potential condition of West Bengal for making protected cultivation in green house, lath house, glass house and cost benefit ratio of high cost and low cost structure for farmers of west bengal.
This document summarizes physiological disorders that affect warm season vegetables like tomatoes, brinjal, chili, sweet pepper, beans, and tapioca. It describes the symptoms, causes, and management strategies for common disorders like blossom end rot, cracking, sun scald, blotchy ripening, cat face, puffiness, gold flake, poor fruit set, chilling injury, transverse cotyledon cracking, and vascular streaking. Balanced irrigation, staking, calcium and potassium sprays, and growing resistant varieties are recommended to manage many of these disorders.
The document discusses planning and design considerations for greenhouses. It covers site selection factors like solar exposure, drainage, wind protection and orientation. Greenhouse structural designs can be straight-sided walls with arched or gabled roofs, or hoop-style frames. Designs must withstand wind and snow loads. Covering materials are selected based on light transmission, durability, thermal properties and service life. The ideal covering transmits visible light, absorbs UV rays, reflects infrared to prevent overheating, is low-cost, and lasts 10-20 years.
Grafting is a method employed to improve crop production. Grafting of vegetable seedlings is a unique horticultural technology practiced for many years in East Asia to overcome issues associated with intensive cultivation using limited arable land.The first grafted vegetable seedlings used were for Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) plants grafted onto Lagenaria siceraria L. rootstock to overcome Fusarium wilt. Since then, the use of grafted solanaceous and cucurbitaceous seedlings has spread, with the practice mainly used in Asia, Europe, and North America. The expansion of grafting is likely due to its ability to provide tolerance to biotic stress, such as soilborne pathogens, and to abiotic stresses, such as cold, salinity, drought, and heavy metal toxicity, due to the resistance found in the rootstock. Many aspects related to rootstock/scion interactions are poorly understood, which can cause loss of fruit quality, reduced production, shorter postharvest time, and, most commonly, incompatibility between rootstock and scion. The rootstock and scion cultivars must be chosen with care to avoid loss.
1) Okra is an annual herbaceous plant cultivated as a summer vegetable in Bangladesh. It provides many nutrients and health benefits.
2) The objectives of okra breeding are to study cultivation practices, evaluate yield, analyze costs and benefits, identify problems, and propose solutions. Breeding methods include pure-line selection, pedigree method, mutation breeding, and heterosis breeding.
3) Constraints in okra production include seed germination issues due to temperature, flower and bud drop due to heat or cold, and pest damage causing deformed pods. Overcoming these constraints through improved breeding techniques could help increase okra production.
Pruning and training cucurbitaceous vegetable crops can improve their growth, yield and fruit quality. Research has found that pruning lateral branches on cucumber at 60cm from the base increased fruit number and yield. For bottle gourd, pruning all branches up to 45cm and pinching the vine at the 6th node improved flowering and yield. Training vines on structures like trellises also increased yields of crops like bitter gourd and pumpkin compared to no training. Different training systems like bower, T-trellis and umbrella produced higher yields than ground cultivation for various cucurbits.
This document provides an overview of chickpea production technology, including its origin from Asia and the Mediterranean, varieties, soil and climate requirements, cultivation practices from field preparation through harvesting, and storage. Key steps include applying fertilizer before sowing, performing weed control and irrigation as needed, managing pests and diseases, harvesting when plants dry, threshing and drying seeds, and storing seeds at 10% moisture content.
This document summarizes physiological disorders that affect warm season vegetables like tomatoes, brinjal, chili, sweet pepper, beans, and tapioca. It describes the symptoms, causes, and management strategies for common disorders like blossom end rot, cracking, sun scald, blotchy ripening, cat face, puffiness, gold flake, poor fruit set, chilling injury, transverse cotyledon cracking, and vascular streaking. Balanced irrigation, staking, calcium and potassium sprays, and growing resistant varieties are recommended to manage many of these disorders.
The document discusses planning and design considerations for greenhouses. It covers site selection factors like solar exposure, drainage, wind protection and orientation. Greenhouse structural designs can be straight-sided walls with arched or gabled roofs, or hoop-style frames. Designs must withstand wind and snow loads. Covering materials are selected based on light transmission, durability, thermal properties and service life. The ideal covering transmits visible light, absorbs UV rays, reflects infrared to prevent overheating, is low-cost, and lasts 10-20 years.
Grafting is a method employed to improve crop production. Grafting of vegetable seedlings is a unique horticultural technology practiced for many years in East Asia to overcome issues associated with intensive cultivation using limited arable land.The first grafted vegetable seedlings used were for Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) plants grafted onto Lagenaria siceraria L. rootstock to overcome Fusarium wilt. Since then, the use of grafted solanaceous and cucurbitaceous seedlings has spread, with the practice mainly used in Asia, Europe, and North America. The expansion of grafting is likely due to its ability to provide tolerance to biotic stress, such as soilborne pathogens, and to abiotic stresses, such as cold, salinity, drought, and heavy metal toxicity, due to the resistance found in the rootstock. Many aspects related to rootstock/scion interactions are poorly understood, which can cause loss of fruit quality, reduced production, shorter postharvest time, and, most commonly, incompatibility between rootstock and scion. The rootstock and scion cultivars must be chosen with care to avoid loss.
1) Okra is an annual herbaceous plant cultivated as a summer vegetable in Bangladesh. It provides many nutrients and health benefits.
2) The objectives of okra breeding are to study cultivation practices, evaluate yield, analyze costs and benefits, identify problems, and propose solutions. Breeding methods include pure-line selection, pedigree method, mutation breeding, and heterosis breeding.
3) Constraints in okra production include seed germination issues due to temperature, flower and bud drop due to heat or cold, and pest damage causing deformed pods. Overcoming these constraints through improved breeding techniques could help increase okra production.
