of unemployment; and the Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) pointed that short run disequilibrium in the economy can be returned to equilibrium in the long run with a poor speed of adjustment of 6 %. In the light of these findings, this study recommends that efforts should be intensified in Nigeria towards implementation of unemployment reduction policies as this will significantly reduce poverty incidence.
Poverty Alleviation: A Challenge for the Indian Governmentbeenishshowkat
I prepared this term paper project in my third semester of Masters in Political Science. Also, I referred to a number of other philosophers works in order to create a better project. I hope this will be of great help to anyone who views it. Thanks.
The relationship between unemployment and poverty has been of interest to many a scholar with interest in development economics and social sciences. This paper is an addition to the empirical attempts to re-examine the relationship between unemployment rate and poverty incidence in Nigeria using secondary data sourced from relevant institutions to obtain major Social and Economic indicators spanning within 1980-2015. The study used Trend graph analysis, Correlation coefficient analysis and Granger causality tests in its analyses. As shown from the results, there is a positive-significant correlation between unemployment and poverty in Nigeria. More so, this was corroborated by the Trend graph analysis. It also established that unemployment granger causes poverty in Nigeria as suggests from the Granger causality tests. The economic implication of this result is that poverty is an increasing function of unemployment; and the Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) pointed that short run disequilibrium in the economy can be returned to equilibrium in the long run with a poor speed of adjustment of 6 %. In the light of these findings, this study recommends that efforts should be intensified in Nigeria towards implementation of unemployment reduction policies as this will significantly reduce poverty incidence.
Poverty Alleviation: A Challenge for the Indian Governmentbeenishshowkat
I prepared this term paper project in my third semester of Masters in Political Science. Also, I referred to a number of other philosophers works in order to create a better project. I hope this will be of great help to anyone who views it. Thanks.
Professor Lanre Olaniyan: Family Planning, COVID-19 Pandemic and Progress Tow...NigeriaFamilyPlannin
This was presented at the guest lecture on the second day of the 6th Nigeria Family Planning Conference which happened in Abuja from December 7 - 11, 2020.
Multivariate Analysis of Head Count Per Capita Poverty Rate across the 36 Sta...ijtsrd
In this work, we examine that the poverty rate is being influenced by the rate of corruption, conflict and unemployment rate using data obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics 2003 04, 2009 10 and 2019. Using SPSS 23, the results show that corruption, conflict and unemployment rates are statistically significant with an F Statistics value of 1.706 0.185 critical value .Hence, both significantly influence the rate of poverty in Nigeria. The Coefficient Output Summary difference of the variables suggest a model which is fitted as where is poverty rate and the variations in the rate of corruption, conflict and unemployment. The results also show that the poverty rate in Nigeria increases with increases inthe level of corruption, conflict and unemployment rate across the 36 States in Nigeria. Owan, Raphael Asu | Dr. Willie, Clement Etti | Asu Isaac Asu "Multivariate Analysis of Head Count Per Capita Poverty Rate across the 36 States in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46460.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/46460/multivariate-analysis-of-head-count-per-capita-poverty-rate-across-the-36-states-in-nigeria/owan-raphael-asu
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
Food security issues in India acquired prominence in public policy debate through the 2000s, resulting in promulgation of schemes like the National Rural Health Mission, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act and the National Food Security Bill. The aura of high hopes built around these interventions almost completely absolves the role of the present social, economic and political system in leading to the precarious situation of the people. The mainstream debate on poverty and hunger has been sequestered within the safe margins defined by the present system. An alternative opinion critical of the present, social, economic and political structure has been an anathema to the mainstream debate. The present Modi government is intent on giving a go by even to the marginal gains that may have resulted from the social sector interventions mentioned above. The book – Food Security in India Myth and Reality is an effort to articulate an alternative for which there seems little scope in the mainstream debate. It is a political treatise on food security in India and an argument for the implementation of radical land reforms as the fulcrum of India’s social, economic and political transformation. The arguments there in are ”˜polemical’, ”˜tremendous’ and ”˜value laden’ because there can be no a polemical and value neutral position vis a vis issues that hinge on the power relations in the society. Dr Vikas Bajpai teaches at the Center for Social Medicine and Community Health, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Dr Anoop Saraya is Professor of Gastroenterology and Head of the Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. Dr. Madhu Tandon "Food Security: Myth and Reality" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50033.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/50033/food-security-myth-and-reality/dr-madhu-tandon
EssaysExperts.net is the only custom writing service that uses ultra modern approaches coupled with thorough training in providing high quality academic writing services. Our services will enable you achieve success and realize your academic dreams. At http://www.essaysexperts.net/ ,we are the best solution for your acdemic assignments
Assessing Food Insecurity and Its Drivers among Smallholder Farming Household...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Hunger and food insecurity take center stage in most debates in Africa, and in recent times with serious concerns about Nigeria. This study assessed food insecurity among farming households in rural Oyo State, Nigeria, using cross-sectional datasets from 211 farming households through a multi-stage sampling procedure. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) module was employed in assessing food insecurity status of farming households, and the ordered logit model (OLM) was used to analyze factors influencing food insecurity among farming households. The results revealed that 12.8% of the farming households were food secure while 87.2% had varying levels of food insecurity. The OLM results indicated that age, household head’s years of schooling, gender, farm size, farm experience, non-farm income, food expenditure, and access to extension service significantly influenced food insecurity among farming households. Based on the findings, efforts should be geared towards promoting households’ education-related intervention programs in order to improve their nutrition-related knowledge that can enhance their food security status. Additionally, there should be provision of rural infrastructural facilities such as piped water, rural electrification, and healthcare service that promote healthy living and enhance households’ agricultural productivity.
Women Economic Epowerment: Meeting the Needs of Impoverished Women WorkshopDr Lendy Spires
Millennium Development Goal 3, promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women, has given prominence to recent efforts to address ‘gendered poverty’. Gendered poverty is the recognition that women and men face poverty for different reasons and both experience and respond to it differently. This report, jointly produced by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) at Columbia University, provides a summary of current thinking on women’s economic empowerment and provides recommendations to UNFPA on strategic interventions to achieve this goal. Research on gendered poverty has found that impoverished rural and urban women face many of the same constraints. They both suffer from low socio-economic status, lack of property rights, environmental degradation and limited health and educational resources. Poor health can force many households into poverty and destitution, and the growing AIDS pandemic has only exacerbated the situation. Women are disproportionately affected by health problems, both directly – from exposure to pollutants, household wastes, unsafe sex and gender-based violence – and indirectly as caregivers. Caring for ailing family members adds an additional burden to women’s already heavy workload inside and outside the household. There is a strong link between women’s underemployment and low returns on labour, especially since most employed women are part of the informal economy. This exposes poor women to greater financial risks, lower standards of human development and limited access to resources from social institutions. Many studies have recognized the importance of economic empowerment in improving the status of impoverished women. This report describes a number of approaches used to date to empower women economically. Among the most prominent is microcredit. Although there are debates about the effectiveness of microcredit in lifting women out of poverty, including concerns that it effectively traps women in low-wage cottage industries, the evidence suggests that it has had a positive effect in many contexts around the world. Economic activities are not the only vehicle for helping women escape from poverty and advancing gender equality and empowerment.
The study specifically aims to review the status and determinants of poverty in Ethiopia. Ethiopia is amongst the poorest countries in the world, with a very low human-development ranking, or 174th out of 188 countries. About 23 million Ethiopians live in conditions substantially below the basic poverty line and food insecurity remains a major challenge. It is mostly a rural phenomenon, as the shares of the population below the poverty line in rural areas are higher than in urban areas. Over the past fifteen years, the headcount poverty rate declined by about 93 percent from 45.5 percent in 2000 to 23.5 percent in 2016. Between 2010/11 and 2015/16 about 5.3 million people are lifted out of poverty. Poverty gap and poverty severity indices have respectively declined from 10.1 percent and 3.9 percent in 2000 to 3.7 percent and 1.4 percent in 2016. Lack of asset/skill, backward attitude of people towards work, lack of income results in reduction of expenditure pattern, poor health leads to being unproductive, absence from work, less energetic, lack of education results in lack of skill, helplessness are the major factors of poverty. The empirical findings suggest that special attention should be given to improving crop and livestock market, veterinary services, health services, agricultural technologies and creation of awareness on family planning. Interventions like capacity building, agricultural research, agricultural marketing as well as infrastructures that enhance nonfarm activities in sustainable manner need to be designed to reduce poverty prevalence in the country.
The impact of credit on rural household food security. (Maria .K.K.Muadilu-Ec...MKM Kassova
With thousands and millions of people facing the challenge of food insercurity ,it raises a question of what is the best solution to this , is it handing over food or is it empowermnt? Food insecurity is a financial and economical constraint .This study aims to discuss and investigate the relationship between food insecurity and access to credit in the rural areas .
Coming together in one accord has over time proven its significant in
the community since the enhancement of community health is positive.
Our world need synergy to live in harmony, peace and tranquility for
the betterment of our society.
If healthy family must be maintained, then there is a need for
community dialogue.
It’s a long life process to grow or maintain a healthy community, hence,
constant nurturing and persistency is needed. For the community to
grow and develop, everyone must participate with specific role in
building a healthier, more vibrant community. The choices we make at
home, work, school, play, and worship determine most what creates
personal health and community vitality. To a large mile, it's about how
we use our time, money, and talents. But the roles we play in the
community to bring positive change is the most crucial. This is about
using your influence, skills and knowledge to create better community.
