This document summarizes the medicinal properties of Moringa oleifera as reported in various studies. Some key points:
- Every part of Moringa oleifera (leaves, fruits, seeds, roots, etc.) has been used in traditional medicine systems for various ailments.
- Modern research has found Moringa to have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-cancer, cardiovascular, hepatoprotective and other medicinal properties.
- Specific studies show Moringa has anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-helmintic, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, analgesic, antipyretic, antihypertensive, diure
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Terry Exports LLP (TEL) is an Indian based premium moringa powder exports-oriented firm, which promotes, market and distributes moringa oleifera products of the highest quality to pharmaceutical/nutraceuticals, cosmetic, personal care, wellness, food, beverage and spa industries in the USA, Europe.
Phytochemical Screening, Nutritional Composition and Antimicrobial Activity o...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
ABSTRACT- Moringa oleifera is a small, fast growing evergreen or deciduous tree. Moringa is rich in nutrition owing the presence of a variety of essential phytochemicals present in its leaves, pods and seeds. In fact, phytonutrient content of Moringa leaves (weight per weight) provides 7 times more vitamin C than in oranges, 10 times more vitamin A than carrots, 17 times more calcium content than milk, 9 times more protein than yoghurt, 15 times more potassium than bananas and 25 times more iron than in spinach. As numerous parts of Moringa oleifera plant such as roots, seed, bark, leaves, fruit, and immature pods, flowers act as cardiac and circulatory drugs, anti-pyretic, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, antiepileptic properties Moringa is called as Multipurpose Tree or “The Miracle Tree of Life”. Moringa also contains phytochemicals such as tannins, sterols, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones, alkaloids and reducing sugar present along with anti-cancerous agents like glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, glycoside compounds, and glycerol-1-9-octadecanoate respectively. The other chief medicinal properties of the plant include antispasmodic, diuretic, antihypertensive, cholesterol lowering hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Key-words- Anti-pyretic, Anti-ulcer, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-epileptic, Anti-oxidant, Anti-diabetic
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Terry Exports LLP (TEL) is an Indian based premium moringa powder exports-oriented firm, which promotes, market and distributes moringa oleifera products of the highest quality to pharmaceutical/nutraceuticals, cosmetic, personal care, wellness, food, beverage and spa industries in the USA, Europe.
Phytochemical Screening, Nutritional Composition and Antimicrobial Activity o...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
ABSTRACT- Moringa oleifera is a small, fast growing evergreen or deciduous tree. Moringa is rich in nutrition owing the presence of a variety of essential phytochemicals present in its leaves, pods and seeds. In fact, phytonutrient content of Moringa leaves (weight per weight) provides 7 times more vitamin C than in oranges, 10 times more vitamin A than carrots, 17 times more calcium content than milk, 9 times more protein than yoghurt, 15 times more potassium than bananas and 25 times more iron than in spinach. As numerous parts of Moringa oleifera plant such as roots, seed, bark, leaves, fruit, and immature pods, flowers act as cardiac and circulatory drugs, anti-pyretic, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, antiepileptic properties Moringa is called as Multipurpose Tree or “The Miracle Tree of Life”. Moringa also contains phytochemicals such as tannins, sterols, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones, alkaloids and reducing sugar present along with anti-cancerous agents like glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, glycoside compounds, and glycerol-1-9-octadecanoate respectively. The other chief medicinal properties of the plant include antispasmodic, diuretic, antihypertensive, cholesterol lowering hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Key-words- Anti-pyretic, Anti-ulcer, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-epileptic, Anti-oxidant, Anti-diabetic
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Studies on the Crude Extract of Moringa Oleifera Leaf for Preliminary Identif...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis ProceraYogeshIJTSRD
Plants growing in arid regions have elicited increased attention, because the hostile environment, in which these plants survive, forces them to develop chemical protective systems through adaptation which is rarely found in vegetation of other ecosystems. Furthermore, many of the plants grow in areas, where the dependence on traditional, plant based medicines over industrially produced pharmaceuticals persists to this day. The two plants, Calotopris Procera giant milkweed, also named C. Persica and Calotropis gigantea crown ower , have been used widely in traditional medicine in North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Asia. This has led to extensive research on the chemical constituents of the plants. Both plants are known to be sources of cardenolides, and newer research has yielded a number of interesting cancer active constituents. In addition, extracts of both plants have remarkable nematocidal, molluscidal and insecticidal activities. In many regions, the wood of Calotropis plants has been used as a building material and as a source of fuel. In addition, certain parts of the plants have been used as feed for livestock. In other regions, Calotropis plants are seen as invasive species that threaten local plant life and that due to their toxicity also pose a threat to grazing eld animals. Jaffar Khan | Pankaj Chasta | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis Procera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45145.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45145/standardization-and-formulations-of-calotropis-procera/jaffar-khan
Inventory and world geographical distribution of the olive tree (Olea europae...IJEAB
The objective of this work is to prepare an Inventory about the viral and bacterial diseases of the olive tree (Olea europaea L.) and to study their Geographical distribution in the world. Fifteen viruses were considered as pathogens on the olive tree, these viruses were reported in 22 countries in five continents showing different symptoms on different olive tree varieties. All viruses were reported in Italy, some of these viruses were found only in the Eurepean continent, such as Olive vein yellows associated virus (OVYaV), Olive yellow mottling and decline associated virus (OYMDaV), Olive mild mosaic virus (OMMV) and Olive semilatent virus (OSLV). Two bacteria were reported as pathogen on the olive tree; Pseudomonas savastanoi. pv. savastanoi responsible bacteria of thr olive knot; a serious disease of olive (Olea europaea L.) in the Mediterranean region. This bacteria was detected in 22 countries in five continents, the majority of these countries exist in the Mediterranean Basin. Another bacteria was Xylella fastidiosa responsible of the quick decline syndrome of olive (OQDS), was deteted in Europe in four countries (Italy, Spain, Portugal and Slovenia) and in America in three countries (USA, Argentina and Brazil). Phtoplasmas was reported in 5 countries in three continents (Europe, Asia and Australia)
Ethnobotanical and traditional uses, phytochemical constituents and biologica...LucyPi1
Abstract Objective: Eryngium with the 274 accepted species, is the largest genus of Apiaceae family which are distributed all over the world and have been used in traditional remedies to manage various ailments in different nations. Ten species of Eryngium have been identified in Iran including E. caeruleum M.B. (syn: E. caucasicum Trautv.), E. creticum Lam., E. bungei Boiss., E. billardieri F. Delaroche. (syn: E. kotschyi Boiss.), E. glomeratum Lam. (syn: E. parviflorum Sm.), E. bornumulleri Nab., E. pyramidale Boiss. & Husson., E. noeanum Boiss., E. wanaturi Woron. (syn: E. woronowii Bordz.), and E. thyrsoideum Boiss. The aim of the present research is to review pharmacological activity, and phytochemical constituents as well as ethnobotany and traditional uses of Iranian species of Eryngium. Materials and methods: Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct (ISI Web of Knowledge) and Embase library were comprehensively searched for research on Eryngium. The search period was from 1966 to October 2018. The related articles were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criterias in our study. Results: A total of 57 papers were enrolled in analyses. The findings showed that Iranian species of Eryngium, had a noticeable diverse of traditional medicinal uses and also broad range of pharmacological activities as well as various phytochemical compounds. Some remarkable biological and pharmacological activities of these species have been demonstrated in present scientific studies, including antimicrobial, cytotoxic and anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antinociceptive activities as well as antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-snake and anti-scorpion venom effects. Conclusion: Iranian Eryngium species have enormous potential for prospective preparation of herbal medicinal products and are good candidates for discovering new drugs.
Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapp...YogeshIJTSRD
Pineapple Ananas comosus is an indispensible fruit that is cherished by many people due to its huge health benefits. It is peeled and sold in many markets and road sides for easy accessibility. The presence of bacteria in the peeled and ready to eat fruits was checked in this study. Peeled, sliced and cellophane packaged pineapple fruits were purchased from Eke Awka Market in Anambra State Nigeria. Nutrient agar was used to carry out bacterial isolation using pour plate technique. Results showed that colony count of the pineapple fruits ranged from 3.5 9.5 2cfu ml of the rinsed water. The isolates were identified on the basis of their colony and morphological features as well as biochemical and sugar fermentation tests. Gene sequencing was used to confirm the species of some of the isolates. A total of six bacteria species were isolated and identified with frequencies as Streptococcus spp 13.9 , Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22.2 , Staphylococcus aureus 25.0 , Micrococcus luteus 11.1 , Escherichia coli 19.5 and Staphylococcus epidermidis 8.3 . Staphylococcus aureus has the highest frequency followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staphylococcus epidermidis has the least frequency. Almost all the isolates are pathogenic in nature and their presence in the consumable fruits indicates possible health problems to the consumers. The presence of E. coli indicates direct or indirect fecal contamination. Proper handling of pineapple fruits, hygiene and proper storage will help reduce the risk of contamination by these organisms. Umeh S. O. | Okafor O. I. | Chidubem-Nwachinemere, N. O "Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapple (Ananas Comosus) Fruits Retailed at Eke Awka Market, Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45050.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/45050/isolation-and-identification-of-bacteria-from-peeled-and-ready-to-eat-pineapple-ananas-comosus-fruits-retailed-at-eke-awka-market-anambra-state-nigeria/umeh-s-o
Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus NiruriYogeshIJTSRD
Theorigin of Phyllanthus niruri is tropical America from there it spread as a weed to other tropic and sub tropics. It is a tropical annual herb shrub which grows as weed in moist humid waste land. Phyllanthus niruri is among more than 500 Phyllanthus species that are widely spread in temperate and tropical climates region Lizuka et al., 2007. It grows 30 40 cm in height, has small leaves and yellow flowers the stem has green capsule, and blooms with flowers with 5 white sepals and apical acute anther.38g of Mueller Hinton Agar was dissolved in 1000ml distilled water in a conical flask, the mouth of the conical flask was plugged with cotton woo wrapped in aluminium foil. This was sterilized in an autoclave at 121oC for 15mns. The media was removed and allowed to cool to 45oC, later poured into a sterilized plastic petri plates which were appropriately labeled. The present study revealed the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of phyllanthus niruri. The antimicrobial activity of phyllanthus niruri shows great significant against pathogens which are responsible for common infections of skin, respiratory, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. The phytochemical screening of oxalate, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and steroids were all found to be active within the plant. This bioactive phytochemicals present in P. niruri can be useful for further researches on the plant P. nururi since the phytochemicals have shown preclinical efficacies for treating human diseases’ which include hepatitis and HIV AIDS. This work has compiled the chemical constituents present and can be useful for further researches Dr. Mohammed Musa Lawan | Yusuf Sale Baba "Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus Niruri" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44948.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/44948/antimicrobial-and-phytochemical-screening-of-phyllantus-niruri/dr-mohammed-musa-lawan
Study of Bioactive Components Present in Oil Extracted from Fenugreek Seed: R...AI Publications
A fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a native of India, and also found in Mediterranean region, southern Europe, Africa and western Asia. These seeds have their importance due to the medicinal properties as well as nutraceutical value present in their chemical composition. This fenugreek seeds were used for treating diabetes, menstrual cramps, cancer, heart related disease, skin and hair fall treatments, high per tension, weight loss, to increase milk supply in women who were breastfeeding. This seeds is found to be abundant in N-Dimethylaminomethyl, 1-ptoprnol, 2, 2-dimethyl-aceto, Aziridine,1,2,3-trimethyl-trans, 2-pentanone,4-hydroxy-4 meth, 2-trimethylsily-1,3-dithiane, 3-0-methyl-d-glucose, d-mannopyranoiside,uronate,Diazidine1,3,3-trimethyl,Methyl 4,8dimethylnonanoate There are numerous methods available on extraction of these compounds right from conventional (Maceration, Percolation, Reflux extraction, Soxhlet extraction, microwave assist extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, super critical fluid extraction, Pulsed electric field extraction, Enzyme assisted extraction, Ultrasound assisted extraction) apart from this some water based extraction technique may also use to extract bioactive compounds from fenugreek seeds. In present article a focus has been given to highlight importance of fenugreek seeds extract in terms of extraction of bioactive compounds and their probable application in the area of food and pharmaceuticals.
Ecological environment effects on germination and seedling morphology in Park...AI Publications
Néré (Parkia biglobosa) is a wild species preferred and overexploited for its multiple uses by rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study of its germination and seedlings could constitute a prerequisite for its domestication, necessary for its conservation. This study aimed to assess the germination and morphology of seedlings taking into account distinct habitats from its natural environment.A total of 2160 seeds from different mother plants and 540 seedlings from germination were selected and evaluated. The trials were conducted on three sites (two nurseries in Côte d'Ivoire vs one greenhouse in France) with different microclimates. The results showed that the larger the mother trees are, the larger the seeds they produce, which in turn generate more vigorous seedlings. This study showed that the species grows better in a milder environment that is different from its region of origin (fertile soil with a stable or humid tropical climate: Montpellier greenhouse and Daloa nursery). Overall, parent trees did not statistically influence each germination and seedling development parameter for the three sites combined (P > 0.05). However, analysis of variance showed that germination and seedling development parameters differed between experimental sites (P < 0.05). These results are useful and could be used as decision support tools to guide conservation (domestication) and agroforestry programmes based on Parkia biglobosa. This study could be extended to other endangered species in order to preserve biodiversity.