Pruning and training cucurbitaceous vegetable crops can improve their growth, yield and fruit quality. Research has found that pruning lateral branches on cucumber at 60cm from the base increased fruit number and yield. For bottle gourd, pruning all branches up to 45cm and pinching the vine at the 6th node improved flowering and yield. Training vines on structures like trellises also increased yields of crops like bitter gourd and pumpkin compared to no training. Different training systems like bower, T-trellis and umbrella produced higher yields than ground cultivation for various cucurbits.
This document provides an overview of chickpea production technology, including its origin from Asia and the Mediterranean, varieties, soil and climate requirements, cultivation practices from field preparation through harvesting, and storage. Key steps include applying fertilizer before sowing, performing weed control and irrigation as needed, managing pests and diseases, harvesting when plants dry, threshing and drying seeds, and storing seeds at 10% moisture content.
This document provides information about the production technology of tomatoes. It begins with the botanical classification of tomatoes, describing their origin in Peru and Mexico. It then covers tomato cultivation methods such as variety selection, climate needs, seed treatment, nursery preparation, and seasonal planting times. The document also discusses the nutritional value of tomatoes and lists some popular varieties grown in India. In summary, the document outlines the botanical background and production practices for cultivating tomatoes as a vegetable crop.
Dr. Nikhil Ambish discusses protected cultivation of vegetable crops, which involves manipulating growing conditions to yield higher quality produce year-round, even in marginal environments. This includes infrastructure like frames, cladding, irrigation, as well as controlling temperature, humidity, and light. Low tunnels, walk-in tunnels, insect net houses, and shade net houses are inexpensive options, while naturally ventilated and fan/pad cooled greenhouses provide more precise climate control. The document outlines specific protected cultivation projects underway, including different vegetable varieties grown and production levels across various structure types.
This document provides information on onion seed production including floral biology, methods, requirements, and standards. It discusses:
1) Onion flowers are protandrous, with pollen shed occurring before stigma receptivity. Cross-pollination by insects is needed for high seed yields.
2) The bulb-to-seed method is most common, involving selecting bulbs in one season for planting the next season for seed production. Care is taken to select true-to-type bulbs.
3) Seed production requires isolation distances between varieties, rogueing of off-types, and inspection to ensure varietal purity and high seed quality and yields.
This document discusses sex expression in cucurbitaceous crops. It notes that cucurbits can have various sex forms ranging from hermaphroditic to monoecious to gynoecious. The major cucurbits like cucumber, bitter gourd, muskmelon, watermelon are typically monoecious. Gynoecious lines have been developed in some crops like cucumber and muskmelon through breeding. Sex determination is controlled by genes but can be modulated by environmental factors like temperature and photoperiod. Chemicals like silver nitrate and gibberellic acid can also induce staminate flowers.
This document provides information on protected cultivation using greenhouses. It discusses the benefits of protected cultivation including higher yields, year-round production, better quality, and protection from weather. Greenhouses allow full or partial control of the microclimate around plants. Vegetables and flowers are well-suited for greenhouses. The types of greenhouses described are attached (lean-to, even-span, window-mounted) and freestanding structures. Requirements for greenhouse covering materials and fertigation systems are also outlined. India has an area of 25,000 hectares under protected cultivation currently, compared to other leading countries. The costs for establishing one acre of greenhouse with irrigation and climate control systems to grow cucumbers are
Training is an important operation in grapes.
It helps to maintain the stature and spread of the vine and facilitates operations like pruning, intercultivation, spraying and harvesting.
Many training systems are in vogue in India, but the most popular are Bower, Telephone and Kniffin systems.
Physiological disorders in plants can be caused by nutrient deficiencies or excesses, water issues, temperature fluctuations and other non-pathogenic stressors. They impact plant growth and development across all plant stages. Common physiological disorders include blossom end rot in tomatoes from calcium deficiency, hollow heart in potatoes from irregular watering, and bolting in lettuce from temperature changes. Managing disorders requires identifying their causes and implementing practices like balanced fertilization, irrigation, ventilation and growing resistant varieties. Physiological issues cannot be transmitted but can seriously impact crop yields if not properly addressed.
Protected cultivation of vegetable crops BY HARMANJEETStudent
This document provides an overview of protected cultivation of vegetable crops. It discusses the need for protected cultivation due to factors like globalization, climate change, and shrinking land. Protected cultivation ensures higher yields, quality, and profits. India has seen growth in protected cultivation, especially in states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Uttarakhand. The document outlines the potential crops well-suited for protected cultivation in Himachal Pradesh, including tomatoes, capsicum, cucumber, and french beans. It also discusses polyhouse design principles, types of polyhouses from low to high-cost, and considerations for site selection, orientation, and production systems. The key challenges of greenhouse cultivation include climate control and management of
Brinjal physical disorders By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Provincial Coordinator IPM K...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document summarizes two physiological disorders that can affect brinjal (eggplant) - chilling injury and boron deficiency. Chilling injury occurs when brinjal is exposed to temperatures below 10°C, leading to pitting, bronzing and browning of the fruit. Rapid cooling after harvest is needed to prevent chilling injury and water loss. Boron deficiency results in interveinal chlorosis of young leaves, necrosis, stunted growth, and failure to produce fruit under acute deficiency.
Protected cultivation, importance &; scope, status in indiaRakesh Pattnaik
Protected cultivation involves controlling the microclimate around plants to optimize growth conditions. It has several benefits like conserving moisture, improving crop quality and yield, and allowing year-round production. In India, protected cultivation began in the late 1990s and has grown to around 30,000 hectares currently, focused on high-value crops. Major producing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, and Northeast states. Globally, over 405,000 hectares use protected cultivation led by China, Japan, and European nations.