Today, our communities bereft good organization and poses the risk for
communal conflict due to selfishness among the leaders who have
become weeds and tyrants among the less privileged ones. Instead of
fostering the growth of the community, the community is running into
lost and troubled atmosphere, resulting into many displacement of
properties and lives. Thereby, giving hand to suffering and health
challenges. In our world today, there's often a gulf between the
conversations people have around the kitchen table and the
conversations we have with our leaders. We see turf battles and
fragmentation of efforts with more resources getting spent on the
symptoms of deeper problems, and less on what generates health in the
first place.
STUDIES OF PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN AND HISTOPATHOLOGY OF RATTUS NORVEGICUS...GABRIEL JEREMIAH ORUIKOR
The effects of Annona muricata fruit pulp extract have been observed which
confirms its activity against experimentally induced non-cancerous tumor.
The prostate gland provides the semen with vitamins and other nutrients thus,
maintaining its vitality during the journey up the female reproductive tract.
Diseases of the prostate gland, affect millions of people the world over,
decreasing their quality of life. Benign prostate hyperplasia, BPH, is the
medical term used to describe an enlarged prostate. It means a noncancerous
enlargement of the prostate gland. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a
progressive condition characterised by prostate enlargement accompanied by
lower urinary tract symptoms. This study follows an experimental design in
which a total of fifty five male wistar albino rats were used. These rats were
grouped into five main groups, three of these groups were further sub-divided
into three sub-groups of five rats each. The groups include; Hormone
Control, HC, five rats, Vehicle Control, VC, five rats, Test Group, TG, which
is further divided into three sub-groups of five ats each, TGa, TGb, and TGc,
Vehicle + soursop, VS, which is further divided into three sub-groups of five
rats each, VSa, VSb, and VSc and then Soursop Control, SC, which is further
divided into three sub-groups of five rats each, bringing the total of groups
and sub-groups to eleven groups. The sub-groups a, b, and c are to be
administered soursop extract at graded doses of 500mg/kg. 1000mg/kg and
2000mg/kg respectively Tumor induction was done by administering
Testosterone Propionate and Estradiol Valerate at 300pg:80µg/kg
subcutaneously in the inguinal region of the rats on alternate days for 21
days. Induction caused a very significant increase in the serum level of
prostate specific antigen (PSA) of the HC group above the normal range in
comparism to that obtained in the VC sub-groups at P≤0.05; while the
Annona muricata extracts at low dose (500mg/kg) reduced the PSA level, the
normal and high dose (1000mg/kg) inhibited (prevented) any increase in the
PSA level.
More Related Content
Similar to The Impact of Poverty on Under 5 Children in Rural Communities of the West African Region Alliance for Sustainable Development Initiatives
Professor Lanre Olaniyan: Family Planning, COVID-19 Pandemic and Progress Tow...NigeriaFamilyPlannin
This was presented at the guest lecture on the second day of the 6th Nigeria Family Planning Conference which happened in Abuja from December 7 - 11, 2020.
Multivariate Analysis of Head Count Per Capita Poverty Rate across the 36 Sta...ijtsrd
In this work, we examine that the poverty rate is being influenced by the rate of corruption, conflict and unemployment rate using data obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics 2003 04, 2009 10 and 2019. Using SPSS 23, the results show that corruption, conflict and unemployment rates are statistically significant with an F Statistics value of 1.706 0.185 critical value .Hence, both significantly influence the rate of poverty in Nigeria. The Coefficient Output Summary difference of the variables suggest a model which is fitted as where is poverty rate and the variations in the rate of corruption, conflict and unemployment. The results also show that the poverty rate in Nigeria increases with increases inthe level of corruption, conflict and unemployment rate across the 36 States in Nigeria. Owan, Raphael Asu | Dr. Willie, Clement Etti | Asu Isaac Asu "Multivariate Analysis of Head Count Per Capita Poverty Rate across the 36 States in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46460.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/46460/multivariate-analysis-of-head-count-per-capita-poverty-rate-across-the-36-states-in-nigeria/owan-raphael-asu
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
Food security issues in India acquired prominence in public policy debate through the 2000s, resulting in promulgation of schemes like the National Rural Health Mission, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act and the National Food Security Bill. The aura of high hopes built around these interventions almost completely absolves the role of the present social, economic and political system in leading to the precarious situation of the people. The mainstream debate on poverty and hunger has been sequestered within the safe margins defined by the present system. An alternative opinion critical of the present, social, economic and political structure has been an anathema to the mainstream debate. The present Modi government is intent on giving a go by even to the marginal gains that may have resulted from the social sector interventions mentioned above. The book – Food Security in India Myth and Reality is an effort to articulate an alternative for which there seems little scope in the mainstream debate. It is a political treatise on food security in India and an argument for the implementation of radical land reforms as the fulcrum of India’s social, economic and political transformation. The arguments there in are ”˜polemical’, ”˜tremendous’ and ”˜value laden’ because there can be no a polemical and value neutral position vis a vis issues that hinge on the power relations in the society. Dr Vikas Bajpai teaches at the Center for Social Medicine and Community Health, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Dr Anoop Saraya is Professor of Gastroenterology and Head of the Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. Dr. Madhu Tandon "Food Security: Myth and Reality" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50033.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/50033/food-security-myth-and-reality/dr-madhu-tandon
EssaysExperts.net is the only custom writing service that uses ultra modern approaches coupled with thorough training in providing high quality academic writing services. Our services will enable you achieve success and realize your academic dreams. At http://www.essaysexperts.net/ ,we are the best solution for your acdemic assignments
Assessing Food Insecurity and Its Drivers among Smallholder Farming Household...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Hunger and food insecurity take center stage in most debates in Africa, and in recent times with serious concerns about Nigeria. This study assessed food insecurity among farming households in rural Oyo State, Nigeria, using cross-sectional datasets from 211 farming households through a multi-stage sampling procedure. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) module was employed in assessing food insecurity status of farming households, and the ordered logit model (OLM) was used to analyze factors influencing food insecurity among farming households. The results revealed that 12.8% of the farming households were food secure while 87.2% had varying levels of food insecurity. The OLM results indicated that age, household head’s years of schooling, gender, farm size, farm experience, non-farm income, food expenditure, and access to extension service significantly influenced food insecurity among farming households. Based on the findings, efforts should be geared towards promoting households’ education-related intervention programs in order to improve their nutrition-related knowledge that can enhance their food security status. Additionally, there should be provision of rural infrastructural facilities such as piped water, rural electrification, and healthcare service that promote healthy living and enhance households’ agricultural productivity.
Women Economic Epowerment: Meeting the Needs of Impoverished Women WorkshopDr Lendy Spires
Millennium Development Goal 3, promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women, has given prominence to recent efforts to address ‘gendered poverty’. Gendered poverty is the recognition that women and men face poverty for different reasons and both experience and respond to it differently. This report, jointly produced by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) at Columbia University, provides a summary of current thinking on women’s economic empowerment and provides recommendations to UNFPA on strategic interventions to achieve this goal. Research on gendered poverty has found that impoverished rural and urban women face many of the same constraints. They both suffer from low socio-economic status, lack of property rights, environmental degradation and limited health and educational resources. Poor health can force many households into poverty and destitution, and the growing AIDS pandemic has only exacerbated the situation. Women are disproportionately affected by health problems, both directly – from exposure to pollutants, household wastes, unsafe sex and gender-based violence – and indirectly as caregivers. Caring for ailing family members adds an additional burden to women’s already heavy workload inside and outside the household. There is a strong link between women’s underemployment and low returns on labour, especially since most employed women are part of the informal economy. This exposes poor women to greater financial risks, lower standards of human development and limited access to resources from social institutions. Many studies have recognized the importance of economic empowerment in improving the status of impoverished women. This report describes a number of approaches used to date to empower women economically. Among the most prominent is microcredit. Although there are debates about the effectiveness of microcredit in lifting women out of poverty, including concerns that it effectively traps women in low-wage cottage industries, the evidence suggests that it has had a positive effect in many contexts around the world. Economic activities are not the only vehicle for helping women escape from poverty and advancing gender equality and empowerment.
The study specifically aims to review the status and determinants of poverty in Ethiopia. Ethiopia is amongst the poorest countries in the world, with a very low human-development ranking, or 174th out of 188 countries. About 23 million Ethiopians live in conditions substantially below the basic poverty line and food insecurity remains a major challenge. It is mostly a rural phenomenon, as the shares of the population below the poverty line in rural areas are higher than in urban areas. Over the past fifteen years, the headcount poverty rate declined by about 93 percent from 45.5 percent in 2000 to 23.5 percent in 2016. Between 2010/11 and 2015/16 about 5.3 million people are lifted out of poverty. Poverty gap and poverty severity indices have respectively declined from 10.1 percent and 3.9 percent in 2000 to 3.7 percent and 1.4 percent in 2016. Lack of asset/skill, backward attitude of people towards work, lack of income results in reduction of expenditure pattern, poor health leads to being unproductive, absence from work, less energetic, lack of education results in lack of skill, helplessness are the major factors of poverty. The empirical findings suggest that special attention should be given to improving crop and livestock market, veterinary services, health services, agricultural technologies and creation of awareness on family planning. Interventions like capacity building, agricultural research, agricultural marketing as well as infrastructures that enhance nonfarm activities in sustainable manner need to be designed to reduce poverty prevalence in the country.