Effects of cytokinins and auxins on micropropagation of Musa spp. cv. YangambiAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The present study was conducted at Banana Tissue Culture lab of Regional Plant Resource Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha to obtain a standardized micropropagation protocol supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of cytokinins and auxins for Musa cv. Yangambi Km-5 (AAA) variety. Data collected for in vitro culture consists of the following parameters: days for bud initiation, rate of shoot proliferation (%), growth value (gm) and number of multiple shoot buds during multiplication stage. Remarkable effects of Cytokinins and Auxins were observed in Yangambi Km-5. Out of various treatments, best concentration for multiple shoot in short period of time for Yangambi Km-5 was found in mediums 3 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l IAA + 0.25 mg/l NAA + 100 mg/l ADS and 1.5 mg/l BAP + 1.5 mg/l KN + 1 mg/l IAA + 0.25 mg/l NAA + 100 mg/l ADS. Maximum growth value, rate of proliferation and number of shoot buds was obtained from explants culture medium 3 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l IAA + 0.25 mg/l NAA + 100 mg/l ADS.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
The effect of dosage of mycorrhizal Glomus mosseae and some varieties on grow...Innspub Net
This study aims to determine the effect of Glomus mosseae mycorrhizae dose and varieties on growth and yield of chili (Capsicum annum. L) on Entisol soil. This research was conducted at the UNSYIAH Experimental Garden, Banda Aceh. The design used in this study is factorial randomized block design (RBD). The first factor in this study is the dose of mycorrhizal Glomus mosseae (D) consisting of 4 levels, namely: D0= without mycorrhiza, D1= mycorrhiza Glomus mosseae 5g plant-1, D2= mycorrhiza Glomus mosseae 10g plant-1, and D3= mycorrhiza Glomus mosseae 15g plant-1. The second factor is chili variety (V) consisting of 3 levels, namely: PM 999 varieties, Lado F1 varieties, varieties CTH-01. The variables observed were growth parameters, chili yield, total N-content and P-available on Entisol soil and the percentage of mycorrhizal infected roots. The results showed that mycorrhizal doses were able to increase the value of N-total and P-available on the soil and can improve plant growth and yield, the use of mycorrhizal doses of 15 g tan-1 generally results in better growth and yield of chilli compared to other doses, while based on the results of research CTH-01 varieties affect the growth and yield of chili plants. There is an interaction between mycorrhizal doses with chilli varieties on growth parameters and chili yield.
Eight different kinds of papers, viz., glaze paper, brown paper, news paper, magazine paper, chart paper, kite paper, rough copy paper and A-4 size printing paper and two types of cardboards viz., corrugated cardboard and card board were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom Pleurotus florida Strain-P1. Among them news paper was later treated as a control. The mushroom utilized all the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. Majority of substrates took almost equal time for spawn run primordial development and fruit bodies maturation. The yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of sporophores varied among themselves. The crop of mushroom was harvested in three flushes where yield and biological efficiency ranged 190-495 gm, 38-99% for the substrate used. Magazine paper (450 gm; 90%) and card board (495 gm; 99%) produced significant (P=0.05) yield and biological efficiency over control. They also produced significant number of mushroom fruit bodies (56 and 64, respectively). Corrugated cardboard (10.29 gm) was found significant in terms of average weight per sporocarp. The percentage yield of different substrates was also evaluated. Among the substrates, card board contributed 14 % of total mushroom production followed by magazine paper (13%) and news paper (12%).
PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACTSubmissionResearchpa
Medicinal plants are abundant in phytochemicals that has significant therapeutic effects. They are relatively cheap, effective and safe in prolong use. This experiment was carried out to investigate the phyto-nutritional profile of broom weed (Sida acuta) leaf extract. Proximate analysis Sida acuta leaf indicated the presence of dry matter (91.88 %), crude protein (18.01 %), ash (9.73 %), crude fibre (6.24 %), ether extract (1.77 %) and energy (2760 Kcal/kg). Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, oxalate, phytate, alkaloids, terpenoids and glycosides at 0.82 %, 2.02 %, 4.25 %, 0.20 %, 0.17 %, 0.05 %, 0.23 %, 0.22 %, 0.95 % and 0.02 % respectively and the vitamin constituents are thiamine (0.33 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (30.17 mg/100g), riboflavin (0.05 mg/100g), β-carotene (0.79 mg/100g) and niacin (0.41 mg/100g). Mineral analysis showed that it contained calcium (127.6 mg/100g), phosphorus (78.6 mg/100g), potassium (31.6 mg/100g), magnesium (102.1 mg/100g), iron (2.14 mg/100g), manganese (0.60 mg/100g), copper (0.04 mg/100g) and zinc (1.75 mg/100g). Result on amino acid composition showed that they contained lysine (2.11 mg/100g), arginine (1.77 mg/100g), aspartic acid (2.13 mg/100g), threonine (1.85 mg/100g), histidine (4.71 mg/100g), serine (2.03 mg/100g), glycine (1.05 mg/100g), alanine (3.31 mg/100g), cystine (5.06 mg/100g), valine (0.88 mg/100g), leucine (2.04 mg/100g), phenyalanine (4.72 mg/100g), tyrosine (3.51 mg/100g), isoleucine (2.84 mg/100g), methionine (0.85 mg/100g) and proline (1.05 mg/100g). It was concluded that Sida acuta leaf extract is rich in various nutrients and phytochemicals conferring it the ability to perform multiple biological activities and as a natural alternative to antibiotics. by Shittu, M. D and Alagbe, J.O 2020. PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACT. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 119-124. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.845. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845/806 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Studies on the Crude Extract of Moringa Oleifera Leaf for Preliminary Identif...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis ProceraYogeshIJTSRD
Plants growing in arid regions have elicited increased attention, because the hostile environment, in which these plants survive, forces them to develop chemical protective systems through adaptation which is rarely found in vegetation of other ecosystems. Furthermore, many of the plants grow in areas, where the dependence on traditional, plant based medicines over industrially produced pharmaceuticals persists to this day. The two plants, Calotopris Procera giant milkweed, also named C. Persica and Calotropis gigantea crown ower , have been used widely in traditional medicine in North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Asia. This has led to extensive research on the chemical constituents of the plants. Both plants are known to be sources of cardenolides, and newer research has yielded a number of interesting cancer active constituents. In addition, extracts of both plants have remarkable nematocidal, molluscidal and insecticidal activities. In many regions, the wood of Calotropis plants has been used as a building material and as a source of fuel. In addition, certain parts of the plants have been used as feed for livestock. In other regions, Calotropis plants are seen as invasive species that threaten local plant life and that due to their toxicity also pose a threat to grazing eld animals. Jaffar Khan | Pankaj Chasta | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis Procera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45145.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45145/standardization-and-formulations-of-calotropis-procera/jaffar-khan
Inventory and world geographical distribution of the olive tree (Olea europae...IJEAB