Greenhouses allow for control of the components of a crop's microclimate, including light, temperature, relative humidity, ventilation, and carbon dioxide. Light intensity and wavelength affect photosynthesis rates, with optimal light between 32.3-129.6 klux. Temperature influences enzyme activity, with day temperatures generally 3-8°C higher than nights. Relative humidity is maintained between 50-80% through humidification and dehumidification. Ventilation manages air temperature, carbon dioxide, and humidity. Carbon dioxide is essential for plant growth, with most crops responding well to levels between 1000-1200 ppm in greenhouses.
This document discusses different types of greenhouses. It classifies greenhouses based on their working principles as either passive or active. It also categorizes greenhouses by their construction cost and technology level as low, medium or high-tech. Additionally, the document describes various greenhouse types based on their structure, covering material and shape. Common structure types include wooden framed, pipe framed and truss framed. Common covering materials are glass, plastic films and rigid panels. Common greenhouse shapes mentioned are solarium, quonset, gable and connected styles.
Chekurmanis (Souropus androgynus L.) is a perennial shrub native to South and Southeast Asia that is used as a leafy vegetable. It grows well in hot, humid conditions from sea level to 1200 meters elevation. The plant is propagated through stem cuttings and about 100,000 cuttings are needed to plant one hectare. Leaves, tender shoots, and fruits are eaten raw or cooked in soups, salads, curries, and more. Regular harvesting of leaves and shoots every 2 weeks produces maximum yields of 30-50 tonnes per hectare annually. Chekurmanis is nutritious but raw leaves may cause side effects due to their pipevarine
cole vegetable definitions, it's origin, cabbage, and cauliflower floral formula, a botanical description of plant, floral botany, yield, nutrients value in curd and list of cole vegetables.
This document provides information on seed production techniques for cole crops such as cabbage, cauliflower, kale, and broccoli. It discusses the origin and importance of cole crops, as well as details on their scientific names, chromosome numbers, pollination type, and plant parts used. It then describes the methods of seed production for cabbage and cauliflower, including the in situ method, transplanting method, stump method, and head intact method. It also covers vernalization, special approaches like blanching and tying, and disbudding and staking. Finally, it discusses genetic mechanisms for hybrid seed production like self-incompatibility and cytoplasmic male sterility in cole crops.
Diseases of Onion and garlic and their managementVAKALIYA MUSTUFA
This document provides information on diseases that affect onion and garlic crops and their management. It discusses several fungal diseases including downy mildew, purple blotch, stemphylium blight, basal rot/bulb rot, and rust. For each disease, it describes the symptoms, disease cycle, favorable conditions for development, and recommendations for management through cultural practices and fungicide applications. The overall document aims to review the major diseases of onion and garlic and provide strategies to control them.
Cucumbers are an important crop that are a good source of potassium and various antioxidants. They prefer light, well-drained soils and temperatures between 20-28°C for optimal growth and production. Common diseases include downy mildew and powdery mildew. Management involves growing resistant varieties, maintaining good airflow, removing crop debris, and applying fungicides like mancozeb. Popular varieties in India include Pusa Sanyog, Pusa Uday, and Japanese Long Green.
Spinach is a cool season vegetable crop that originated in Iran and was spread to Europe by Arabs and North America in the 1800s. It is a good source of vitamins A and C, potassium, folate, and iron. There are two main varieties - Virginia Savoy which has large, blistered dark green leaves and Early Smooth Leaf with thin yellowish-green leaves. Spinach grows best in temperatures between 15-25°C and requires well-drained soil, frequent irrigation, and weed control. It can be harvested 3-4 weeks after sowing and yields 4-5 cuttings before bolting occurs in warmer conditions.
Yam is an important tuber crop cultivated in Africa, Asia, and South America. There are several varieties of yam including white yam, yellow yam, water yam, lesser yam, air potato, Chinese yam, and bitter yam. Yam is propagated using tubers, minisets, or vine cuttings. It is planted in ridges, mounds, holes or flats with spacing of 50-100cm between plants. Fertilizer and manure are applied to support growth. Yam is used for food, medicine, and has cultural significance.
The document proposes setting up a 7.5 acre off-season vegetable farm growing watermelon, melon, and pumpkin using tunnel technology. The total initial cost is estimated at Rs. 1.338 million. It is projected that the farm would produce 51 tons of watermelon, 53 tons of melon and 38 tons of pumpkin annually, generating over Rs. 2.6 million in annual revenue in the first year. Over five years, the net annual profit is projected to increase from Rs. 761,804 to Rs. 1,147,209 as production increases and sales prices rise 10% each year.
This presentation includes a Agronomical, Plant Protection , Soil Science, Fruit and Vegetable , Animal , Food processing and Storage interventions and Agro industrial Attachment
This document provides information about the production technology of tomatoes. It begins with the botanical classification of tomatoes, describing their origin in Peru and Mexico. It then covers tomato cultivation methods such as variety selection, climate needs, seed treatment, nursery preparation, and seasonal planting times. The document also discusses the nutritional value of tomatoes and lists some popular varieties grown in India. In summary, the document outlines the botanical background and production practices for cultivating tomatoes as a vegetable crop.
Dr. Nikhil Ambish discusses protected cultivation of vegetable crops, which involves manipulating growing conditions to yield higher quality produce year-round, even in marginal environments. This includes infrastructure like frames, cladding, irrigation, as well as controlling temperature, humidity, and light. Low tunnels, walk-in tunnels, insect net houses, and shade net houses are inexpensive options, while naturally ventilated and fan/pad cooled greenhouses provide more precise climate control. The document outlines specific protected cultivation projects underway, including different vegetable varieties grown and production levels across various structure types.
This document provides information on onion seed production including floral biology, methods, requirements, and standards. It discusses:
1) Onion flowers are protandrous, with pollen shed occurring before stigma receptivity. Cross-pollination by insects is needed for high seed yields.