The impact of credit on rural household food security. (Maria .K.K.Muadilu-Ec...MKM Kassova
With thousands and millions of people facing the challenge of food insercurity ,it raises a question of what is the best solution to this , is it handing over food or is it empowermnt? Food insecurity is a financial and economical constraint .This study aims to discuss and investigate the relationship between food insecurity and access to credit in the rural areas .
Similar to The Impact of Poverty on Under 5 Children in Rural Communities of the West African Region Alliance for Sustainable Development Initiatives (20)
Coming together in one accord has over time proven its significant in
the community since the enhancement of community health is positive.
Our world need synergy to live in harmony, peace and tranquility for
the betterment of our society.
If healthy family must be maintained, then there is a need for
community dialogue.
It’s a long life process to grow or maintain a healthy community, hence,
constant nurturing and persistency is needed. For the community to
grow and develop, everyone must participate with specific role in
building a healthier, more vibrant community. The choices we make at
home, work, school, play, and worship determine most what creates
personal health and community vitality. To a large mile, it's about how
we use our time, money, and talents. But the roles we play in the
community to bring positive change is the most crucial. This is about
using your influence, skills and knowledge to create better community.
Today, our communities bereft good organization and poses the risk for
communal conflict due to selfishness among the leaders who have
become weeds and tyrants among the less privileged ones. Instead of
fostering the growth of the community, the community is running into
lost and troubled atmosphere, resulting into many displacement of
properties and lives. Thereby, giving hand to suffering and health
challenges. In our world today, there's often a gulf between the
conversations people have around the kitchen table and the
conversations we have with our leaders. We see turf battles and
fragmentation of efforts with more resources getting spent on the
symptoms of deeper problems, and less on what generates health in the
first place.
STUDIES OF PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN AND HISTOPATHOLOGY OF RATTUS NORVEGICUS...GABRIEL JEREMIAH ORUIKOR
The effects of Annona muricata fruit pulp extract have been observed which
confirms its activity against experimentally induced non-cancerous tumor.
The prostate gland provides the semen with vitamins and other nutrients thus,
maintaining its vitality during the journey up the female reproductive tract.
Diseases of the prostate gland, affect millions of people the world over,
decreasing their quality of life. Benign prostate hyperplasia, BPH, is the
medical term used to describe an enlarged prostate. It means a noncancerous
enlargement of the prostate gland. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a
progressive condition characterised by prostate enlargement accompanied by
lower urinary tract symptoms. This study follows an experimental design in
which a total of fifty five male wistar albino rats were used. These rats were
grouped into five main groups, three of these groups were further sub-divided
into three sub-groups of five rats each. The groups include; Hormone
Control, HC, five rats, Vehicle Control, VC, five rats, Test Group, TG, which
is further divided into three sub-groups of five ats each, TGa, TGb, and TGc,
Vehicle + soursop, VS, which is further divided into three sub-groups of five
rats each, VSa, VSb, and VSc and then Soursop Control, SC, which is further
divided into three sub-groups of five rats each, bringing the total of groups
and sub-groups to eleven groups. The sub-groups a, b, and c are to be
administered soursop extract at graded doses of 500mg/kg. 1000mg/kg and
2000mg/kg respectively Tumor induction was done by administering
Testosterone Propionate and Estradiol Valerate at 300pg:80µg/kg
subcutaneously in the inguinal region of the rats on alternate days for 21
days. Induction caused a very significant increase in the serum level of
prostate specific antigen (PSA) of the HC group above the normal range in
comparism to that obtained in the VC sub-groups at P≤0.05; while the
Annona muricata extracts at low dose (500mg/kg) reduced the PSA level, the
normal and high dose (1000mg/kg) inhibited (prevented) any increase in the
PSA level.
Background: Students cannot be successful in terms of their behavior, or
academic learning, without an environment that has been intentionally
created for this purpose. Classroom design is a critical element in creating an
effective learning environment. Classroom design should be intentional and
purposeful, incorporating elements such as natural light, flexible spaces,
comfortable furniture, strategic use of color, and technology that supports
learning. The objective of this project is to discover how to enhance the
learning environment for students in Cameroon by reviewing related work on
how classroom design affect learning outcomes of students.
Method: This is a narrative review study in which peer-reviewed published
research articles were reviewed. The articles were screened based on the title,
abstract and full-text articles. 40 citations were screened of which 31 were
excluded after the title and abstract were screened. 25 articles were then
retrieved for reading and after reading through, 12 articles were found to be
relevant to the critical review process of this study.
Result: Of all the design elements that make up the classroom, the
environmental variables (temperature, acoustics, and lighting) have been the
most studied individually. The SIN principles using the EB model; gives
more indepth analysis and robust outcomes of the impact classroom design
have on students' learning.
Conclusion: From literatures, it is anticipated that the built environment of
the classrooms will have a great impact on students' academic performance,
health and wellbeing. Therefore, imbibing these approaches before designing
classrooms in Cameroon and understanding factors that influence student
learning comfort; may go a long way to impact students learning outcomes.
SOCIO-CULTURAL AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS INFLUENCING CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION PR...GABRIEL JEREMIAH ORUIKOR
Abstract: Background: Immunization is one of the most cost-effective interventions with proven strategies to reach
the vulnerable populations. It is also a proven tool for controlling and eliminating life threatening infectious diseases.
It also prevents illness, disability and deaths from vaccine preventable diseases averting estimated 2-3 million deaths
each year.
Method: A descriptive survey research design was adopted, one hundred 100 nursing mothers were used for the
study. The instruments used for the study was a self-structured questionnaire. Simple random sampling technique
was used to select the sample for the study. Data collected were analysed using frequency, counts and percentage
table for demographic information.
Result: The findings of the study revealed that behaviour/attitude of healthcare workers and lack of enough
information were determinants of incomplete routine immunization, while life style, religion and belief were not
determinants of incomplete routine immunization. However, level of education, distance to health facility, life style,
religion and belief were jointly determinants of incomplete routine immunization among nursing mothers in Jericho
specialist hospital.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study; it is therefore recommended that State Government and
Philanthropists should assist in building more health care facilities close to the communities for easy accessibility.
Effort should be geared towards public campaign using local dialect to encourage them to complete routine
immunization. In addition, community mobilization should be strengthening especially among nursing mothers to
be fully informed about the merits of completing the routine immunization and to avert childhood morbidity and
mortality in our society.
Background: Self-medication is a wide spread practice among construction
workers who experience a range of physical injuries, pain, and
musculosketal. Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drug that is
commonly used to relive pain, fever and inflammation.
Methodology: This research aimed to investigate the side effects associated
with self-medication of diclofenac sodium among construction workers in
Rasfodd Nigeria limited Lagos, Nigeria. A Descriptive design was adopted
for this study. A total of 150 participants were surveyed using a structured
questionnaire to gather information on self-medication practices, knowledge
of diclofenac sodium side effects, and reported health outcomes.
Results: The study revealed a high prevalence of self-medication among
construction workers, with 62.7% of participants engaging in this practice.
The main reasons cited for self-medication were the easy availability of
diclofenac sodium without a prescription and the desire for immediate pain
relief. However, the study also found a lack of awareness about the potential
side effects of diclofenac sodium which is 98%, with only 2% of participants
demonstrating sufficient knowledge. Several health risks associated with
self-medication were reported, including stomach upset which is 18.7%,
headache 40% and other adverse drug interactions were recorded.
Conclusion: These findings underscore the need for comprehensive
interventions, including educational campaigns, collaboration between
healthcare professionals and construction companies, and stronger regulatory
measures to ensure responsible medication practices. By addressing these
issues, the well-being and safety of construction workers can be enhanced,
reducing the potential health risks associated with self-medication
The world today faces a myriad of urgent challenges that transcend disciplinary boundaries.
The World Economic Forum's emphasis on these multidisciplinary issues highlights the
interconnected nature of our globalized world. Solutions demand collaboration, innovation,
and integrated approaches across various sectors. By fostering partnerships between
governments, businesses, academia, and civil society, the international community can work
towards a more sustainable, equitable, and prosperous future for all. The urgency of these
challenges underscores the need for immediate action and a collective commitment to finding
solutions that transcend borders and disciplines
With respect to this, IHSRAN is calling on all academics and researchers in all disciplines to
enhance the impact of their research by publishing in the renowned IHSRA Journal of Global
Issues and Interdisciplinary Studies.
Become part of our distinguished community of intellectual leaders and contribute to shaping
the future of global comprehension. Present your manuscript today and make your mark in
the world of academia. Let's collaboratively explore the crossroads of knowledge and propel
positive transformations across various fields.
The key objectives of IHSRAN are to influence the future of Global research and policy
making while contributing to the advancement in sharing insights that bridge disciplines and
tackle the complex challenges of our interconnected world; on a global scale
MATERNAL AND FETAL OUTCOME AMONG OBSTETRIC REFERRALS: A CASE STUDY OF THE BA...GABRIEL JEREMIAH ORUIKOR
Abstract: Background: maternal/foetal mortality and morbidity could be reduced by making use of timely
consultations, an efficient referral system, basic and comprehensive emergency obstetric care to pregnant women
and their new-borns. This study was carried out in other to compare maternofoetal outcome and to evaluate the
types of delays experienced by women.
The main objective was to evaluate maternal and foetal outcome of obstetric referrals.
Method: A case control study was carried out. All pregnant women that were referred, consented and met with the
inclusion criteria were recruited as cases, while those who came to deliver on their own were recruited as the controls.
Data were collected on pretested questionnaires. The chi square test was used as nonparametric test.