The objective of this work is to prepare an Inventory about the viral and bacterial diseases of the olive tree (Olea europaea L.) and to study their Geographical distribution in the world. Fifteen viruses were considered as pathogens on the olive tree, these viruses were reported in 22 countries in five continents showing different symptoms on different olive tree varieties. All viruses were reported in Italy, some of these viruses were found only in the Eurepean continent, such as Olive vein yellows associated virus (OVYaV), Olive yellow mottling and decline associated virus (OYMDaV), Olive mild mosaic virus (OMMV) and Olive semilatent virus (OSLV). Two bacteria were reported as pathogen on the olive tree; Pseudomonas savastanoi. pv. savastanoi responsible bacteria of thr olive knot; a serious disease of olive (Olea europaea L.) in the Mediterranean region. This bacteria was detected in 22 countries in five continents, the majority of these countries exist in the Mediterranean Basin. Another bacteria was Xylella fastidiosa responsible of the quick decline syndrome of olive (OQDS), was deteted in Europe in four countries (Italy, Spain, Portugal and Slovenia) and in America in three countries (USA, Argentina and Brazil). Phtoplasmas was reported in 5 countries in three continents (Europe, Asia and Australia)
Ethnobotanical and traditional uses, phytochemical constituents and biologica...LucyPi1
Abstract Objective: Eryngium with the 274 accepted species, is the largest genus of Apiaceae family which are distributed all over the world and have been used in traditional remedies to manage various ailments in different nations. Ten species of Eryngium have been identified in Iran including E. caeruleum M.B. (syn: E. caucasicum Trautv.), E. creticum Lam., E. bungei Boiss., E. billardieri F. Delaroche. (syn: E. kotschyi Boiss.), E. glomeratum Lam. (syn: E. parviflorum Sm.), E. bornumulleri Nab., E. pyramidale Boiss. & Husson., E. noeanum Boiss., E. wanaturi Woron. (syn: E. woronowii Bordz.), and E. thyrsoideum Boiss. The aim of the present research is to review pharmacological activity, and phytochemical constituents as well as ethnobotany and traditional uses of Iranian species of Eryngium. Materials and methods: Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct (ISI Web of Knowledge) and Embase library were comprehensively searched for research on Eryngium. The search period was from 1966 to October 2018. The related articles were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criterias in our study. Results: A total of 57 papers were enrolled in analyses. The findings showed that Iranian species of Eryngium, had a noticeable diverse of traditional medicinal uses and also broad range of pharmacological activities as well as various phytochemical compounds. Some remarkable biological and pharmacological activities of these species have been demonstrated in present scientific studies, including antimicrobial, cytotoxic and anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antinociceptive activities as well as antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-snake and anti-scorpion venom effects. Conclusion: Iranian Eryngium species have enormous potential for prospective preparation of herbal medicinal products and are good candidates for discovering new drugs.
Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapp...YogeshIJTSRD
Pineapple Ananas comosus is an indispensible fruit that is cherished by many people due to its huge health benefits. It is peeled and sold in many markets and road sides for easy accessibility. The presence of bacteria in the peeled and ready to eat fruits was checked in this study. Peeled, sliced and cellophane packaged pineapple fruits were purchased from Eke Awka Market in Anambra State Nigeria. Nutrient agar was used to carry out bacterial isolation using pour plate technique. Results showed that colony count of the pineapple fruits ranged from 3.5 9.5 2cfu ml of the rinsed water. The isolates were identified on the basis of their colony and morphological features as well as biochemical and sugar fermentation tests. Gene sequencing was used to confirm the species of some of the isolates. A total of six bacteria species were isolated and identified with frequencies as Streptococcus spp 13.9 , Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22.2 , Staphylococcus aureus 25.0 , Micrococcus luteus 11.1 , Escherichia coli 19.5 and Staphylococcus epidermidis 8.3 . Staphylococcus aureus has the highest frequency followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staphylococcus epidermidis has the least frequency. Almost all the isolates are pathogenic in nature and their presence in the consumable fruits indicates possible health problems to the consumers. The presence of E. coli indicates direct or indirect fecal contamination. Proper handling of pineapple fruits, hygiene and proper storage will help reduce the risk of contamination by these organisms. Umeh S. O. | Okafor O. I. | Chidubem-Nwachinemere, N. O "Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapple (Ananas Comosus) Fruits Retailed at Eke Awka Market, Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45050.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/45050/isolation-and-identification-of-bacteria-from-peeled-and-ready-to-eat-pineapple-ananas-comosus-fruits-retailed-at-eke-awka-market-anambra-state-nigeria/umeh-s-o
Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus NiruriYogeshIJTSRD
Theorigin of Phyllanthus niruri is tropical America from there it spread as a weed to other tropic and sub tropics. It is a tropical annual herb shrub which grows as weed in moist humid waste land. Phyllanthus niruri is among more than 500 Phyllanthus species that are widely spread in temperate and tropical climates region Lizuka et al., 2007. It grows 30 40 cm in height, has small leaves and yellow flowers the stem has green capsule, and blooms with flowers with 5 white sepals and apical acute anther.38g of Mueller Hinton Agar was dissolved in 1000ml distilled water in a conical flask, the mouth of the conical flask was plugged with cotton woo wrapped in aluminium foil. This was sterilized in an autoclave at 121oC for 15mns. The media was removed and allowed to cool to 45oC, later poured into a sterilized plastic petri plates which were appropriately labeled. The present study revealed the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of phyllanthus niruri. The antimicrobial activity of phyllanthus niruri shows great significant against pathogens which are responsible for common infections of skin, respiratory, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. The phytochemical screening of oxalate, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and steroids were all found to be active within the plant. This bioactive phytochemicals present in P. niruri can be useful for further researches on the plant P. nururi since the phytochemicals have shown preclinical efficacies for treating human diseases’ which include hepatitis and HIV AIDS. This work has compiled the chemical constituents present and can be useful for further researches Dr. Mohammed Musa Lawan | Yusuf Sale Baba "Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus Niruri" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44948.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/44948/antimicrobial-and-phytochemical-screening-of-phyllantus-niruri/dr-mohammed-musa-lawan
Study of Bioactive Components Present in Oil Extracted from Fenugreek Seed: R...AI Publications
A fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a native of India, and also found in Mediterranean region, southern Europe, Africa and western Asia. These seeds have their importance due to the medicinal properties as well as nutraceutical value present in their chemical composition. This fenugreek seeds were used for treating diabetes, menstrual cramps, cancer, heart related disease, skin and hair fall treatments, high per tension, weight loss, to increase milk supply in women who were breastfeeding. This seeds is found to be abundant in N-Dimethylaminomethyl, 1-ptoprnol, 2, 2-dimethyl-aceto, Aziridine,1,2,3-trimethyl-trans, 2-pentanone,4-hydroxy-4 meth, 2-trimethylsily-1,3-dithiane, 3-0-methyl-d-glucose, d-mannopyranoiside,uronate,Diazidine1,3,3-trimethyl,Methyl 4,8dimethylnonanoate There are numerous methods available on extraction of these compounds right from conventional (Maceration, Percolation, Reflux extraction, Soxhlet extraction, microwave assist extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, super critical fluid extraction, Pulsed electric field extraction, Enzyme assisted extraction, Ultrasound assisted extraction) apart from this some water based extraction technique may also use to extract bioactive compounds from fenugreek seeds. In present article a focus has been given to highlight importance of fenugreek seeds extract in terms of extraction of bioactive compounds and their probable application in the area of food and pharmaceuticals.