2) The bulb-to-seed method is most common, involving selecting bulbs in one season for planting the next season for seed production. Care is taken to select true-to-type bulbs.
3) Seed production requires isolation distances between varieties, rogueing of off-types, and inspection to ensure varietal purity and high seed quality and yields.
This document discusses sex expression in cucurbitaceous crops. It notes that cucurbits can have various sex forms ranging from hermaphroditic to monoecious to gynoecious. The major cucurbits like cucumber, bitter gourd, muskmelon, watermelon are typically monoecious. Gynoecious lines have been developed in some crops like cucumber and muskmelon through breeding. Sex determination is controlled by genes but can be modulated by environmental factors like temperature and photoperiod. Chemicals like silver nitrate and gibberellic acid can also induce staminate flowers.
This document provides information on protected cultivation using greenhouses. It discusses the benefits of protected cultivation including higher yields, year-round production, better quality, and protection from weather. Greenhouses allow full or partial control of the microclimate around plants. Vegetables and flowers are well-suited for greenhouses. The types of greenhouses described are attached (lean-to, even-span, window-mounted) and freestanding structures. Requirements for greenhouse covering materials and fertigation systems are also outlined. India has an area of 25,000 hectares under protected cultivation currently, compared to other leading countries. The costs for establishing one acre of greenhouse with irrigation and climate control systems to grow cucumbers are
Training is an important operation in grapes.
It helps to maintain the stature and spread of the vine and facilitates operations like pruning, intercultivation, spraying and harvesting.
Many training systems are in vogue in India, but the most popular are Bower, Telephone and Kniffin systems.
Physiological disorders in plants can be caused by nutrient deficiencies or excesses, water issues, temperature fluctuations and other non-pathogenic stressors. They impact plant growth and development across all plant stages. Common physiological disorders include blossom end rot in tomatoes from calcium deficiency, hollow heart in potatoes from irregular watering, and bolting in lettuce from temperature changes. Managing disorders requires identifying their causes and implementing practices like balanced fertilization, irrigation, ventilation and growing resistant varieties. Physiological issues cannot be transmitted but can seriously impact crop yields if not properly addressed.
Protected cultivation of vegetable crops BY HARMANJEETStudent
This document provides an overview of protected cultivation of vegetable crops. It discusses the need for protected cultivation due to factors like globalization, climate change, and shrinking land. Protected cultivation ensures higher yields, quality, and profits. India has seen growth in protected cultivation, especially in states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Uttarakhand. The document outlines the potential crops well-suited for protected cultivation in Himachal Pradesh, including tomatoes, capsicum, cucumber, and french beans. It also discusses polyhouse design principles, types of polyhouses from low to high-cost, and considerations for site selection, orientation, and production systems. The key challenges of greenhouse cultivation include climate control and management of
Brinjal physical disorders By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Provincial Coordinator IPM K...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document summarizes two physiological disorders that can affect brinjal (eggplant) - chilling injury and boron deficiency. Chilling injury occurs when brinjal is exposed to temperatures below 10°C, leading to pitting, bronzing and browning of the fruit. Rapid cooling after harvest is needed to prevent chilling injury and water loss. Boron deficiency results in interveinal chlorosis of young leaves, necrosis, stunted growth, and failure to produce fruit under acute deficiency.
Protected cultivation, importance &; scope, status in indiaRakesh Pattnaik
Protected cultivation involves controlling the microclimate around plants to optimize growth conditions. It has several benefits like conserving moisture, improving crop quality and yield, and allowing year-round production. In India, protected cultivation began in the late 1990s and has grown to around 30,000 hectares currently, focused on high-value crops. Major producing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, and Northeast states. Globally, over 405,000 hectares use protected cultivation led by China, Japan, and European nations.
Greenhouses allow for control of the components of a crop's microclimate, including light, temperature, relative humidity, ventilation, and carbon dioxide. Light intensity and wavelength affect photosynthesis rates, with optimal light between 32.3-129.6 klux. Temperature influences enzyme activity, with day temperatures generally 3-8°C higher than nights. Relative humidity is maintained between 50-80% through humidification and dehumidification. Ventilation manages air temperature, carbon dioxide, and humidity. Carbon dioxide is essential for plant growth, with most crops responding well to levels between 1000-1200 ppm in greenhouses.
This document discusses different types of greenhouses. It classifies greenhouses based on their working principles as either passive or active. It also categorizes greenhouses by their construction cost and technology level as low, medium or high-tech. Additionally, the document describes various greenhouse types based on their structure, covering material and shape. Common structure types include wooden framed, pipe framed and truss framed. Common covering materials are glass, plastic films and rigid panels. Common greenhouse shapes mentioned are solarium, quonset, gable and connected styles.
Chekurmanis (Souropus androgynus L.) is a perennial shrub native to South and Southeast Asia that is used as a leafy vegetable. It grows well in hot, humid conditions from sea level to 1200 meters elevation. The plant is propagated through stem cuttings and about 100,000 cuttings are needed to plant one hectare. Leaves, tender shoots, and fruits are eaten raw or cooked in soups, salads, curries, and more. Regular harvesting of leaves and shoots every 2 weeks produces maximum yields of 30-50 tonnes per hectare annually. Chekurmanis is nutritious but raw leaves may cause side effects due to their pipevarine
cole vegetable definitions, it's origin, cabbage, and cauliflower floral formula, a botanical description of plant, floral botany, yield, nutrients value in curd and list of cole vegetables.
This document provides information on seed production techniques for cole crops such as cabbage, cauliflower, kale, and broccoli. It discusses the origin and importance of cole crops, as well as details on their scientific names, chromosome numbers, pollination type, and plant parts used. It then describes the methods of seed production for cabbage and cauliflower, including the in situ method, transplanting method, stump method, and head intact method. It also covers vernalization, special approaches like blanching and tying, and disbudding and staking. Finally, it discusses genetic mechanisms for hybrid seed production like self-incompatibility and cytoplasmic male sterility in cole crops.