Result: Most of the participants 75.4% (n=49) were found between 15-30 years. The majority (n=35, 53.8%) of
pregnant women were referred from health centres. Cases with at least one delay was twice that of the controls (cases
42, 64.6% controls 22, 33.8% p value =0.00). 6.2 %and 9.8 %babies delivered from cases and control group
respectively were born dead. Admission in the Neonatal intensive care unit was in greater proportion for the babies
delivered from cases than the controls (cases 15, 23.1% controls 9, 13.8% p value=0.175). Most of the women
delivered through ceserian section (cases 27, 41.5% controls 32, 49.2% p value =0.378). No maternal mortality was
recorded. 60% of the women spent 7-14days in the hospital.
Conclusion: for non-referred pregnant women, maternal outcome is poor but foetal outcome is better.
MATERNAL AND FETAL OUTCOME AMONG OBSTETRIC REFERRALS: A CASE STUDY OF THE BA...GABRIEL JEREMIAH ORUIKOR
Background: maternal/foetal mortality and morbidity could be reduced by making use of timely
consultations, an efficient referral system, basic and comprehensive emergency obstetric care to pregnant women
and their new-borns. This study was carried out in other to compare maternofoetal outcome and to evaluate the
types of delays experienced by women.
The main objective was to evaluate maternal and foetal outcome of obstetric referrals.
Method: A case control study was carried out. All pregnant women that were referred, consented and met with the
inclusion criteria were recruited as cases, while those who came to deliver on their own were recruited as the controls.
Data were collected on pretested questionnaires. The chi square test was used as nonparametric test.
Result: Most of the participants 75.4% (n=49) were found between 15-30 years. The majority (n=35, 53.8%) of
pregnant women were referred from health centres. Cases with at least one delay was twice that of the controls (cases
42, 64.6% controls 22, 33.8% p value =0.00). 6.2 %and 9.8 %babies delivered from cases and control group
respectively were born dead. Admission in the Neonatal intensive care unit was in greater proportion for the babies
delivered from cases than the controls (cases 15, 23.1% controls 9, 13.8% p value=0.175). Most of the women
delivered through ceserian section (cases 27, 41.5% controls 32, 49.2% p value =0.378). No maternal mortality was
recorded. 60% of the women spent 7-14days in the hospital.
Conclusion: for non-referred pregnant women, maternal outcome is poor but foetal outcome is better.
Keywords: Obstetrics, Referrals, Haemorrhage, Infection, Outcome.
Assessment of Mothers' Knowledge and use of Oral Rehydration Therapy for Dia...GABRIEL JEREMIAH ORUIKOR
Diarrhoea disease is the second leading cause of death in
children under 5 years old, and is responsible for killing about 300, 000
children annually in Nigeria. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is the preferred
treatment for fluid and electrolyte losses due to diarrhoea in children with
mild to moderate dehydration. This study aimed to assess the knowledge
and use of ORT in the management of diarrhoea in children under 5 years
at Seventh Day Adventist Hospital (SDAH, Ife).
Epidemiology is the science and practice which describes and explains disease patterns in populations,
and puts this knowledge to use to improve health. The central paradigm of epidemiology is that patterns
of disease in populations may be analyzed systematically to provide understanding of the causes and
control of disease. Epidemiology seeks out the differences and similarities ('compare and contrast') in
the disease patterns of populations to gain new knowledge. Valid measurement of the frequency of
disease and factors which may influence disease, and are therefore potential explanations for the
observed patterns, is crucial to the epidemiological goal. The focus of epidemiology is on the pattern of
disease and ill-health in the population. Epidemiology combines elements of clinical, biological, social
and ecological sciences. Epidemiology is dependent on clinical practice and sciences to make a
diagnosis, the starting point of our work. The goal of epidemiology as a science is to understand the
causes of disease variation and use this to improve the health of populations and individuals. The goal of
epidemiology as a practice is preventing and controlling disease, guiding health and health care policy
and planning, and improving health care in individuals. Epidemiological variables should meet the
purposes of epidemiology. Epidemiology is based on theories.
This book is a product of a
gift that God has given to Evangelist Gabriel Jeremiah Oruikor for the
purpose of Training of children .
The writing of “SHAPING GOD`S ARROWS” itself came by a direct
inspiration of the Holy spirit to bless several thousands and Evang.
Gabriel message has encouraged countless ministers of the
Gospel and parents, in the area of Teaching and training of
children evangelists .
Proverb 22; 6 “Train up a child in the way he should go; and when
he is old, he will not depart from it.
Training children is different from teaching child, hence training
involves parent ,then it is a divine assignment with responsibility
of according assistance to shape them to develop their
personalities .The parents are not just to bring children in the
world ,but also to bring them to the knowledge of God, through
instructions and informations.
If you don`t want shame, disgrace or pain in your heart at old age
as a parent ,Read this book for deeper revelation and be obedient
to God`s instruction by training up your children and you are the
one that will eat the fruit of your children tomorrow.
Thank Evang. Gabriel for the release of the gift of the mighty
anointing of the Holy spirit UPON your life, to the body of Christ
and your Generation. Amen
Our world is filled with catastrophes and endemic
diseases. The world is suffering from spiritual
problem and it is only spiritual and not political that
we can get solution. Our political elites cannot
solve our problems but only Jesus can do it.
Apostle Paul wrote to the Christians in Colossians,
“In whatsoever ye do in word or deed, do all in
the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to
God the father through Him” (Col. 3:17)
Everything we do as Christians should stem from
acts of worship. People in ministry heal the sick,
cast out demons and spend countless sessions
doing counseling for those confused or seeking
direction. Also, they spend quality time for prayer
meetings and various services.
The pastors and other ministers in the church
preach the gospel steadily to people and make
sure that church conferences, activities and
retreats is in order. We pray and fast in
preparation for impartation, we seek God’s face, kneeling to God for spiritual maturity. All these we
do in the church but how many of you worship God
in your job, places, and factories?
How many of you discuss or share the good news
about Jesus there? How many of you pastors
equip the saints not to depend on you but sent out
to share good news in their job places? Hear what,
Jesus said, “What shall I liken the men of this
generation; what are they like?
They are like unto children sitting in the market
place, and calling one to another and saying,
we are piped unto you and ye have not
danced; we have mourned to you, and ye have
not wept” (Luke 7:31-32). Can you imagine little
children in the market place, they don’t know road
to their homes; all they would do is crying for help
of direction.
That is what Jesus said, that the people in your
job places are like. That means they don’t know
Christ, but no one seeks to show them the way of
Christ. Christians today do not hold down secured
work and even try to share their faith with others.
In the beginning God created heaven and earth
and everything that is in it.
Psalm 24:1 “The earth is the Lord’s and the
fullness thereof; The world and they that dwell
therein (KJV)
Our God is the sole founder of everything that ever
existed, and even before He laid his foundation,
He had already have them programmed.
After God created man in His own image, God
ordained man to be wealthy – holistically. Look at
this scripture, Gen. 1:28; “And God blessed them
and God said unto them (man and woman), be
fruitful and multiply and replenish the earth
and subdue it; and have dominion over the
fish of the sea and over the fowl of the air and
over every living thing that moveth upon the
earth”.
From the above scripture, God originally blessed
all man’s seeds and not some seeds.
It is now a common knowledge that teenagers and
youths of our generation are faced with great
challenges. The development scored safer in the
communication and media industries is not
helping matters. Praise God where iniquity
abound, grace receives a boost, but sin being a
great hindrances to grace must be checkmate;
abounding grace must be given her place.
The creator of all things; the great master designer
God made all things beautiful in order to return
praises unto Himself. He determined the times
and seasons, gave the boundaries of human
habitations. In His love furnished His prime
creation (man) with the manual to run the affairs
of the earth while he oversees all things from the
heavens.
His love covered us from all grounds and gave us
all things freely to enjoy. And in Him all things
consists –and maintains their existence. Sexuality
being part of His fundamental bonding principles
in human co-existence must be fully understood
to be appreciated.
Relationshipisamostthingtobeengaged.God'sthe
authorofgoodrelationships.Everyhumanisina
relationship.No one can live alone without a
relationship.
Basically,arelationshipisaconnectionbetweentwo
ormorepeople.Inourlives,wehavemanydifferent
kindsofrelationshipswithourfamily,ourfriends,our
teachersand ourneighbors.Butthere are divers
categoriesofrelationship,it'sbasedonthepurpose
orthoseinvolved.Themostcommonrelationshipis
theonebetweenGodandhischildren.
Drugs are gotten from Animals, Plants and Minerals. By products of
animals, including humans, are a source for drugs because they contain
hormones that can be reclaimed and given to patients who need
increased hormonal levels to maintain homeostasis. For example,
Premarin is a drug that contains estrogen that is recovered from mare
urine. This is used as hormonal therapy to manage menopausal
symptoms. Insulin is another hormonal drug that is used to regulate
blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes mellitus. Insulin can be
recovered from humans using DNA technology.
A number of plants have medicinal qualities and have been used for
centuries as natural remedies for injuries and illnesses. Pharmaceutical
firms harvest these plants and transform them into drugs that have a
specific purity and strength sufficient to treat diseases. An example of a
drug that comes from a plant is digitalis. Digitalis is made from leaves
of the foxglove plant and is used to treat congestive heart failure and
cardiac arrhythmias
Basically, Clinical pharmacology is the science of drug use to manage
illnesses in humans. General medical practitioners and Clinicians of all
specialties prescribe drugs in their daily routines. Also, students in
health sciences are expected to have sound knowledge in Clinical
pharmacology because it form the basis of their studies. If drugs are not
used properly in therapeutic practices, it become very dangerous for the
effectiveness of the practice as lives would be in danger.
