pH and Potentiometry, Potentiometric titrations, Electrodes used in Potentiometry, Standard Hydrougen electrode, calamel electrode, silver silver chloride electrode, glass electrode
ESTIMATION OF THE RATE OF REACTION WILL BE DONE BASED ON THE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REFERENCE AND INDICATOR ELECTRODE. THE POTENTIAL OF THE REFERENCE ELECTRODE IS STABLE WHERE AS THE POTENTIAL OF THE INDICATOR ELECTRODE VARIES WITH THE POTENTIAL OF THE SOLUTION IN WHICH IT IS PLACED
The earliest voltammetric technique
Heyrovsky invented the original polarographic method in 1922, conventional direct current polarography (DCP).
It employs a dropping mercury electrode (DME) to continuously renew the electrode surface.
Diffusion is the mechanism of mass transport.
When an external potential is applied to a cell
containing a reducing substance such as CdCl2,
The following reaction will occur:
Cd2+ + 2e + Hg = Cd(Hg)
The technique depends on increasing the applied
voltage at a steady rate and simultaneously
record photographically the current-voltage
curve (polarogram)
The apparatus used is called a polarograph .
When an external potential is applied to a cell
containing a reducing substance such as CdCl2,
The following reaction will occur:
Cd2+ + 2e + Hg = Cd(Hg)
The technique depends on increasing the applied
voltage at a steady rate and simultaneously
record photographically the current-voltage
curve (polarogram)
The apparatus used is called a polarograph .
Capillary tube about 10-15cm
Int. diameter of 0.05mm
A vertical distance being maintained betwwen DME and the solution
Drop time of 1-5 seconds
Drop diameter 0.5mm
The supporting electrolyte
is a solution of (KNO3, NaCl, Na3PO4) in which the sample (which must be electroactive) is dissolved.
Function of the supporting electrolyte
It raises the conductivity of the solution.
It carries the bulk of the current so prevent the
migration of electroactive materials to working
electrode.
It may control pH
It may associate with the electroactive solute as
in the complexing of the metal ions by ligands.
ESTIMATION OF THE RATE OF REACTION WILL BE DONE BASED ON THE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REFERENCE AND INDICATOR ELECTRODE. THE POTENTIAL OF THE REFERENCE ELECTRODE IS STABLE WHERE AS THE POTENTIAL OF THE INDICATOR ELECTRODE VARIES WITH THE POTENTIAL OF THE SOLUTION IN WHICH IT IS PLACED
The earliest voltammetric technique
Heyrovsky invented the original polarographic method in 1922, conventional direct current polarography (DCP).
It employs a dropping mercury electrode (DME) to continuously renew the electrode surface.
Diffusion is the mechanism of mass transport.
When an external potential is applied to a cell
containing a reducing substance such as CdCl2,
The following reaction will occur:
Cd2+ + 2e + Hg = Cd(Hg)
The technique depends on increasing the applied
voltage at a steady rate and simultaneously
record photographically the current-voltage
curve (polarogram)
The apparatus used is called a polarograph .
When an external potential is applied to a cell
containing a reducing substance such as CdCl2,
The following reaction will occur:
Cd2+ + 2e + Hg = Cd(Hg)
The technique depends on increasing the applied
voltage at a steady rate and simultaneously
record photographically the current-voltage
curve (polarogram)
The apparatus used is called a polarograph .
Capillary tube about 10-15cm
Int. diameter of 0.05mm
A vertical distance being maintained betwwen DME and the solution
Drop time of 1-5 seconds
Drop diameter 0.5mm
The supporting electrolyte
is a solution of (KNO3, NaCl, Na3PO4) in which the sample (which must be electroactive) is dissolved.
Function of the supporting electrolyte
It raises the conductivity of the solution.
It carries the bulk of the current so prevent the
migration of electroactive materials to working
electrode.
It may control pH
It may associate with the electroactive solute as
in the complexing of the metal ions by ligands.