Diseases of Onion and garlic and their managementVAKALIYA MUSTUFA
This document provides information on diseases that affect onion and garlic crops and their management. It discusses several fungal diseases including downy mildew, purple blotch, stemphylium blight, basal rot/bulb rot, and rust. For each disease, it describes the symptoms, disease cycle, favorable conditions for development, and recommendations for management through cultural practices and fungicide applications. The overall document aims to review the major diseases of onion and garlic and provide strategies to control them.
Cucumbers are an important crop that are a good source of potassium and various antioxidants. They prefer light, well-drained soils and temperatures between 20-28°C for optimal growth and production. Common diseases include downy mildew and powdery mildew. Management involves growing resistant varieties, maintaining good airflow, removing crop debris, and applying fungicides like mancozeb. Popular varieties in India include Pusa Sanyog, Pusa Uday, and Japanese Long Green.
Spinach is a cool season vegetable crop that originated in Iran and was spread to Europe by Arabs and North America in the 1800s. It is a good source of vitamins A and C, potassium, folate, and iron. There are two main varieties - Virginia Savoy which has large, blistered dark green leaves and Early Smooth Leaf with thin yellowish-green leaves. Spinach grows best in temperatures between 15-25°C and requires well-drained soil, frequent irrigation, and weed control. It can be harvested 3-4 weeks after sowing and yields 4-5 cuttings before bolting occurs in warmer conditions.
Yam is an important tuber crop cultivated in Africa, Asia, and South America. There are several varieties of yam including white yam, yellow yam, water yam, lesser yam, air potato, Chinese yam, and bitter yam. Yam is propagated using tubers, minisets, or vine cuttings. It is planted in ridges, mounds, holes or flats with spacing of 50-100cm between plants. Fertilizer and manure are applied to support growth. Yam is used for food, medicine, and has cultural significance.
The document proposes setting up a 7.5 acre off-season vegetable farm growing watermelon, melon, and pumpkin using tunnel technology. The total initial cost is estimated at Rs. 1.338 million. It is projected that the farm would produce 51 tons of watermelon, 53 tons of melon and 38 tons of pumpkin annually, generating over Rs. 2.6 million in annual revenue in the first year. Over five years, the net annual profit is projected to increase from Rs. 761,804 to Rs. 1,147,209 as production increases and sales prices rise 10% each year.
This presentation includes a Agronomical, Plant Protection , Soil Science, Fruit and Vegetable , Animal , Food processing and Storage interventions and Agro industrial Attachment
Cucumber can be grown in greenhouses with suitable temperatures between 15-35°C and soil that is well-drained, loamy and rich in lime. Seedlings are planted at a spacing of 1.5m between furrows and 50cm between rows. Cucumbers are harvested after 70-80 days, with a total yield of 40,000-45,000kg per acre. Production costs are around Rs. 6.60 per kg and income from selling the harvest at Rs. 25 per kg results in a profit of Rs. 18,39,988 in the first year without considering capital investments.
Techno-Economic Feasibility Study Report on IQF Plant for Manufacturing Froze...Dr. Sreekanta Sheel
This document provides an overview of a proposed techno-economic feasibility study for an IQF (Individually Quick Frozen) plant for manufacturing frozen vegetables in Bangladesh. The summary includes:
1) The plant would have a production capacity of 2,400 MT per year and process vegetables into frozen products using IQF freezing technology to preserve taste, texture and nutrients.
2) Raw materials would be sourced through contract farming and the plant would aim to obtain certifications like ISO, GMP, HACCP and comply with relevant regulations.
3) The processed frozen vegetables would be sold domestically as well as exported internationally.
This document provides a detailed project report for a proposed biogas power plant and organic fertilizer unit in Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu. The project would establish 6 modular biogas power plants, each with a capacity of 1 MW, to generate electricity from agricultural waste and manure from the district's poultry farms and livestock. The organic fertilizer unit would produce solid and liquid fertilizer from the biogas digester effluent to supply local farmers. The project aims to provide renewable energy to the grid, higher income for local farmers, and organic fertilizer to improve soil fertility.
PROJECT REPORT, PROJECT REPORT ON COLD STORAGE, PROJECT FINANCE, CAPACITY, TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT, COOL CHAMBER, CAPACITY UTILIZATION, METHODS OF STORAGE, PATTERN OF ASSISTANCE, BASIC DESIGN OF THE COLD ROOM, ANALYSIS OF COST OF COOL CHAMBER, etc.
Establishment of Oyster Mushroom Spawn Production Unit.pptxSrijan Samanta
This document is a project proposal for establishing an oyster mushroom spawn production unit. It provides details on the objectives, location, budget, economic analysis, and action plan for the unit. It estimates that the unit will cost Rs. 535,387 to establish, will produce 3,000 spawn packets per month, and will earn a net monthly income of approximately Rs. 21,000. It outlines the qualifications of the entrepreneurs, facilities and equipment required, and concludes that mushroom cultivation can provide additional income and employment opportunities in rural areas.
Milky mushroom cultivation process and its cost analysis Vishnupriya589368
From 1000kg fresh milky mushroom, 100kg dried mushroom and 50kg mushroom powder can be produced. The total estimated cost of the drying and powder making project is Rs. 4,20,000. The main machinery required includes a slicer, tray dryer and pulverizer. With an annual production of 100kg dried mushroom and 50kg powder, the total revenue generated would be enough to repay the loan and provide profit within the first year of operation. Mushroom drying and powder making provides opportunities for value addition and a longer shelf life for the product.