Dr. ORUIKOR GABRIEL JEREMIAH, decided to present a textbook
that would summarize the practice of using drugs in a simple format to
assist health sciences in the basic knowledge of drugs usage for
humans.
The book entitle “POCKET SYSTEMIC AND CLINICAL
PHARMACOLOGY FOR HEALTH SCIENCES FIRST EDITION” is
well prepared to serve its vulnerable purpose of studies in clinical
Pharmacology. However, this first edition does not cover all the
pharmacology of the human systems, its selective which include: Drugs
acting on GIT, RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, BLOOD, AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. It’s believed that subsequent editions would
cover other systems.
The author also discussed the principles of basic Pharmacology and
toxicology.
Its my pleasure to have a review of this book written by Dr ORUIKOR
GABRIEL JEREMIAH. I place my thumb up on this for all health
science and medical students to use this book because the approaches
here in this book are simplified ,current and comprehensive.
One of the most critical and sexiest aspects of life is the
reproductive health.
Humans are able to reproduce and increase numerically in their
kinds as a recompense of reproduction.
If life must continue, then this subject must be a priority in
everyday studies to enhance quality life and maintain the
highest level of functioning reproductively.
It is worthy of acknowledgement that many are living silently
in the world of reproductive health disaster and filled with
reproductive challenges ignorantly. While some are just
adamant of it, others are bereft of the knowledge and the right
key to obtain reproductive health.
Also there are lots of diseases and abnormally planned families
which have given rise to scarcity of resources leading to poverty
and poor life status.
It is based on the aforementioned perspectives and concepts
that the author of this book, Dr. Oruikor Gabriel Jeremiah, a
seasonal medical practitioner placed his ink here.
The book, “COMPREHENSIVE HUMAN
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND FAMILY PLANNING “
provide analytical and innovative approaches for the
understanding of this subject ,and as well as to create
awareness, educate and offer solutions to many of the ever
asked questions on reproductive life improvement
It is often said “Good things are always bitter to
achieve”. Natural materials played major roles in
our wellness. Fruits are good as agreed and
known by many peoples. But the true values of
some fruits are not known by many people.
Most of the contents found in some drugs used for
health care and treatment of illnesses or diseases
are derived from fruits.
The importance of maintaining good health can’t
be stressed enough. A healthy body sets the
stage for your day-to-day well-being and
determines how well you’ll age. It also allows you
to live an active and more full life, which means
you’ll have a better quality of life as you age.
Maintaining a healthy body is the best way to have
an active and full life.
A healthy body requires a mix of a balanced diet,
regular exercise, quality sleep, mindfulness and,
of course, a healthy lifestyle.
Maintaining a healthy body is the best way to have
an active and full life. It’s the most important thing
you can do to stay healthy as you age
Historically, the term “Disease” is widely known to many persons as
written by many scholars who have taken their researchers in this angle.
Disease affect members of the public which include the community. So
it’s worthy to address it in the community using community health
principles.
A disease causes us discomfort or an uneasy feeling, which may or may
not necessarily give a pain sensation. Although “disease-free” and
“being healthy” are terms that are often correlated, they are completely
different. There is more to “being healthy” than just being “diseasefree”. Certain signs and symptoms are used to diagnose a particular
disease. And, presence of a particular disease can lead to an unhealthy
life.
For people who have taken a career in Health sciences or students in
health sciences who would eventually graduate to be health
Practitioners, disease management eventually becomes their priority. So
it’s crucial and beneficial to understand the science and art of
preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the
organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public
and private, communities and individuals.
This book entitled “ MANAGEMENT OF SELECTED DISEASES IN
COMMUNITY HEALTH CARE SETTINGS 1st edition “ is well written
to enable the readers become familiar with how to promote and protect
the health of people and the communities where they live, learn, work and play.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The Impact of Poverty on Under 5 Children in Rural Communities of the West African Region Alliance for Sustainable Development Initiatives
1. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374255751
The Impact of Poverty on Under 5 Children in Rural Communities of the West
African Region Alliance for Sustainable Development Initiatives
Article · January 2023
CITATIONS
0
READS
8
7 authors, including:
Mordecai Oweibia
University of Port Harcourt
2 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Gabriel Jeremiah Oruikor
Institute of Health science, research and administration of Nigeria
29 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Chris Elemuwa
National Primary Healthcare Development Agency( NPHCDA), Plot 681/682 Port H…
19 PUBLICATIONS 194 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
All content following this page was uploaded by Mordecai Oweibia on 28 September 2023.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
2. 644
Int. j. adv. multidisc. res. stud. 2023; 3(5):644-650
The Impact of Poverty on Under 5 Children in Rural Communities of the West
African Region
1
Mordecai O, 2
Gabriel JO, 3
Chris O Elemuwa, 4
Emman Akpan, 5
Elemuwa Daniel T, 6
Azodoh Victoria
1
Department of Population and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
1
Bayelsa State Emergency Maternal and Child Health Intervention Centre, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
1
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Parakou, Republic of Benin, Benin
2
Institute of Health Science, Research and Administration of Nigeria, Nigeria
3, 6
National Primary Health Care Development Agency, Nigeria
4, 5
Alliance for Sustainable Development Initiatives
Corresponding Author: Mordecai O
Abstract
Background: Under 5 children mortality is a significant
public health issue in West Africa, where poverty is
prevalent. Poverty is a complex and multifaceted issue that
affects various aspects of life, including health outcomes.
The impact of poverty on under 5 children mortality has
been extensively studied in West Africa, and this review
aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the
findings of these studies.
Methods: This review is aqualitative Narrative review in
which systematic review procedures were employed to
search, select, and extract data from overviews that meet
eligibility criteria for this study. The search yielded a total of
1,245 articles; published between 2005 and 2023 in West
Africa, including Nigeria, Ghana, Mali, and Senegal. 78
articles were selected for full-text review, out of which 30
met the inclusion criteria and included in the final analysis.
The studies used different study designs, including cross-
sectional, cohort, and case-control studies. The sample sizes
ranged from 100 to 10,000 participants.
Results: The findings of the studies showed that poverty has
a significant impact on under 5 children mortality in West
Africa. Children from poor households were more likely to
die before their fifth birthday compared to children from
wealthier households. Poverty also affected the health
outcomes of mothers, which in turn affected the health
outcomes of their children. The studies identified various
factors that contribute to the impact of poverty on under 5
mortality, including malnutrition, lack of access to
healthcare, poor sanitation, and inadequate housing. The
studies also highlighted the role of community-level factors,
such as social support and community participation, in
mitigating the impact of poverty on under 5 mortality.
Conclusion: Poverty affects various aspects of life,
including access to healthcare, nutrition, and basic
amenities, which in turn affects the health outcomes of
children. Community-based interventions that address the
underlying causes of poverty and improve access to
healthcare and basic amenities should be strengthened,
designed better and implemented in collaboration with
stakeholders to ensure their effectiveness and sustainability.
Further research is needed to identify effective interventions
that can improve health outcomes in impoverished
communities.
Keywords: Poverty, Children, Rural Communities, Nigeria
Introduction
Poverty is a major issue in West Africa, with almost half of the population living below the poverty line. Poverty has a
significant impact on the health and well-being of the population, particularly on children under the age of five. Under-5
children mortality is a key indicator of the health and well-being of a population, and the high under-5 mortality rate in West
Africa is largely attributed to poverty and the lack of access to basic needs such as healthcare, clean water, and adequate
nutrition.Poverty is a complex and multidimensional issue that is difficult to define. The World Bank defines poverty as living
on less than $1.90 per day, which is the international poverty line (World Bank, 2020). However, poverty is not just about
income; it is also about access to basic needs such as food, water, shelter, and healthcare. Poverty is a global issue that affects
millions of people around the world. It is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that is difficult to define and measure.
Received: 08-08-2023
Accepted: 18-09-2023
3. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies www.multiresearchjournal.com
645
Poverty is not only about income but also encompasses
access to basic needs such as food, shelter, healthcare, and
education. There has been significant progress in reducing
poverty levels over the last few decades, but the COVID-19
pandemic has highlighted the fragility of these gains. This
paper will discuss poverty, its causes and effects, and
measures to alleviate it. Poverty is a multifaceted and
complex issue, and there is no one definition that captures
all its dimensions.
The World Bank defines poverty as living on less than $1.90
per day, which is the international poverty line (World
Bank, 2020). This definition only captures the monetary
aspect of poverty and does not address the wider social,
cultural, and political factors that contribute to poverty.
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
defines poverty as the lack of basic capabilities to lead a
dignified life (UNDP, 2020) [32]
. It highlights the importance
of access to basic needs such as food, water, shelter, and
healthcare, as well as education, employment, security, and
social inclusion. This definition acknowledges the
multidimensional nature of poverty and emphasizes the
importance of addressing both the root causes and the
consequences of poverty. Poverty has complex and
interrelated causes that vary across countries and regions.
One of the main causes of poverty is the lack of access to
education and training, which limits people's ability to
compete for jobs and earn a decent wage (Jalan & Ravallion,
2003) [16]
. Limited access to education also limits people's
ability to participate in civic life and exercise their rights as
citizens.
Another key factor contributing to poverty is the lack of
economic opportunities resulting from structural inequalities
and market failures (Kanbur, 2009). Inadequate
infrastructure and public services, such as healthcare and
education, also contribute to poverty, particularly in rural
areas. Conflict, political instability, and natural disasters are
also significant factors contributing to poverty, particularly
in developing countries (Mehrotra, 2014). These factors
disrupt economic activity and destroy essential
infrastructure, forcing people to flee their homes and seek
refuge elsewhere.