Ecological environment effects on germination and seedling morphology in Park...AI Publications
Néré (Parkia biglobosa) is a wild species preferred and overexploited for its multiple uses by rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study of its germination and seedlings could constitute a prerequisite for its domestication, necessary for its conservation. This study aimed to assess the germination and morphology of seedlings taking into account distinct habitats from its natural environment.A total of 2160 seeds from different mother plants and 540 seedlings from germination were selected and evaluated. The trials were conducted on three sites (two nurseries in Côte d'Ivoire vs one greenhouse in France) with different microclimates. The results showed that the larger the mother trees are, the larger the seeds they produce, which in turn generate more vigorous seedlings. This study showed that the species grows better in a milder environment that is different from its region of origin (fertile soil with a stable or humid tropical climate: Montpellier greenhouse and Daloa nursery). Overall, parent trees did not statistically influence each germination and seedling development parameter for the three sites combined (P > 0.05). However, analysis of variance showed that germination and seedling development parameters differed between experimental sites (P < 0.05). These results are useful and could be used as decision support tools to guide conservation (domestication) and agroforestry programmes based on Parkia biglobosa. This study could be extended to other endangered species in order to preserve biodiversity.
Effects of cytokinins and auxins on micropropagation of Musa spp. cv. YangambiAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The present study was conducted at Banana Tissue Culture lab of Regional Plant Resource Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha to obtain a standardized micropropagation protocol supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of cytokinins and auxins for Musa cv. Yangambi Km-5 (AAA) variety. Data collected for in vitro culture consists of the following parameters: days for bud initiation, rate of shoot proliferation (%), growth value (gm) and number of multiple shoot buds during multiplication stage. Remarkable effects of Cytokinins and Auxins were observed in Yangambi Km-5. Out of various treatments, best concentration for multiple shoot in short period of time for Yangambi Km-5 was found in mediums 3 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l IAA + 0.25 mg/l NAA + 100 mg/l ADS and 1.5 mg/l BAP + 1.5 mg/l KN + 1 mg/l IAA + 0.25 mg/l NAA + 100 mg/l ADS. Maximum growth value, rate of proliferation and number of shoot buds was obtained from explants culture medium 3 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l IAA + 0.25 mg/l NAA + 100 mg/l ADS.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
The effect of dosage of mycorrhizal Glomus mosseae and some varieties on grow...Innspub Net
This study aims to determine the effect of Glomus mosseae mycorrhizae dose and varieties on growth and yield of chili (Capsicum annum. L) on Entisol soil. This research was conducted at the UNSYIAH Experimental Garden, Banda Aceh. The design used in this study is factorial randomized block design (RBD). The first factor in this study is the dose of mycorrhizal Glomus mosseae (D) consisting of 4 levels, namely: D0= without mycorrhiza, D1= mycorrhiza Glomus mosseae 5g plant-1, D2= mycorrhiza Glomus mosseae 10g plant-1, and D3= mycorrhiza Glomus mosseae 15g plant-1. The second factor is chili variety (V) consisting of 3 levels, namely: PM 999 varieties, Lado F1 varieties, varieties CTH-01. The variables observed were growth parameters, chili yield, total N-content and P-available on Entisol soil and the percentage of mycorrhizal infected roots. The results showed that mycorrhizal doses were able to increase the value of N-total and P-available on the soil and can improve plant growth and yield, the use of mycorrhizal doses of 15 g tan-1 generally results in better growth and yield of chilli compared to other doses, while based on the results of research CTH-01 varieties affect the growth and yield of chili plants. There is an interaction between mycorrhizal doses with chilli varieties on growth parameters and chili yield.
Eight different kinds of papers, viz., glaze paper, brown paper, news paper, magazine paper, chart paper, kite paper, rough copy paper and A-4 size printing paper and two types of cardboards viz., corrugated cardboard and card board were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom Pleurotus florida Strain-P1. Among them news paper was later treated as a control. The mushroom utilized all the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. Majority of substrates took almost equal time for spawn run primordial development and fruit bodies maturation. The yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of sporophores varied among themselves. The crop of mushroom was harvested in three flushes where yield and biological efficiency ranged 190-495 gm, 38-99% for the substrate used. Magazine paper (450 gm; 90%) and card board (495 gm; 99%) produced significant (P=0.05) yield and biological efficiency over control. They also produced significant number of mushroom fruit bodies (56 and 64, respectively). Corrugated cardboard (10.29 gm) was found significant in terms of average weight per sporocarp. The percentage yield of different substrates was also evaluated. Among the substrates, card board contributed 14 % of total mushroom production followed by magazine paper (13%) and news paper (12%).
PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACTSubmissionResearchpa
Medicinal plants are abundant in phytochemicals that has significant therapeutic effects. They are relatively cheap, effective and safe in prolong use. This experiment was carried out to investigate the phyto-nutritional profile of broom weed (Sida acuta) leaf extract. Proximate analysis Sida acuta leaf indicated the presence of dry matter (91.88 %), crude protein (18.01 %), ash (9.73 %), crude fibre (6.24 %), ether extract (1.77 %) and energy (2760 Kcal/kg). Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, oxalate, phytate, alkaloids, terpenoids and glycosides at 0.82 %, 2.02 %, 4.25 %, 0.20 %, 0.17 %, 0.05 %, 0.23 %, 0.22 %, 0.95 % and 0.02 % respectively and the vitamin constituents are thiamine (0.33 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (30.17 mg/100g), riboflavin (0.05 mg/100g), β-carotene (0.79 mg/100g) and niacin (0.41 mg/100g). Mineral analysis showed that it contained calcium (127.6 mg/100g), phosphorus (78.6 mg/100g), potassium (31.6 mg/100g), magnesium (102.1 mg/100g), iron (2.14 mg/100g), manganese (0.60 mg/100g), copper (0.04 mg/100g) and zinc (1.75 mg/100g). Result on amino acid composition showed that they contained lysine (2.11 mg/100g), arginine (1.77 mg/100g), aspartic acid (2.13 mg/100g), threonine (1.85 mg/100g), histidine (4.71 mg/100g), serine (2.03 mg/100g), glycine (1.05 mg/100g), alanine (3.31 mg/100g), cystine (5.06 mg/100g), valine (0.88 mg/100g), leucine (2.04 mg/100g), phenyalanine (4.72 mg/100g), tyrosine (3.51 mg/100g), isoleucine (2.84 mg/100g), methionine (0.85 mg/100g) and proline (1.05 mg/100g). It was concluded that Sida acuta leaf extract is rich in various nutrients and phytochemicals conferring it the ability to perform multiple biological activities and as a natural alternative to antibiotics. by Shittu, M. D and Alagbe, J.O 2020. PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACT. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 119-124. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.845. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845/806 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
A review on Moringa oleifera- A potent medicinal herb|Ijb vol-16-no-4-p-500-508Innspub Net
Moringa oleifera L. (Family: Moringaceae) is an incredibly useful medicinal herb, possess significantly high nutritional value. It is an exceptionally healthy herb which is edible and its tree could easily and cheaply be cultivated and grown in Pakistan. It is also known as super food as it contains indigenous basis of highly digestible protein, iron, calcium, potassium, Vitamins A, C, E and polyphenols. Moringa is rich source of phytochemicals such as myricetin, phenolic substances, phenolic acids, flavonoids, isothiocyanates, tannins and saponins, quercetin, zeatin and kaempferol flavonoids which are effective antioxidants that have several therapeutic benefits. It is used as a medical herb having various health benefits. Moreover, different portions of moringa such a seed, roots, buds, leaves, flowers and bark, possess various forms of biological actions, such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-carcinogenic, antihypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemic, antidiabetic hepatoprotective and neuroprotective activities, that helps in the treatment of different aliments. The current review highlights the medicinal, therapeutic properties of and mechanisms of compounds extracted from Moringa oleifera also gaining new perspectives for further researches and advancement.