This document provides a summary of an industrial visit by students to various agricultural facilities in Odisha, India. It includes summaries of visits to:
1) An orchid garden where various dendrobium orchid varieties are commercially cultivated using coconut husk media in a polyhouse structure.
2) The Central Tuber Crop Research Institute where research is conducted on tropical tuber crops like sweet potato and efforts are made to transfer technologies to tribal farmers through demonstrations.
3) The Centre of Excellence facility which demonstrates high-tech horticulture production methods using infrastructure like polygreenhouses, net houses, and high tunnels to commercially grow vegetables, flowers and more.
This document summarizes the activities and achievements of an agriculture extension project in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa from 2014-2015. The key points are:
- The project focused on horticulture, crops, diversifying livelihoods, efficient resource use, capacity building, and operational costs.
- In horticulture, 25 fruit nurseries were established, 15,000 acres were protected from fruit fly, and over 9,000 acres of new orchards were established.
- In crops, over 5,000 acres adopted hybrid maize and paddy technologies to increase yields. Over 14,000 acres grew wheat, maize, paddy and other crops through cluster farming.
-
Detailed Project Report on Mass Production of White Muscardine Fungus Aaliya Afroz
This document presents a detailed project report for the mass production of the white muscardine fungus Beauveria bassiana. The objectives are to establish the viability of mass producing B. bassiana, to serve as guidelines for providing financial assistance to entrepreneurs, and to promote more biopesticide production units. The methodology describes the media preparation, culture maintenance using sorghum seeds or potato dextrose broth, mass production in a fermenter, harvesting, drying, quality control, and formulations. A budget outlines the infrastructure, equipment, materials, and staffing costs needed. Financial analysis shows a profit of Rs. 89.9 lakh over 3 years and a benefit-cost ratio of 1.64, demonstrating the feasibility
This document provides a project report for a bio-fortified vermicompost production business called Vermiana Enterprises. It details the production process, which involves layering bedding material, trash, FYM, and cow dung slurry in pits and adding earthworms to facilitate decomposition over one month. It presents the financial projections, including a total fixed capital investment of Rs. 91,495, working capital investment of Rs. 55,240, and expected annual profit of Rs. 3,64,932, yielding a benefit cost ratio of 1.52. The report concludes with contact information for machinery suppliers and an expression of gratitude.
The document describes a proposed solution to increase rice production in Africa using a seed film cultivation (SFC) method with biodegradable film. SFC involves attaching rice seeds to a biodegradable film, spreading the film on dry farmland, and covering it with soil. This allows rice to be grown outside of continuous flooding, saving water and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The method could increase yields from 1 ton/hectare to 6 tons/hectare in African rainfed uplands, making Africa self-sufficient in rice production and reducing the need for rice imports. A proof of concept trial will be conducted in Cameroon through a partnership with the Upper Nun Valley Development Authority.
RAWE REPORT AND INDUSTRIAL VISIT BY ANUP (RAWE-INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIE...AnupSahoo8
Here is two type of documents.First one is for industrial visit programs in the year 2019 RAWE. And the second one is for village report or RAWE report on my group village Andharua,Bhubaneswar.At the end thank you so much my group mates for your co-operations .GROUP-13(ANDHARUA)
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Potentiality of protected cultivation in West Bengal
1. Potentiality of Protected CultivationPotentiality of Protected Cultivation
in West Bengalin West Bengal
Presented by:
Monora Khatun (Hort 10)Monora Khatun (Hort 10)
Subham Ghosh (Hort 24)Subham Ghosh (Hort 24)
F/Horticulture; BCKV
Mohanpur, Nadia, WB
Date: 8Date: 8thth
June 2015June 2015
Course Name:Course Name:
Rural Horticultural Work ExperienceRural Horticultural Work Experience
2. What is protected cultivation
It is a cropping technique wherein the micro
climate surrounding the plant body is
controlled partially or fully as per the
requirement of the plant species grown during
their growth period.
The main purpose of protected cultivation is
to create a favorable environment for the
sustained growth of plant so as to realize its
maximum potential even in adverse climatic
conditions.
3. Benefits of protected cultivation
High productivity per unit area.
Off-season vegetables can be grown.
Off-season healthy nursery can also be raised.
Good quality produce.
Reduce the disease &pest attack.
It can be used to generate self employment for the educated
rural youth in the farm sector.
Modern techniques of hydroponic (soil less culture), Aeroponic
are possible under greenhouse cultivation.
4. • Glass house
• Poly House
• Plastic low tunnel
• Shed house
• Net house
• Hot beds
• Cold frames
Types of Protected CultivationTypes of Protected Cultivation
7. • The climatic condition of WB is humid subtropical to
tropical wet and dry (except north region).
• So, suitable types of protected cultivations are Poly
house, Shed net, Net house and low cost poly tunnel for
seedling production.
• Except this, in this climatic zone high cost poly house is
suitable for the cultivation of different non-seasonal
crops.
11. Classification Area
(in thousand ha)
Percentage
(%)
Net area sown 4991 57.5 %
Fallows 574 6.6 %
Forests 1174 13.5 %
Area not available for
cultivation
1840 21.2 %
Other uncultivated and
excluding fallows
105 1.2 %
Total Reporting Area* 8684 100 %
* Excluding Kolkata Metropolitan District.
Sources :1) Directorate ofSources :1) Directorate of
Agriculture, Evaluation Wing,Agriculture, Evaluation Wing,
Govt. of West Bengal.Govt. of West Bengal.
2) Bureau of Applied Economics &2) Bureau of Applied Economics &
Statistics, Govt. of West Bengal.Statistics, Govt. of West Bengal.
Utilization of Land in West Bengal
(according 2011-12 census)
Utilization of Land in West Bengal
(according 2011-12 census)
12. Keeping the net sown area same we
can start protected cultivation in
fallow and uncultivated land
excluding fallow.