The effects of poverty are far-reaching and can be felt across
different spheres of life, including health, education, and
livelihoods. People living in poverty are more likely to
suffer from poor nutrition, malnourishment, and diseases
(World Health Organization, 2020). They are also more
likely to face mental health problems and social exclusion
(Lloyd-Sherlock et al., 2017) [23]
.
Poverty can also negatively impact educational outcomes,
limiting the opportunities for people to escape poverty
(Evans & Schamberg, 2009) [10]
. Children living in poverty
are more likely to drop out of school, resulting in a cycle of
intergenerational poverty that perpetuates unequal
opportunities and outcomes (Lloyd-Sherlock et al., 2017)
[23]
. Poverty also affects people's livelihoods, limiting their
ability to access decent jobs and work in safe and healthy
environments. In addition, people living in poverty are more
likely to experience discrimination and exclusion based on
their social status, race, gender, or other categories (Sen,
2001) [29]
.
There have been numerous efforts to alleviate poverty,
ranging from social protection programs to economic
policies aimed at promoting inclusive growth. Social
protection programs, such as conditional cash transfers, have
been effective in reducing poverty levels in several countries
(Devereux & Sabates-Wheeler, 2004) [9]
. These programs
provide targeted assistance to the most vulnerable
populations, including children, pregnant women, and the
elderly. Economic policies aimed at promoting inclusive
growth, such as investments in infrastructure and education,
can also help alleviate poverty (Kanbur, 2009). By
improving access to essential services such as healthcare
and education, these policies can help people acquire the
skills and knowledge necessary to compete for decent jobs
and improve their economic prospects.
West Africa is a region that has been plagued by poverty for
decades. According to the World Bank, in 2018, 47.5% of
the population in West Africa lived below the poverty line
(World Bank, 2020). Poverty in West Africa is characterized
by a lack of access to basic needs such as food, water,
shelter, and healthcare. This lack of access to basic needs
has a significant impact on the health and well-being of the
population, particularly on children under the age of five.
Under-5 children mortality is the number of deaths of
children under the age of five per 1,000 live births. Under-5
children mortality is a key indicator of the health and well-
being of a population, and it is used to measure progress
towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs).
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in
2019, the under-5 mortality rate in West Africa was 76
deaths per 1,000 live births (WHO, 2020). This is
significantly higher than the global average of 39 deaths per
1,000 live births. The high under-5 children mortality rate in
West Africa is largely attributed to poverty and the lack of
access to basic needs such as healthcare, clean water, and
adequate nutrition.
The causes of under-5 children mortality in West Africa are
complex and multifactorial. The major causes of under-5
children mortality in West Africa include infectious diseases
such as malaria, pneumonia, and diarrhoea, as well as
malnutrition and lack of access to healthcare (UNICEF,
2019). Children living in poverty are more likely to suffer
from these conditions, which increases their risk of
mortality.
Malnutrition is a major issue in West Africa, particularly
among children under the age of five. According to a study
by Awoyemi et al. (2018) [3]
, poverty is a major contributor
to malnutrition in children under the age of five in Nigeria.
The study found that families living in poverty were less
likely to have access to nutritious food and were more likely
to rely on cheap, low-quality food that did not provide
adequate nutrition for their children. Poverty is a major issue
in West Africa, with almost half of the population living
below the poverty line. Poverty has a significant impact on
the health and well-being of the population, particularly on
children under the age of five. Under-5 children mortality is
a key indicator of the health and well-being of a population,
and the high under-5 children mortality rate in West Africa
is largely attributed to poverty and the lack of access to
basic needs such as healthcare, clean water, and adequate
nutrition. Rural communities in West Africa face significant
barriers to accessing healthcare and malnutrition is a major
issue, particularly among children under the age of five.
Therefore, it is important to understand the experiences of
rural communities in West Africa regarding poverty and
under-5 children mortality to develop effective interventions
to address these issues.
4. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies www.multiresearchjournal.com
646
Rural communities in West Africa are the ones who are
most affected by poverty and under-5 children mortality.
Therefore, it is important to understand their experiences
and perspectives on these issues. Rural communities in West
Africa face significant barriers to accessing healthcare,
including the cost of healthcare services and transportation.
According to a study by Oluwole et al. (2019), poverty is a
major barrier to accessing healthcare in rural communities in
Nigeria. The study found that families living in poverty
were less likely to seek healthcare for their children due to
the cost of healthcare services and transportation. In
addition, families living in poverty were more likely to rely
on traditional healers, which may not provide effective
treatment for serious illnesses.
Even though poverty is a global issue that affects millions of
people around the world, the rural communities in West
Africa is among the hardest hit. West Africa is home to
some of the poorest countries in the world, with low-income
levels, limited access to basic needs, and high rates of
under-5 children mortality. Therefore, it is important to
understand the experiences and perspectives of local
communities in West Africa regarding poverty and its
impacts. Rural communities in West Africa face significant
barriers to accessing healthcare, including the cost of
healthcare services and transportation. According to a study
by Oluwole et al. (2019), poverty is a major barrier to
accessing healthcare in rural communities in Nigeria. The
study found that families living in poverty were less likely
to seek healthcare for their children due to the cost of
healthcare services and transportation. In addition, families
living in poverty were more likely to rely on traditional
healers, which may not provide effective treatment for
serious illnesses. The lack of infrastructure and inadequate
healthcare facilities also contribute to poor healthcare access
in West Africa. According to the World Health Organization
(WHO), there are only 2.1 healthcare workers for every
1,000 people in West Africa, compared to the global average
of 9 per 1,000 people (WHO, 2020). This lack of healthcare
workers and infrastructure limits the ability of rural
communities to access basic healthcare services and respond
to health emergencies effectively.
Poverty has significant impacts on health, and local
communities in West Africa are not immune to these effects.
Poverty is strongly linked to malnourishment, which is a
major cause of under-5 children mortality in West Africa
(UNICEF, 2018). Malnutrition weakens children's immune
systems, making them more susceptible to infections and
other health complications. Rural communities in West
Africa also face high rates of infectious diseases such as
malaria, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis, which are more
prevalent among people living in poverty (Mehrotra, 2014).
Poverty also affects the mental health and well-being of
rural communities in West Africa. Poverty is linked to
stress, depression, and anxiety, which can impact people's
ability to function and lead productive lives. Poverty can
also limit people's social and economic opportunities,
leading to long-term poverty and further marginalization.
There have been several efforts to alleviate poverty in West
Africa, including poverty reduction programs, investments
in infrastructure, and social protection programs. Poverty
reduction programs aim to stimulate economic growth and
promote job creation, thereby improving access to economic
opportunities for rural communities (Kanbur, 2009). These
programs also focus on enhancing social services such as
healthcare and education to improve social outcomes.
Investments in infrastructure and social services are crucial
for improving healthcare access and promoting economic
development in West Africa. Investing in infrastructure such
as roads, bridges, and transportation can improve access to
markets and healthcare services. Investments in healthcare,
education, and social protection programs can also alleviate
poverty and improve social outcomes for rural communities.
Social protection programs, such as cash transfers and food
assistance, can provide much-needed support to the most
vulnerable populations. These programs target people living
in poverty, particularly women and children, and provide
them with financial assistance, food, and social services to
improve their well-being and life chances (UNICEF, 2016).
The COVID-19 pandemic has further exposed the
vulnerabilities and inequalities in rural communities in West
Africa, highlighting the urgent need for sustained efforts to
alleviate poverty and promote inclusive development. The
pandemic has disrupted healthcare services, livelihoods, and
education, exacerbating the poverty situation in the region
(BMJ 2021) [6]
.
Therefore, it is essential to prioritize investments in
healthcare, social protection, and economic recovery to
build a more resilient and sustainable future for local
communities in West Africa.
Method
Research Approach: This study is a qualitative Narrative
review in which a systematic review procedures were
employed to search, select, and extract data from overviews
that meet eligibility criteria for this study. Preferred
Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Mhe systematic
search of electronic databases yielded a total of 1,245
articles. After screening the titles and abstracts, 78 articles
were selected for full-text review. Of these, 30 articles met
the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis.
Targeted countries in West Africa sub region included:
Nigeria, Ghana, Mali, and Senegal. The studies used
different study designs, including cross-sectional, cohort,
and case-control studies. The sample sizes ranged from 100
to 10,000. The selected studies were published between
2005 and 2023.
Design: A systematic search of relevant literature between
2005 and 2023 from the West African sub-region was
conducted through electronic databases such as PubMed,
Google Scholar, and Scopus. The search terms include
"poverty," "under 5 children mortality," "West Africa,"
"rutal communities," "health outcomes," and other related
keywords. The inclusion criteria were studies published in
English in peer-reviewed journals, studies conducted in
West Africa, and studies with a focus on under 5 children
mortality and poverty.
Selection Process: Two independent reviewers screened the
studies and select the relevant articles based on the inclusion
criteria. The reviewers scanned the titles and abstracts of the
articles and then go through the full-text articles to select the
relevant ones. Any discrepancy in the selection process was
resolved through discussion and consensus.
Data Extraction: The reviewers extracted data from the
selected studies using a standardized form. The extracted
data included the author, year of publication, study design,
5. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies www.multiresearchjournal.com
647
sample size, population, poverty measurement, under 5
mortality measurement, findings, and limitations.