It contains what is amperometry and where it will be derived and what is the principle behind the amperometry. Instrumentation of amperometry and the purpose of dipping mercury electrode and rotating platinum electrode. The advantage over rotating platinum electrodes. Amperometric titration curves for reducible ions and non-reducible ions. What tells the Ilkovic equation and how it relates to the amperometry is also included. Applications, advantages, and disadvantages of amperometric titration are also included. Questions related to amperometry and amperometric titration are given for practice. The contents taken from the websites are also given.
Polarographic technique is applied for the qualitative or quantitative analysis of electroreducible or oxidisable elements or groups.
It is an electromechanical technique of analyzing solutions that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution as well as the gradually increasing applied voltage to determine respectively the concentration of a solute and its nature.
The principle in polarography is that a gradually increasing negative potential (voltage) is applied between a polarisable and non-polarisable electrode and the corresponding current is recorded.
Polarisable electrode: Dropping Mercury electrode
Non-polarisable electrode: Saturated Calomel electrode
From the current-voltage curve (Sigmoid shape), qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed. This technique is called as polarography, the instrument used is called as polarograph and the current-voltage curve recorded is called as polarogram
Potentiometry, Electrochemical cell, construction and working of indicator an...Vandana Devesh Sharma
Potentiometry - Electrochemical cell -Construction and working of reference (Standard hydrogen, silver chloride electrode and calomel electrode)
Indicator electrodes (metal electrodes and glass electrode)
Methods to determine end point of potentiometric titration
and applications
Potentiometry is the method to find the concentration of solute in
A given solution by measuring the potential between two Electrodes
(reference and Indicator electrode) . Potentiometric titration involves
the measurement of the potential of the indicator electrode and
reference electrode.
In potentiometric titration reference and indicator electrodes are
immersed in the solution of particular analyte (titrand) and
potential of indicator electrode is measured with relation to
reference electrode.
Titrant is added in analyte (Titrand) and change in potential is noted
down.
At the end point there is sharp change in potential on indicator
electrode.
Graph is plotted between the indicator electrode potential and
volume of titrant added.
This method is used for determination of sharp end point.
Types of Potentiometric Titration
1. Acid-base titration 2. Redox Titration 3.Complexometric titration 4. Precipitation Titration
It is an electrochemical method of analysis used for the determination or measurement of the electrical conductance of an electrolyte solution by means of a conductometer.
Electric conductivity of an electrolyte solution depends on :
Type of ions (cations, anions, singly or doubly charged
Concentration of ions
Temperature
Mobility of ions
The main principle involved in this method is that the movement of the ions creates the electrical conductivity. The movement of the ions is mainly depended on the concentration of the ions.
The electric conductance in accordance with ohms law which states that the strength of current (i) passing through conductor is directly proportional to potential difference & inversely to resistance.
i =V/R
It contains what is amperometry and where it will be derived and what is the principle behind the amperometry. Instrumentation of amperometry and the purpose of dipping mercury electrode and rotating platinum electrode. The advantage over rotating platinum electrodes. Amperometric titration curves for reducible ions and non-reducible ions. What tells the Ilkovic equation and how it relates to the amperometry is also included. Applications, advantages, and disadvantages of amperometric titration are also included. Questions related to amperometry and amperometric titration are given for practice. The contents taken from the websites are also given.
Polarographic technique is applied for the qualitative or quantitative analysis of electroreducible or oxidisable elements or groups.
It is an electromechanical technique of analyzing solutions that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution as well as the gradually increasing applied voltage to determine respectively the concentration of a solute and its nature.
The principle in polarography is that a gradually increasing negative potential (voltage) is applied between a polarisable and non-polarisable electrode and the corresponding current is recorded.
Polarisable electrode: Dropping Mercury electrode
Non-polarisable electrode: Saturated Calomel electrode
From the current-voltage curve (Sigmoid shape), qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed. This technique is called as polarography, the instrument used is called as polarograph and the current-voltage curve recorded is called as polarogram
Potentiometry, Electrochemical cell, construction and working of indicator an...Vandana Devesh Sharma
Potentiometry - Electrochemical cell -Construction and working of reference (Standard hydrogen, silver chloride electrode and calomel electrode)
Indicator electrodes (metal electrodes and glass electrode)
Methods to determine end point of potentiometric titration
and applications
Potentiometry is the method to find the concentration of solute in
A given solution by measuring the potential between two Electrodes
(reference and Indicator electrode) . Potentiometric titration involves
the measurement of the potential of the indicator electrode and
reference electrode.