(679 thousand ha; 7.8% of total land of WB)
14. Category of
Farmers
Number of
Farmers
(approx)
Percentage
in the
category
Total Holding
Area (ha)
Marginal 5853000 82.16 % 2891000 (52.47%)
SmallSmall 980000980000 13.76 %13.76 % 1557000 (28.25%)1557000 (28.25%)
Semi-MediumSemi-Medium 267000267000 3.75 %3.75 % 731000 (13.26%)731000 (13.26%)
MediumMedium 2300023000 0.32 %0.32 % 110000 (1.99%)110000 (1.99%)
LargeLarge 10001000 0.01 %0.01 % 222000 (4.03%)222000 (4.03%)
Source:Source:
AGRICULTURE CENSUS 2010-11AGRICULTURE CENSUS 2010-11
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTUREMINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIAGOVERNMENT OF INDIA
20142014
Marginal & Small Farmers constitute 95% of the 7 Million
farmers
There are 7.3 Million Farm Workers
15. Cost Economics of High Cost Polyhouse
(25m x 4m)
Sl. No. Specifications Quantity required Cost Rs/m2
1. UV film for double layer 40 kg 100
Additional items for environmental control equipment over medium cost
2. CO2 generator + distributor 1 150
3. Evaporative cooling system - 200
4. Heating system - 100
5. Humidification system - 100
6. Lighting - 200
7. Night curtain/shading system - 150
8. Drip irrigation system - 20
9. Fertigation system - 100
10. Porous flooring - 100
11. Benches - 150
Structural cost - 300
12 Miscellaneous - 180
Average cost of High cost green house is Rs 2000/- per square meterAverage cost of High cost green house is Rs 2000/- per square meter
16. Cost Estimates of Medium Cost Polyhouse
(25m x 4m)
Sl. No. Specification Quantity Required Cost
1. Cost of Greenhouse 17,500/-
Additional items over low cost
2. Louvers (for fans) 2 1000/-
3. Electrical Fittings - 3000/-
4. Mist spray assembly - 2000/-
5. Inflation blower 1 1000/-
6. Two fans (60 Cm diameter) 2 10000/-
7. Mono block AC pump (3hp) 1 3500/-
8. Water tank 1000 liters - 4000/-
9. Thermostat/ Humidistat One each 2000/-
10. Cooling pad and fittings
( local made)
- 3000/-
11. Labour (extra) - 1500/-
12. Additional film for double layer 40 kg 3500/-
Total 50,000/-
Average cost of Medium cost green house is Rs 525/- per square meter
17. Cost of erecting Low Cost Poly House
(15 m x 4.5 m)
Materials required Length (cm) Quantity Cost (Rs.)
1.Bamboo
Central pole (9 cm diameter) 8 ft 15 no.s 500/-
Side pegs (6 cm diameter) 3 ft 26 no.s 550/-
Split bamboo strips 20 ft 30 no.s 800/-
2. Cladding material
UV stabilized polyethylene film (200
micron thickness, 7 m width)
18 m 25 kg 3000/-
3. Other materials
Tar coal- 5 kg; G.I. wire- 3 kg; nut
bolts; ordinary plastic film-5 kg
--- --- 300/-
4. Labour wages @ Rs. 150/- per
mandays
--- 8 mandays 1200/-
Total 6350/-
The cost of erecting 1 m2
area poly house is Rs.94/-
18. So, low cost poly house is beneficiary
for the West Bengal farmers.
19. Potential Crops in
West Bengal under
Protected Cultivation
Potential Crops in
West Bengal under
Protected Cultivation
20. Crops under Green House
• Capsicum
• Cherry tomato
• Tomato
• Cucumber
• Cabbage
• Strawberry
• Orchid
• Gerbera
• Rose
• Carnation
Crops under Shed Net House
• Ridge Gourd
• Bottle Gourd
• Cucumber
• Gerbera
• Anthurium
• Rose
• Capsicum
• Broccoli
• Okhra
Source:
Workshop on Implementation Strategy for MIDH 2014
National Horticulture Board
22. Off-season vegetable production under
low cost poly house (1000 m 2
)
The crops were raised for 4 to 5 months duration under poly houses.
However, with the same structure other crops can also be grown by
utilizing different types of cladding material like shade net etc.
Second year onwards profit: - Gherkin: Rs. 59,000/-, Cherry tomato: Rs. 50,000/-,
Bitter gourd: Rs. 40,000/- , Cucumber: Rs. 52,500/-
Source:
Division of Vegetable Science,
IARI, New Delhi, India
23. Off-season vegetable production Temporary
Protected low height poly house
Second year onwards profit: - French bean: Rs. 33,000/-, Summer
squash: Rs.