Quality Assessment: The quality of the selected studies was
assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment
Scale.
This review aimed to provide a comprehensive
understanding of the experiences of rural communities and
the effects of poverty on their health outcomes.
Results
The findings of the studies showed that poverty has a
significant impact on under 5 children mortality in West
Africa. Children from poor households were more likely to
die before their fifth birthday compared to children from
wealthier households. Poverty also affected the health
outcomes of mothers, which in turn affected the health
outcomes of their children. The studies identified various
factors that contribute to the impact of poverty on under 5
children mortality, including malnutrition, lack of access to
healthcare, poor sanitation, and inadequate housing. The
studies also highlighted the role of community-level factors,
such as social support and community participation, in
mitigating the impact of poverty on under 5 children
mortality.
The quality assessment of the selected studies showed that
most studies had moderate to high quality. However, some
studies had limitations in sample size, representativeness,
and outcome assessment.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the
under-5 children mortality rate in West Africa is 76 deaths
per 1,000 live births, which is higher than the global average
of 39 deaths per 1,000 live births (WHO, 2021). This paper
aims to identify the factors associated with under-5 children
mortality in West Africa, with a focus on poverty as a key
determinant.
The study indicated that under-five children mortality is a
significant public health concern in West Africa, where
poverty is prevalent. Socio-demographic characteristics such
as maternal education, household income, and access to
healthcare services was identified as key determinants of
under-five children mortality in the region.
Maternal education is a crucial factor in reducing under-five
children mortality rates in West Africa. Studies have shown
that children born to mothers with no formal education are
more likely to die before their fifth birthday than those born
to mothers with higher levels of education (Adedini et al.,
2015) [2]
. This is because educated mothers are more likely
to have access to information on child health and nutrition,
and are better equipped to make informed decisions about
their children's health.
Household income is another important socio-demographic
characteristic that affects under-five children mortality rates
in West Africa. Poverty is a significant risk factor for child
mortality, as poor households often lack access to basic
healthcare services and nutritious food (UNICEF, 2019).
Children from low-income households are also more likely
to suffer from malnutrition, which increases their risk of
death from preventable diseases such as pneumonia and
diarrhoea.
Access to healthcare services is a critical factor in reducing
under-five children mortality rates in West Africa. Children
who live in areas with limited access to healthcare services
are more likely to die from preventable diseases (UNICEF,
2019). This is because they are less likely to receive timely
and appropriate medical care when they fall ill. In addition,
poor families may not be able to afford the cost of
healthcare services, which further limits their access to care.
Poverty affects access to healthcare, nutrition, and
sanitation, which are essential factors in reducing child
mortality (UNICEF, 2019). Children from poor households
are more likely to suffer from malnutrition, which weakens
their immune system and makes them more susceptible to
infectious diseases (UNICEF, 2019). Poverty also limits
access to healthcare services, including immunization,
which is critical in preventing childhood diseases (WHO,
2021).
Inadequate healthcare infrastructure is another factor
associated with under-5 children mortality in West Africa.
The region has a shortage of healthcare workers, with only
2.3 doctors and 10.9 nurses per 10,000 people (WHO,
2021). This shortage of healthcare workers limits access to
healthcare services, particularly in rural areas, where the
majority of the population lives (WHO, 2021). Inadequate
healthcare infrastructure also affects the quality of
healthcare services, which can lead to misdiagnosis and
inappropriate treatment.
Infectious diseases are a significant cause of under-5
children mortality in West Africa. Malaria, pneumonia, and
diarrhea are the leading causes of death among children
under 5 years old (WHO, 2021). These diseases are
preventable and treatable, but poverty and inadequate
healthcare infrastructure limit access to prevention and
treatment services (WHO, 2021). In addition, poor
sanitation and hygiene practices contribute to the spread of
infectious diseases, particularly in rural areas (UNICEF,
2019).
Maternal health is also a factor associated with under-5
children mortality in West Africa. Maternal health affects
the health of the child, particularly during the first 1,000
days of life, which is a critical period for growth and
development (UNICEF, 2019). Poor maternal health,
including malnutrition and anemia, can lead to low birth
weight and other complications that increase the risk of
under-5 children mortality (UNICEF, 2019).
The perceptions and experiences of the community
regarding under-5 mortality are essential in developing
effective interventions to reduce child mortality rates. The
community's perception of under-5 children mortality in
West Africa is influenced by cultural beliefs, socioeconomic
status, and access to healthcare. In many West African
cultures, child mortality is viewed as a natural occurrence,
and the death of a child is attributed to supernatural causes
(Adeyemo, 2019) [4]
. Poverty also plays a significant role in
shaping community perceptions of under-5 children
mortality. Families living in poverty may view child
mortality as an inevitable consequence of their economic
situation (Adeyemo, 2019) [4]
.
The review also found that interventions that involve
community participation in the design and implementation
of healthcare programs are more effective than those that do
not. Community-based interventions for reducing under-5
children mortality in West Africa have been shown to be
effective. A systematic review of community-based
interventions in low- and middle-income countries found
that these interventions can reduce child mortality rates by
up to 27% (Lassi et al., 2014) [22]
.
6. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies www.multiresearchjournal.com
648
Effective interventions to reduce under-5 children mortality
in West Africa must take into account the community's
perceptions and experiences of child mortality. Interventions
should focus on improving access to healthcare, particularly
for families living in poverty. Community-based
interventions that involve community members in the design
and implementation of healthcare programs have been
shown to be effective in reducing child mortality rates
(Bhutta et al., 2010) [7]
. Interventions should also address
cultural beliefs that may contribute to under-5 children
mortality, such as traditional practices that may be harmful
to children's health. By addressing the root causes of under-
5 children mortality in West Africa, all can work towards
reducing child mortality rates and improving the health and
well-being of children in the region. These interventions
aimed to improve access to healthcare, promote healthy
behaviours, and address cultural beliefs that may contribute
to child mortality.
Promoting healthy behaviours is another essential
component of community-based interventions for reducing
under-5 children mortality in West Africa. Health education
programs that focus on promoting healthy behaviours, such
as hand washing and exclusive breastfeeding, have been
shown to be effective in reducing child mortality rates (Lassi
et al., 2014) [22]
. These programs can be delivered through
community meetings, home visits, and other community-
based activities.
Addressing cultural beliefs that may contribute to under-5
children mortality is also an important component of
community-based interventions in West Africa. Traditional
practices, such as female genital mutilation and early
marriage, can have significant health consequences for
children (Lassi et al., 2014) [22]
. Community-based
interventions can involve working with community leaders
and traditional healers to promote alternative practices that
are safer for children.
Overall, the narrative synthesis of the selected studies
provided a comprehensive understanding of the impact of
poverty on under 5 mortality in West Africa. The findings
highlighted the need for interventions that address the
underlying causes of poverty and improve access to
healthcare and basic amenities in the region. The limitations
of the review, including the potential for selection bias and
subjective interpretation, were also acknowledged.
Discussion
The findings of the selected studies provide a
comprehensive understanding of the impact of poverty on
under 5 children mortality in West Africa. Poverty affects
various aspects of life, including access to healthcare,
nutrition, and basic amenities, which in turn affects the
health outcomes of children. (stella et al 2016). Poverty is a
significant risk factor for under 5 children mortality, and
children from poor households are more likely to die before
their fifth birthday compared to children from wealthier
households (Mohammed et al., 2023) [26]
.
The studies identified various factors that contribute to the
impact of poverty on under 5 children mortality, including
malnutrition, lack of access to healthcare, poor sanitation,
maternal education, household income, sanitation, infectious
diseases, perception of community and inadequate housing
(Andriano and Mondadeno, 2019 [5]
; Lartey et al 2016 [21]
;
Gaffan et al 2022 [11]
; Hansen and Paintsil, 2017; Malderen
et al 2019 [37]
).
These factors are interrelated and contribute to a vicious
cycle of poverty and poor health outcomes. For example,
malnutrition can lead to poor health outcomes, which in turn
affects the ability of children to attend school and access
healthcare, leading to further poverty. This is in agreement
with report by Stephanie et al, 2022 which reported that
when considering the relationship between poverty and
community health, the associations are profound. The study
inferred that poverty and healthcare are entangled in a
vicious cycle. It stated that impoverished people find it more
difficult to access quality healthcare, and this lack of quality
healthcare in turn contributes to more poverty. Also, the
reports highlighted that healthcare disparities in both
domestic and international spheres exist along
socioeconomic lines and are impacted by environmental and
educational factors.
The studies also highlighted the role of community-level
factors, such as social support and community participation,
in mitigating the impact of poverty on under 5 children
mortality. It further inferred that community-based
interventions that address the underlying causes of poverty
and improve access to healthcare and basic amenities can
have a significant impact on under 5 children mortality in
West Africa. This contradicts study carried out by Boone et
al, 2016 which reported that the package of community-
based interventions that aimed to improve health knowledge
and provide services did not reduce under-5 mortality in
rural Guinea-Bissau. Again, in western Rwanda, researchers
evaluated the impact of community health clubs on
household take-up of healthy behaviors and on the health of
children under 5 years of age. The program had minimal
impact on household behaviors and no impact on caregiver-
reported rates of diarrhea among children under five
(Innovation for Poverty Action IPA, 2015). Kolekang et al.,
(2022) [20]
in their study stated that the state of the package
of interventions will likely not lead to rapid mortality
reduction. The work suggested that coverage and quality of
childbirth-related interventions should be increased.
Additionally, the report recommended that avenues to
further reduce stunting and wasting, including increased
breastfeeding and complementary feeding, will be
beneficial.