In potentiometric titration reference and indicator electrodes are
immersed in the solution of particular analyte (titrand) and
potential of indicator electrode is measured with relation to
reference electrode.
Titrant is added in analyte (Titrand) and change in potential is noted
down.
At the end point there is sharp change in potential on indicator
electrode.
Graph is plotted between the indicator electrode potential and
volume of titrant added.
This method is used for determination of sharp end point.
Types of Potentiometric Titration
1. Acid-base titration 2. Redox Titration 3.Complexometric titration 4. Precipitation Titration
It is an electrochemical method of analysis used for the determination or measurement of the electrical conductance of an electrolyte solution by means of a conductometer.
Electric conductivity of an electrolyte solution depends on :
Type of ions (cations, anions, singly or doubly charged
Concentration of ions
Temperature
Mobility of ions
The main principle involved in this method is that the movement of the ions creates the electrical conductivity. The movement of the ions is mainly depended on the concentration of the ions.
The electric conductance in accordance with ohms law which states that the strength of current (i) passing through conductor is directly proportional to potential difference & inversely to resistance.
i =V/R
Potentiometry is the field of electro-analytical chemistry in which potential is measured without current flow.
It is a method of analysis in which we determine the concentration of solute in solution and the potential difference between two electrodes.
Potentiometry: Electrical potential, electrochemical cell, reference electrodes, indicator
electrodes, measurement of potential and Ph, construction and working of electrodes,
Potentiometric titrations, methods of detecting end point, Karl Fischer titration.
Introduction – cells – types - representation of galvanic cell - electrode potential - Nernst equation (derivation of cell EMF) - calculation of cell EMF from single electrode potential - reference electrode: construction, working and applications of standard hydrogen electrode, standard calomel electrode - glass electrode – EMF series and its applications - potentiometric titrations (redox) - conductometric titrations - mixture of weak and strong acid vs strong base.
What is Gravimetric analysis, stepes invloved in gravimetry, Filteration medium in gravimetry, gravimetric factor, application, organic and inorganic prepecating agents
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Points to be covered
• Electrochemical cell, construction and
• Working of reference (Standard hydrogen,
silver chloride electrode and
• calomel electrode) and indicator electrodes
(metal electrodes and glass electrode)
• methods to determine end point of
potentiometric titration and
• applications
11/1/2018 2Deokate U.A.
3. Electroanalytical methods
• involve the measurement of either the electrical
current flowing between a pair of electrodes immersed
in the solution tested (voltammetric and
amperometric methods) or
• An electrical potential developed between a pair of
electrodes immersed in the solution tested
(potentiometric methods).
• In either case, the measured parameter (current or
potential) is proportional to the concentration of
analyte
11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 3
4. 11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 4
Electro analytical chemistry
• Electro analytical chemistry encompasses a
group of quantitative analytical methods
that are based upon the electrical
properties of an analyte solution when it is
made part of an electrochemical cell.
• These methods make possible the
determination of a particular oxidation
state of an element.
5. 11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 5
Advantages of electro analytical tech.
• Electrochemical measurements are specific for a
particular oxidation state of element, so determination
of con from a individual species from mixture is
possible.
• Instruments are relatively inexpensive as compare to
other
• They provide information about activates rather than
conc. of chemical specifies
• High degree of sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy.
• Concentration less than 10-10 moles can be determine
using these methods
• Automation is possible for these methods.
7. Potentiometry Principle:
• The principle involved
in the Potentiometry
is when the pair of
electrodes is placed in
the sample solution it
shows the potential
difference by the
addition of the titrant
or by the change in
the concentration of
the ions
11/1/2018 7Deokate U.A.
8. 11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 8
Electro chemical Cell
• A chemical cell is system in which chemical
energy is transferred in to electrical energy.
• Each cell is made up of 2 electrodes one
liberating e- is called oxidizing electrode
(anode) while the other absorb e- is called
reducing electrode (cathode)
9. 11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 9
Types of electrochemical cells:
• There are two types of electrochemical cells:
1. Galvanic or Voltaic cell (ones that
spontaneously produce electrical energy) and
2. Electrolytic (ones that consume electrical
energy).