Invitro and Invivo antibacterial study of leaf extracts of Euphorbia heteroph...Premier Publishers
A study was carried out to determine the phytochemical components and antibacterial activity of Euphorbia heterophylla crude extracts on four enteric organisms namely; Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. The clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using agar diffusion technique. Phytochemistry of the Euphorbia heterophylla, crude extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and cardiac glycosides. Methanolic and aqueous crude extract produced clear zones of inhibition at concentration ranging from 50 to 200mg/ml. In vivo antimicrobial assay revealed that the mice treated with the crude methanolic and aqueous extracts after being infected with the various test organisms, survived and showed minute pathological effects. Similarly, untreated mice (control) died after 48hours of inoculation with Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris. Euphorbia heterophylla crude extract, most especially its methanolic and aqueous counterpart could be a potential source for the treatment of diseases associated with enteric organisms. Further studies should be directed towards isolation and characterization of the active compound in the crude extracts.
Among the edible mushrooms, Morchella esculenta (Pers.) is a highly prized mushroomwhich consists of a short stalk and a conical, pitted, hollow pileus. It is commonly known as amorel or sponge mushroom, or gucchi, etc. It belongs to the class Ascomycetes, order Pezizalesand family Morchellaceae. It is found throughout the world. In jammu and kashmir, it is found in various forests regions under pine vegetation. It is therapeutic in nature; thereforeits medicinal and biochemical properties are under investigation throughout the world, especiallyin regard to treating the hazardous diseases such as cancer, tumors, etc. The present in vitro studywas conducted for the first time. The three media soil and soil extracts Agar and LuriaAgar were used. Mycellial growth was obtained on all these media, but the LA medium showedbetter growth. Microscopic studies had shown pigmentation is most likely due to the secondarymycelium. Among these mycelium ascogenous hyphae are produced that may lead to theformation of ascogonium and antheridium with the dilated tips. The compact mass ofprosenchymatous and pseudoparenchyma tissues was observed.
Cucurbits are edible crops, belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae. They are climbers with reserves in roots and are distributed mainly in tropical zones. They are mostly moist vines and are distributed in both the eastern and western hemispheres. The member of this family are excellent fruit crops having most of the essential nutrients, vitamins and minerals required for the good health of humans. All parts of the Cucurbitaceae plants (leaf, stem, root or tuber, fruit and seeds) are used in the traditional system of medicine. Wide research is going on to search a new active compound and to analyze their medicinal properties. The present review of Cucurbitaceae family deals with the very large amount of updated information of scientific research and report in the field of phytochemistry and pharmacology. In this study, we have documented some of the important plants viz., Mukia maderaspatana, Solena amplexicaulis, Citrullus colocynthis, Citrullus lanatus, Coccinia indica, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita pepo, Lagenaria siceraria, Luffa acutangula, Trichosanthes cucumerina, Corallocarpus epigaeus, Luffa cylindrica, Momordica charantia, Trichosanthes dioica and Kedrostis foetidissima.
Improving Growth and Productivity of “Pear” Trees Using Some Natural Plants E...iosrjce
This study was conducted during two successive seasons (2013 and 2014) at Baloza, North Sinai
governorate, Egypt. The aim of this research is to study the effect of spraying pear trees with some natural
plants extracts on yield, fruit quality and fire blight infection of Le-Conte cultivar. Seven treatments were done
as follows: control treatment (spraying with water), garlic extract at (2 and 4 %), moringa extract at (2 and 4
%) and licorice extract at (2 and 4g/ L.). All treatments were sprayed once every month started form January
until the harvest time (July).The obtained results revealed that all treatments were very effective in stimulating
growth parameters (leaf area, chlorophyll, shoot length, shoot diameter, leaf mineral contents (nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium), yield, physical and chemical characteristics and fire blight infection of the fruits.
Generally, licorice extract at (4g/ L.) increased the leaf area, chlorophyll, shoot length, shoot diameter in both
seasons. In addition, moringa extract at (4%) improved leaf mineral content (N, P and K), yield/ tree, number of
fruits /tree, fruit length, diameter, shape, weight, volume, T.S.S., total sugar, vitamin C, and decreased total
acidity. On the other hand, garlic extract at (4%) gave the highest number and percentage of healthy fruits.
Key word: garlic extract, licorice extract, moringa extract, Le-Conte “pear”.
A Review on Different Benefits of MushroomIOSRJPBS
This paper reviews mushrooms. In this paper, nutritional and medicinal values, other uses of mushrooms were discussed. Mushrooms have been important in human history as food, as medicine, as legands, and in folk lore and religion. Mushrooms are basically consumed for their texture and flavor. They have recently become attractive as health - beneficent food and as sources for the development of drugs. Many higher mushrooms are known to contain a number of biologically active components that show promising antitumor and immunomodulating, cardiovascular, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, antiviral, antibacterial, antiparasitic and antidiabetic effects. Nutritional value of mushrooms lies between that of meat and vegetables. The rich source of proteins, vitamins and minerals and low in fat content (2-8%) unique chemicals constitution of mushrooms makes them low calorie food 8 and choice diet for those suffering from hypertension, arthrosclerosis, diabetes, obesity. Mushrooms play a role in the development of new biological remediation techniques and filtration technologies (e.g. using fungi to lower bacterial levels in contaminated water). From the review it was observed that developing countries should harness the potentials of mushrooms as this would boost the revenue income and healthy living. It is hoped that this paper would add to existing information on this fungus
A Review on Therapeutic Multipurpose Medicinal use of Tinospora Cordifoliaijtsrd
The present review gives the information about the Tinospora cord folia Gauche or Amrita is used as medicine such as Ayurvedic, Uninai, Sridhar and Homeopathy that is also called AYUSH. Tinospora cordifolia is also called "Heavenly elixir". The various types of drugs subjected for number of chemicals, preclinical, pharmacological and therapeutic applications have been indicated. Various allelopathic drugs are used to cure the several diseases to increase the level of prominence of crude extract of Tinospora cord folia. All the parts of Tinospora cordifolia plant is used as therapeutic uses, it contains phytochemicals compounds. These compounds are used in cognition, anti tumour, anti inflammatory, anti neoplastic, anti osteoporotic, antimalarial, anti hyperglycemia, anti hyper lipidemia, antioxidant, anti tuberculosis, anti angiogenic and anti allergic. It is also used to control the side effects of cancer chemotherapy, radiotherapy and in surgery. The current study presents the chemical and biological activity use in medical science and in field of research. Priyanka Gupta "A Review on Therapeutic Multipurpose Medicinal use of Tinospora Cordifolia" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27859.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/27859/a-review-on-therapeutic-multipurpose-medicinal-use-of-tinospora-cordifolia/priyanka-gupta
Similar to Medicinal properties of_moringa_oleifera (20)
Despite considerable interest in the use of Moringa oleifera as a nutrient source, gaps and inconsistencies in the information on the nutrient content of this interesting plant remain. There are many reasons for this. The nutrient content of newly harvested plant material naturally varies with soil and climate as well as season and plant age. Differences in processing and storage procedures add more variation; and the use of different analytical techniques amplifies the variation further. For moringa leaves, additional variation has been created over time due to errors created as nutrient content values are incorrectly copied from source to source (30). The purpose of this review is to summarize the more recent scientific information about the nutrient content of fresh Moringa oleifera leaves and dried Moringa oleifera leaf powder. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Moringa Oleifera, A Supermarket On A Tree
Moringa oleifera is extremely rich in vital nutrients and, as a bonus, can grow very fast in dry areas of the world, where food is scarce. Since ancient times, Moringa was used as a medicinal plant, known to heal and ease a wide number of diseases: from various inflammations to cancer, to parasitic diseases and diabetes. In more recent times, Moringa has gained notoriety as a nutrition power plant that can feed the needy and, in fact, save lives. And eyes… from blindness due to lack of vital nutrients such as vitamin A in the diet.