The impact of poverty on under 5 children mortality in West
Africa is a complex issue that requires a comprehensive
understanding of the underlying factors that contribute to
poor health outcomes. The selected studies provide valuable
insights into the impact of poverty on under 5 children
mortality and highlight the need for effective interventions
to improve health outcomes in impoverished communities.
Despite the valuable insights provided by the selected
studies, there are limitations to the review. The studies
included in the review were conducted in various countries
in West Africa, and the findings may not be generalizable to
other regions. There is also the potential for selection bias
and subjective interpretation, which may affect the validity
of the findings. Further research is needed to investigate the
impact of poverty on under 5 mortality in other regions and
to identify effective interventions that can improve health
outcomes in impoverished communities.
By addressing the root causes of under 5 mortality in West
Africa, we can work towards reducing child mortality rates
and improving the health and well-being of children in the
region.
7. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies www.multiresearchjournal.com
649
Recommendations
It is recommended that community based interventions
should be strengthened, designed better and implemented in
collaboration with stakeholders to ensure their effectiveness
and sustainability. Further research is needed to identify
effective interventions that can improve health outcomes in
impoverished communities. In addition, there should be
urgent need for concerted efforts to combat poverty and its
effects on the mortality of children under the age of five in
West Africa. It is our joint obligation to make sure that
every child, regardless of socioeconomic position, has the
opportunity to develop and reach their full potential because
the health and well-being.
Limitations of the Review
The review articles were mainly from publications in
English literature.
This narrative review include the potential for selection bias,
publication bias, and limitations in the quality of the studies
reviewed.
Strength of the Review
Most of the reviewed articles were current, between 2022
and 2023.
The review articles were subjected to two independent
reviewers for thorough screening and explicitly comparing
and contrasting the results of different studies.
Conclusion
The impact of poverty on under 5 children mortality in West
Africa is a complex and multifaceted issue that requires
urgent attention. The findings of the reviewed studies clearly
demonstrate that poverty is a significant contributor to the
high rates of under 5 children mortality in the region. The
studies have identified various factors that contribute to the
impact of poverty on under 5 mortality, including
malnutrition, lack of access to healthcare, poor sanitation,
and inadequate housing; which further emphasize that
poverty and healthcare are entangled in a vicious cycle.
However, the studies have also highlighted the role of
community-level factors, such as social support and
community participation, in mitigating the impact of poverty
on under 5 mortality; in contrast to cited studies which
inferred that comunity intervention had liitle effect on under
5 children mortality in some parts of west African sub
region.
References
1. Addai I. Determinants of use of maternal-child health
services in rural Ghana. Journal of Biosocial Science.
2000; 32(1):1-15.
2. Adedini SA, Odimegwu C, Imasiku EN, Ononokpono
DN, Ibisomi L. Regional variations in infant and child
mortality in Nigeria: A multilevel analysis. Journal of
Biosocial Science. 2015; 47(2):165-187.
3. Awoyemi TT, Obayelu OA, Opaluwa HI. Effect of
poverty on malnutrition among under-five children in
Nigeria. Food Science and Quality Management. 2018;
74:1-10.
4. Adeyemo FO. Community perceptions of under-five
mortality in Nigeria: A qualitative study. PloS one.
2019; 14(1):e0210364.
5. Andriano L, Monden CWS. The Causal Effect of
Maternal Education on Child Mortality: Evidence from
a Quasi-Experiment in Malawi and Uganda.
Demography. 2019; 56(5):1765-1790.
6. BMJ. Poverty, health, and covid-19. 2021; 372:376.
7. Bhutta ZA, Ahmed T, Black RE, Cousens S, Dewey K,
et al. What works? Interventions for maternal and child
undernutrition and survival. The Lancet. 2010;
371(9610):417-440.
8. Boone P, Elbourne D, Fazzio I, Fernandes S, Frost C,
Jayanty C, et al. Effects of community health
interventions on under-5 mortality in rural Guinea-
Bissau (EPICS): A cluster-randomised controlled trial.
The Lancet Global Health. 2016; 4(5):e328-e335.
9. Devereux S, Sabates-Wheeler R. Transformative Social
Protection. Sussex: Institute of Development Studies,
2004.
10. Evans G, Schamberg M. Childhood poverty, chronic
stress, self-regulation, and coping. Child Development
Perspectives. 2009; 3(1):28-32.
11. Gaffan N, Kpozehouen A, Degbey C, Ahanhanzo YG,
Moussiliou Noël Paraïso. Effects of household access to
water, sanitation, and hygiene services on under-five
mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers public
health, 2022.
12. Garenne M. Urbanisation and child health in resource
poor settings with special reference to under-five
mortality in Africa. Archives of Public Health. 2015;
73(1):1-10.
13. Hansen C, Paintsil E. Infectious Diseases of Poverty in
Children: A Tale of Two Worlds. Pediatr Clin North
Am. 2016; 63(1):37-66.
14. Health Care for Under-Five Children in Rural
Communities in Nigeria: Focus on Care-Seeking
Behaviour. Journal of Community Health. 2016;
44(2):325-334.
15. Innovation for Poverty and Action. The impact of
community based environmental health promotion
program on child health in western Rwanda. Bill and
Melinda Gates Foundation, 2015.
16. Jalan J, Ravallion M. Does poverty decline with falling
inequality? The Review of Economics and Statistics.
2003; 85(3):231-244.
17. Kanbur R. Conceptualizing poverty. Journal of
Economic Inequality. 2009; 7(2):149-168.
18. Kanbur R. The economics of poverty: History,
measurement and policy. Oxford University Press,
2009.
19. Khan JR, Awan N, Misu F. Determinants of under-five
mortality in rural and urban Pakistan. The Journal of the
Pakistan Medical Association. 2016; 66(12):1565-1570.
20. Kolekang A, Sarfo B. Conceptualization, Writing-
review & editing, 2 Anthony Danso-Appiah.
Contribution of child health interventions to under-five
mortality decline in Ghana: A modeling study using
lives saved and missed opportunity tools. PLoS One.
2022; 17(8):e0267776.
21. Lartey ST, Khanam R, Takahashi S. The impact of
household wealth on child survival in Ghana. J Health
Popul Nutr. 2016; 35:p38.
22. Lassi ZS, Bhutta ZA, Middleton P. Community-based
interventions for improving perinatal and neonatal
health outcomes in developing countries: A review of
the evidence. Pediatrics. 2014; 133(2):e164-e181.
23. Lloyd-Sherlock P, Barrientos A, Moller V, Saboia J,
Stuchlik A. Advances in measuring poverty in the
8. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies www.multiresearchjournal.com
650
developing world: A multidimensional approach.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
24. Mehrotra S. Natural disasters, vulnerability, and risk
management: A framework for disaster risk
management. Journal of International Development.
2014; 26(2):184-201.
25. Mehrotra S. Health and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa.
The Lancet Global Health. 2014; 2(3):e126-e127.
26. Mohammed K, Abubakari AR, Amoak D, Antabe R,
Luginaah I. Geographic disparities in the time to under-
five mortality in Ghana. PLoS ONE. 2023;
18(9):e0291328. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291328
27. Oluwole EO, Olufunlayo TF, Oyediran MA. Barriers to
accessing healthcare services among rural communities
in Nigeria. International Journal of Health Sciences.
2019; 13(3):1-7.
28. Oluwole EO, Afolabi OT, Ilesanmi O. Barriers to
Mothers' Utilization of, 2019.
29. Sen A. Development as freedom. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2001.
30. United Nations Children's Fund. Levels and trends in
child mortality: Report 2019. United Nations Children's
Fund, 2019.
31. UNICEF. Child poverty and disparities in West and
Central Africa, 2019. Retrieved from:
https://www.unicef.org/wca/what-we-do/child-poverty-
and-disparities
32. UNDP. Human Development Report 2020: The Next
Frontier. New York: United Nations Development
Programme, 2020.
33. UNICEF. Cash Transfer Programming in Emergencies,
2016. Retrieved from:
https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Cash_Transfe
r_Programming_in_Emergencies_2016.pdf
34. UNICEF. The State of the World's Children 2019.
Children, Food and Nutrition: Growing well in a
changing world, 2018. Retrieved from:
https://www.unicef.org/media/60561/file/SOWC-
2019.pdf
35. UNICEF. Under-five mortality, 2019. Retrieved From:
https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/under-five-
mortality/
36. UNICEF. Child mortality, 2019. Retrieved from:
https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/under-five-
mortality/
37. Van Malderen C, Amouzou A, Barros AJD, et al.
Socioeconomic factors contributing to under-five
mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: A decomposition
analysis. BMC Public Health. 2019; 19:p760.
38. World Bank. Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020:
Reversals of fortune. Washington, D.C: World Bank,
2020.
39. World Bank. Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day
(2011 PPP) (% of population), 2020. Retrieved from:
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY
40. World Health Organization. Under-five mortality, 2020.
Retrieved from:
https://www.who.int/gho/child_health/mortality/mortali
ty_under_five_text/en/
41. World Health Organization. Poverty and health, 2020.
Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/hdp/poverty/en/
42. World Health Organization. Under-five mortality, 2021.
Retrieved from:
https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/indica
tor-groups/indicator-group-details/GHO/under-five-
mortality
43. World Health Organization. Health workforce in
African Region: Challenges and opportunities, 2020.
Retrieved from:
https://www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/2017-
06/health-workforce-in-african-region-challenges-and-
opportunities.pdf
View publication stats