12. 11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 12
Electrodes used in Potentiometry
•Reference Electrodes: the electrode whose
potential is independent of nature and
composition of surrounding
•Indicator Electrodes: Electrode whose potential
depends on Con/ activity of one component in
solution.
13. • The reference electrode is the electrode which contains of
its own potential value and it is stable when dipped into
sample solution.
• The salt bridge is used to prevent the interference of the
analyte solution with that of reference solution.
• Here analyte solution is the solution whose potential is to
be measured.
• The indicator electrode is the electrode which responds to
change in the potential of analyte solution
• The electromotive force of the complete cell is given by the
following equation:
Ecell = Ereference + Eindicator + Ejunction
• where E reference is the electromotive force of the
reference electrode ,E indicator is electromotive force of
indicator electrode, E junction is the electromotive force at
the junction of the liquid.
11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 13
14. Theory:
• When the known potential electrode immersed in
the sample solution then the potential is given by
Nernst equation:
E= E0 +(0.592/n) log c
• Where E is the potential of the solution; E0 is the
standard electrode potential; n is the valency of
the ions; c is the concentration of the sample
solution;
• 0.592 is the value obtained from the RT/F; where
R is the gas constant, T is the temperature in
Kelvin, F is the faradays constant.
11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 14
15. Reference Electrodes
• The reference electrodes are classified into
two main classes they are as follows:
• Primary standard electrodes ex: Standard
hydrogen electrode
• Secondary standard electrodes ex: silver-silver
chloride electrode, saturated calomel
electrode
11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 15
16. 11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 16
Characteristics of Ideal Reference Electrode:
1. Reversible and follow Nernst equation
2. Potential should be constant with time
3. Should return to original potential after being subjected to
small currents
4. Little effect with temperature cycling
5. Should behave as ideal nonpolarized electrode
6. Made of some stable chemical species, is readily available
and usually simple to use.
7. Should be non-toxic if you are going to use it in a biological
system.
8. Should be rugged and portable if you are going to use it in the
field
17. 11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 17
Standard Hydrogen reference electrode
• This is the reference half cell against which all others are
compared.
• It must be easy to construct, reversible and be highly
reproducible
• The standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) meets these
specifications
• It consists of a piece of platinum coated with finely
divided platinum black to increase its specific area.
• It is immersed in aq acid solution and hydrogen is
bubbled
18. 11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 18
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)
• The standard H2
electrode potential is
defined as the
potential that is
developed between
the H2 gas adsorbed on
the pt metal and H+ of
the solution when the
H2 gas at a pressure of
760 mm of Hg is in
equilibrium with H+ of
unit concentration
19. Limitations SHE
• It is rather difficult to regulate the pressure of the H2
gas to be at exactly 1atm throughout the experiment.
• If the solution contains any oxidizing agent, the H2
electrode cannot be used.
• Excess of H2 bubbling out carries little HCl with it and
hence the H+ concentration decreases. In such a
system, it is difficult to maintain the concentration of
HCl at 1M.
• Platinum foil gets easily poisoned by the impurities
present in the gas and HCl. In fact, the attainment of
equilibrium is ensured by trial and error.
11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 19
20. 11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 20
Ag/AgCl
• Constructed of a silver wire, coated with silver chloride, in a
solution containing silver chloride
– Sometimes AgCl is in solution saturated with KCl
– Saturated KCl keeps the chloride activity constant and
helps keep the electrode stable
log!tenbasewithlnreplaceweIF
C25@0.05916
nF
RT
][Clln
nF
RT
EE
S.H.E)to(relativemV197KCl)(sat.E
S.H.E)to(relativemV222E
ClAgeAgCl
-o
o
(aq)
-
(s)
-
(s)
23. 11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 23
Calomel (S.C.E)
• Calomel is mercury (I) chloride
• One of the most common reference
electrodes
2-0
o
(aq)
-
(l)
-
(s)22
][Clln
nF
RT
EE
S.H.E)to(relativemV241KCl)(sat.E
S.H.E)to(relativemV268E
Cl2Hg2e2ClHg
25. 11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 25
Indicator Electrodes
• Used for indicating the
potential caused by some
chemical species as
compared to the
reference electrode.