Moringa leaves or leaf powder can be used successfully as a suplement food to nourish small children, pregnant or nursing women, and of course, anybody else.
http://miracletrees.org/
2. supplement of dietary minerals. The pods and leaves of
Moringa contains high amount of Ca, Mg, K, Mn, P, Zn,
Na, Cu, and Fe (Aslam et al., 2005). Although, minerals
content of Moringa shows variation in composition with
changes in location (Anjorin et al., 2010).
Ancient medicinal system relies on several plant
products used by traditionally human communities in
many parts of the world for different diseases. Among
these plants, MO has its great contribution from ancient
time. It is a plant with exceptional medicinal properties
which can resolves the health care needs in several
situations. Easy cultivation of Moringa within adverse
environmental condition and wide availability attract
attention for economic and health related potential in
resource limited developing countries. This study
discusses medicinal potential of this exceptional plant
and its potential as a commercial medicinal and
nutritional supplement.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF MORINGA
MO has enormous medicinal potential, which has long
been recognized in the Ayurvedic and Unani system
(Mughal et al., 1999). Nearly every part of this plant,
including root, bark, gum, leaf, fruit (pods), flowers, seed,
and seed oil have been used for various ailments in the
indigenous medicine (Odebiyi and Sofowora, 1999), but
recent research is also indicating about several active
constituents for accepting its applicability in modern
medicine (Table 1). Few representatives of these are
discussed in this article.
Antimicrobial and antihelmintic effects
Antimicrobial components of MO have been validated
after the discovery of inhibitory activity against several
microorganisms. In a recent study, aqueous extracts of
MO was found to be inhibitory against many pathogenic
bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus
subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
in dose dependent manner (Saadabi and Abu Zaid,
2011). MO extracts was also found to be inhibitory
against Mycobacterium phlei and B. subtilis (Eilert et al.,
1981). Leaf extract of MO was found to be effective in
checking growth of fungi Basidiobolus haptosporus and
Basidiobolus ranarums (Nwosu and Okafor, 1995).
Another study involving aqueous methanolic extract and
fixed oil against microorganisms was performed using
Scenedesmus obliquus (green algae), E. coli ATCC
13706, P. aeruginosa ATCC10145, S. aureus NAMRU 3
25923, Bacillus stearothermophilus (bacterial strains) and
Herpes Simplex virus type 1 (HSV 1) and Polio virus type
1 (sabin vaccine). Varying degree of antimicrobial activity
was observed ranging from sensitive for B.
stearothermophilus to resistant for P. aeruginosa (Ali et
Farooq et al. 4369
al., 2004). Beside antibacterial activity of MO oils, it also
posses anti-fungal activity (Chuang et al., 2007). Study
comparing relative antimicrobial activity of seed extracts
against bacteria (Pasturella multocida, E. coli, B. subtilis
and S. aureus) and fungi (Fusarium solani and Rhizopus
solani) revealed that P. multocida and B. subtilis were the
most sensitive strains, and their activity was influenced
by cations (Na+
, K+
, Mg2+
and Ca2+
) (Jabeen et al., 2008).
Another relative comparison of antibacterial and
antifungal efficacy of MO steam distillate observed more
inhibition for E. coli followed by S. aureus, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis. In case of
fungi, Aspergillus niger was strongly inhibited followed by
Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus
nidulans (Prashith Kekuda et al., 2010). Contrary to
resistance against P. aeruginosa and Candida albicans
for MO in other studies, one study using ethanolic extract
of leaves, seeds and flowers showed the antimicrobial
activity against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter
species, Proteus mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella
typhi A, S. aureus, Streptococcus and Candida albicans
(Nepolean et al., 2009). Moringa contains pterygospermin
(originally found in Moringa pterygosperma) which has
powerful antibacterial and fungicidal effects (Rao et al.,
1946). Several other specific components of Moringa
have been reported with antibacterial activity, including 4-
(4'-O-acetyl-a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy) benzyl
isothiocyanate, 4-(a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy) benzyl
isothiocyanate, niazimicin, benzyl isothiocyanate, and 4-
(a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy) benzyl glucosinolate (Fahey,
2005). Other bioactive compounds, such as Spirochin
and Anthonine are found in root and are active against
several bacteria. Anthonine has potent inhibitory activity
against Vibrio cholerae (Nwosu and Okafor, 1995). MO
flower and leaves are also capable of controlling parasitic
worms, their antihelmintic activity has been demonstrated
during several studies (Bhattacharya et al., 1982).
Moreover, it has also been reported to inhibit Indian
earthworm Pheritima posthuma with MO leaves ethanolic
extracts (Rastogi et al., 2009).
Anti-inflammatory activity
Moringa plant parts have substantial anti-inflammatory
activity. For instance, the root extract exhibits significant
anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced rat paw
oedema (Ezeamuzie et al., 1996; Khare et al., 1997). The
crude methanol extract of the root inhibits carrageenan-
induced rat paw oedema in a dose dependent manner
after oral administration (Anonymous, 2005). Moreover,
n-butanol extract of the seeds of MO shows anti-
inflammatory activity against ovalbumin-induced airway
inflammation in guinea pigs (Mahajan et al., 2009).
Amelioration of inflammation associated chronic diseases
can be possible with the potent anti-inflammatory activity
of MO bioactive compounds (Muangnoi et al., 2011).
3. 4370 J. Med. Plants Res.