59,500/-, Amaranth: Rs. 25,000/-
Source:
Division of Vegetable Science,
IARI, New Delhi, India
24. Cultivation of Off-season Cucumber under Protected CultivationCultivation of Off-season Cucumber under Protected Cultivation
25. Establishment Cost of Gerbera (1 acre)
Per acre Yield and Return from Gerbera / year
Particulars Costs
(Rs in lakhs)
Land
development
3.13
Green house
structure
14.7
Store room/
grading hall/
packaging units
1.25
Sprayers 0.48
Irrigation and
misting systems
3.12
Planting material 7.02
Total 29.7
Description Cost
No. of plants in green house 26000
No. of flower/plant/yr 32
Total yield/year (No.) 832000
Sale price/flower (Rs) 3.5
Gross returns (Rs in lakhs) 29.12
Approx Cost of cultivationApprox Cost of cultivation
(Rs in lakhs)(Rs in lakhs)
11.12
Net returns (Rs in lakhs) 18
Fixed cost for establishment
Source:
Annadata Agril. Magazine
26. Cultivation of Gerbera under Protected CultivationCultivation of Gerbera under Protected Cultivation
27. Establishment cost of Rose (1 Acre)
Per acre Yield and Return from Rose / year
Particulars Costs
(Rs in lakhs)
Land
development
0.45
Green house
structure
19.27
Cold storage
structure
4.25
Grading and
packaging unit
2.42
Irrigation systems 2.24
Refrigerated van 8
Planting material 10.46
Total 47.09
Fixed cost for establishment
Description Exports Domestic
Sales
Total
Yield (Lakh
stems)
3.84 1.63 5.47
Price (Rs/spike) 8.7 2.65
Gross Return
(Rs lakhs)
33.408 4.32 37.73
Total costs
(Rs lakhs)
--- --- 24.74
Net returns
(Rs lakhs)
--- --- 12.99
Source:
Annadata Agril. Magazine
28. Cultivation of Rose under Protected CultivationCultivation of Rose under Protected Cultivation
29. • Size of structure [10m (L) x 5m (W) x 7’ (H)] = 50m2
• No. of seedlings 8000 (polybags) + 7000 (portrays) = 15,000
• Seedling @ Rs.2/- = Rs. 30,000/-
• Investment cost [polyhouse + (polybags, protrays)] = 15,500 + 5,000
= Rs. 20,500/-
• Net profit 1st year (30,000 – 20,500) = Rs.9500/-
• Net profit 2nd year (30,000 – 5000) = Rs.25000/-
• Net profit 3rd year (30,000 – 6000) = Rs.24, 000/-
Economics of raising Nursery
under Poly house
Economics of raising Nursery
under Poly house
Source:
Division of Vegetable Science,
IARI, New Delhi–12, India
30. Nursery of Cactus & different plants under shed houseNursery of Cactus & different plants under shed house
31. Present Scenario
• There is ample scope for protective cultivation of crops in all the
North Bengal districts.
• Eight blocks falling in the hill sub divisions namely Kalimpong
I, Kalimpong II, Gorubathan, Kurseong, Rangli Rangliot,
Sukhiapuri, Jorebunglow, Miric and Darjeeling Poolbazar are
identified as potential blocks for cultivation of high value cash crops
namely flower crop (Anthurium) and off season vegetables
(Cabbage, Cauliflower and Radish etc.)
• Cultivation of Gerbera & Anthurium under protected cultivation is
also being practiced by Bandhunagar Farm in Siliguri and in
North & South 24 Parganas and other districts along with
Anthurium.
32. Name of CropsName of Crops Total Area (in ha.)Total Area (in ha.)
GerberaGerbera
AnthuriumAnthurium
CarnationCarnation
150 ha150 ha
Area under Protected Cultivation of
Flower Crops in WB
Area under Protected Cultivation of
Flower Crops in WB
33. Type of ProtectedType of Protected
CultivationCultivation
Physical TargetPhysical Target
2005-062005-06 2006-072006-07 2007-082007-08
Hi-tech Green House
(No.s)
8 8 8
Normal Green House
(No.s)
8 8 8
Mulching (ha) 175 180 180
Shed Net (ha) 130 130 130
Plastic Tunnel (ha) 100 100 100 Source:
National Horticulture Mission
Action Plan for West Bengal
Initiation of Protected Cultivation by
National Horticulture Mission (NHM) for
West Bengal
Initiation of Protected Cultivation by
National Horticulture Mission (NHM) for
West Bengal
34. … and Area (in ha) covered under Green
House during 2005-06 to 2011-12 under
National Horticulture Mission (NHM)
High-tech
Green House
Naturally Ventilated
Green House
5.39 ha 16.27 ha
Source:
National Horticulture Mission
Action Plan for West Bengal
35.
36. Erecting of Polyhouse
for Gerbera
cultivation in the open
field
At Krishnanagar, Nadia
At Ranaghat, NadiaAt Ranaghat, Nadia
37. Propagation of Litchi (var. Bombai) under shed
house
at
State Horticulture Research Development Station
Krishnanagar, Nadia
Propagation of Litchi (var. Bombai) under shed
house
at
State Horticulture Research Development Station
Krishnanagar, Nadia
38. Propagation of Orchid at
Horticulture Research Station, BCKV
Propagation of Orchid at
Horticulture Research Station, BCKV
39. Cultivation of Capsicum under Protected
Cultivation, by RHWE students at BCKV
Cultivation of Capsicum under Protected
Cultivation, by RHWE students at BCKV
40. Cultivation of Cherry Tomato under Protected
Cultivation, by RHWE students at BCKV
Cultivation of Cherry Tomato under Protected
Cultivation, by RHWE students at BCKV
41. Cultivation of Strawberry under Protected
Cultivation, by RHWE students at BCKV
Cultivation of Strawberry under Protected
Cultivation, by RHWE students at BCKV
42. GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES
• GOI is already giving more thrust to Horticulture
development through National Horticulture Board
Schemes/ infrastructure marketing schemes.
• 90% assistance will be provided for covered cultivation
out of which 50% assistance will be provided from
Government of India and 40% assistance from the State
fund
Source:
Directorate of Agriculture
43. Conclusion
• We can conclude that
West Bengal has high potentiality for Protected Cultivation according
to climate, land availability, and economic status of farmers.
Poly house, Low cost poly tunnel, shed house, net house are suitable
in WB for cultivation of different crops.
So, farmers should be motivated for protected cultivation for increasing
the socio-economic status.
44. Acknowledgement
Protected Cultivation
- K.V.Peter
Annadata monthly Agricultural Magazine
Agriculture Census, Directorate of Agriculture
(Govt. of West Bengal)
Bureau of Applied Economics & Statistics
(Govt. of West Bengal)
Official website of Ministry of Agriculture
(Govt. of India)
Official website of NHB & NHM