• Usually connected to the
+ (cathode) side of the
potentiometer
• Made of a variety of
often allegedly, but never
actually, inert materials.
• Metal Electrodes
– Electrode of first kind
– Electrode of Second kind
– Electrode of third kind
– Electrode of redox type
• Platinum
• Ion Selective (membrane)
– Glass membrane
– Crystalline
• Solid State
– Liquid Membrane
• Ecell=Eindicator-Ereference
26. 11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 26
Metallic electrode
• 1st kind
– Used for determination of activity of cation
derived from electrode metal
– respond directly to changing activity of
electrode ion
– Direct equilibrium with solution
– Not very selective
– simple
• Eg: Ag, Hg, Cu, Zn, Cd, Bi, Tl, Pb
27. 11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 27
2nd kind
• A metal which can often made responsive to
activity of ion to which it form ppt or stable
complex of ion
– Ag for halides
– Ag wire in AgCl saturated surface
• Complexes with organic ligands
– EDTA
28. 11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 28
Indictor electrodes
• 3rd kind
– Electrode responds to different cation
– Competition with ligand complex
– Eg. Hg is used for determination of calcium
• Inert metals (Redox electrode)
– Pt, Au, Pd
• Electron source or sink
• Redox of metal ion evaluated
– May not be reversible
30. 11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 30
Membrane Indicator electrodes
– Non-crystalline membranes:
• Glass - silicate glasses for H+, Na+
• Liquid - liquid ion exchanger for Ca2+
• Immobilized liquid - liquid/PVC matrix for Ca2+ and NO3-
– Crystalline membranes:
• Single crystal - LaF3 for F Polycrystalline
• or mixed crystal - AgS for S2- and Ag+
• Properties
– Low solubility - solids, semi-solids and polymers
– Some electrical conductivity - often by doping
– Selectivity - part of membrane binds/reacts with analyte
31. 11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 31
pH (Glass Membrane) Electrodes
• One of the simpler ion-selective electrodes (ISE)
• Hydrogen Ion imparts a charge across a
hydrated glass membrane
• Generally include an internal reference
electrode (Ag/AgCl) and a separate Ag/AgCl
electrode for sensing the charge imparted by
the hydrogen ions
• Not as simple to use as you think!
34. Advantages & Disadvantages
• ADVANTAGES :
– Response is very rapid
– Chemically resistant to oxidizing & reducing agents,
dissolved gases, salts etc.
– When Lithia -silica glasses are used, it can be used over the
entire pH range.
• DISADVANTAGES
– It is extremely fragile
– Minute abrasions on the surface of the tip, damages the
electrode
– It cannot be used with simple potentiometers, because of
the high resistance.
11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 34
36. APPLICATIONS
• Clinical chemistry: Ion selective electrodes are present sensors for
clinical samples because of their selectivity for analyte in complex
matrices. The most common analytes are electrolytes such as Na, k
,Ca ,H, and Cl and dissolved gases such as CO2
• Environmental chemistry: For analysis of CN- ,NH3, NO3, F3 in
water and waste water.
• Potentiometric titrations: For determining the equivalence point of
an acid base titration.
• possible for redox, precipitation, acid-base, complexation as well as
for all titrations in aqueous n non aqueous solvents.
• Agriculture: NO3 ,NH4 ,I ,Ca, K ,CN, Cl in soils, plant materials, feed
stuffs, fertilizers.
• Detergent manufacturing: Ca, Ba, F for studying effects in water
quality.
11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 36
37. Applications
• Salt content of meat fish dairy products fruit juices
brewing solutions
• Ca in dairy products and beer
• K in fruit juice and wine making
• Corrosive effects of NO3 in canned foods
• F in drinking water and other drinks
• NO3 and NO2 in meat preservatives
• Assay of bisacodyl suppositories and assay of sulpha
drugs can be estimated potentiometrically.
• Food processing: Automatic potentiometer
11/1/2018 Deokate U.A. 37