Considering potent anti-inflammatory activity of Moringa
plant, it can be surmised that this plant shows profound
influence on inflammation associated diseases and
resultant symptoms. As a consequence, this plant shows
beneficial effects on asthma, pain, and other resultant
symptoms.
Anti-asthmatic activity
It has been reported a long time ago that Moringa plant
alkaloid closely resembles ephedrine in action and can
be used for the treatment of asthma. Alkaloid moringine
relaxes bronchioles (Kirtikar and Basu, 1975). The seed
kernels of MO also showed promising effect in the
treatment of bronchial asthma, during a study to analyze
efficacy and safety of seed kernels for the management
of asthmatic patients. The study showed significant
decrease in the severity of asthma symptoms and also
concurrent respiratory functions improvement (Agrawal
and Mehta, 2008).
Analgesic activity
The analgesic activity of Moringa has been reported in
several Moringa species. In a study using ethanolic
extracts of Moringa concanensis tender pod-like fruits in
experimental animals, a significant analgesic activity was
observed (Rao et al., 2008). Furthermore, alcoholic
extract of the leaves and seeds of MO also possess
marked analgesic activity as evidenced through hot plate
and tail immersion method (Sutar et al., 2008).
Antipyretic activity
As a result of anti-inflammatory action of Moringa
bioactive constituents, the antipyretic activity can be
hypothesized. A study was designed to assess antipyretic
effect of ethanol, petroleum ether, solvent ether and ethyl
acetate extracts of MO seeds using yeast induced
hyperpyrexia method. Paracetamol was used as control
during the study. Not surprisingly, ethanol and ethyl
acetate extracts of seeds showed significant antipyretic
activity in rats (Hukkeri et al., 2006).
Antihypertensive, diuretic and cholesterol lowering
activities
Moringa leaves contain several bio active compounds,
they exert direct effect on blood pressure, and thus these
can be used for stabilizing blood pressure. MO com-
pounds leading to blood pressure lowering effect includes
nitrile, mustard oil glycosides and thiocarbamate
glycosides present in Moringa leaves (Anwar et al.,
2007). In addition, diuretic activity of Moringa exists in its
roots, leaves, flowers, gum and the aqueous infusion of
seeds (Morton, 1991). Moreover, Moringa leaves also
contain bioactive phytoconstituent, (that is, b-sitosterol)
with cholesterol lowering effect. This compound is
capable to reduce cholesterol level from the serum of
high fat diet fed rats (Ghasi et al., 2000).
Antidiabetic activity
Several medicinal plants have been evaluated for their
potential as therapeutic agent for diabetes. MO is also an
important component in this category. MO leaves
significantly decrease blood glucose concentration in
Wistar rats and Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, modeled type 2
diabetes (Ndong et al., 2007). Another study indicated
that the extract from Moringa leaf is effective in lowering
blood sugar levels within 3 h after ingestion (Mittal et al.,
2007). As a mechanistic model for antidiabetic activity of
MO, it has been indicated that dark chocolate
polyphenols (Grassi et al., 2005) and other polyphenols
(Al-Awwadi et al., 2004; Moharram et al., 2003) are
responsible for hypoglycemic activity. Moringa leaves are
potent source of polyphenols, including quercetin-3-
glycoside, rutin, kaempferol glycosides, and other
polyphenols (Ndong et al., 2007). Thus, potential anti-
diabetic activity of MO can be commercialized through
the development of suitable technology with achieving
anti-diabetic activity up to conventional drugs.
Antioxidant activity
MO is a rich source of antioxidant (Chumark et al., 2008).
It has been reported that aqueous extracts of leaf, fruit
and seed of MO act as an antioxidant (Singh et al.,
2009). During a study reporting antioxidant property of
freeze dried Moringa leaves from different extraction
procedures, it was found that methanol and ethanol
extracts of Indian origin MO have the highest antioxidant
activity with 65.1 and 66.8%, respectively (Lalas and
Tsaknis, 2002; Siddhuraju and Becker, 2003). It was also
reported that the major bioactive compounds of
phenolics, such as quercetin and kaempferol are
responsible for antioxidant activity (Bajpai et al., 2005;
Siddhuraju and Becker, 2003). During another study,
quercetin and kaempferol have shown good antioxidant
activity on hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) induced Met
phosphorylation with IC50 value for 12 and ~6 µM/L,
respectively (Labbe et al., 2009). Another recent study
comparing palm oil with MO seeds for their antioxidant
potential found out that MO seed are superiors for radical
scavenging (Ogbunugafor et al., 2011).
Hepatoprotective activity
MO has shown significant hepatoprotective activity in
4. several studies. MO leaves ethanolic extracts showed
significant protection against liver damage induced by
antitubercular drugs [isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP),
and pyrazinamide (PZA)] in rats. It was found that
hepatoprotective activity of MO is medicated by its effect
on the levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
(aspartate aminotransferase), glutamic pyruvic
transaminase (alanine aminotransferase), alkaline
phosphatase, and bilirubin in the serum; lipids, and lipid
peroxidation levels in liver (Pari and Kumar, 2002).
Moreover, methanolic and chloroform extracts of MO
leaves also showed significant protection against CCl4
induced liver damage in albino rats. Besides
hepatoprotective activity of MO leaves, its root and
flowers also possess strong hepatoprotective activity.
Moringa flowers contain a well recognized flavonoid
(Quercetin), which may be responsible for its potent
hepatoprotective activity (Ruckmani et al., 1998;
Selvakumar and Natarajan, 2008). In a recent study
evaluating the effect of MO seed extract on liver fibrosis,
it was found that MO seed extract has the ability to
subside liver fibrosis. This study involved CCl4 induced
liver fibrosis and concurrent administration of MO seed
extract. MO seed extract control the elevation of serum
aminotransferase activities and globulin level induced by
CCl4. Moreover, immunohistochemical studies also
showed that MO reduces liver fibrosis (Hamza, 2010).
Antitumor activity
MO has been found as a potent anticancer plant and
several bioactive compounds with significant antitumor
activity have been discovered from MO. Among bioactive
compounds from MO, niazimicin, a MO leaves
thiocarbamate was found to have potent anticancer
activity (Guevaraa et al., 1999). Furthermore, niazimicin
also shows the inhibition of tumor promoter teleocidin B-
4-induced Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) activation (Murakami
et al., 1998). Another study involving 11 plants used in
Bangladeshi folk medicine, MO was considered as
potential source of anticancer compounds. During this
study, the plant extract were analyzed for cytotoxicity
through brine shrimp lethality assay, sea urchin eggs
assay, hemolysis assay and MTT assay using tumor cell
lines. The study also indicated the potential cytotoxic
effects of MO leaf extract on human multiple myeloma
cell lines (Costa-Lotufo et al., 2005; Parvathy and
Umamaheshwari, 2007). Beside leaves, MO seed
extracts also have anticancer activity through its effects
on hepatic carcinogen metabolizing enzymes, and
antioxidant property (Bharali et al., 2003).
Antifertility activity
MO plant also has pertinent antifertility activity. The
aqueous extract obtained from root and bark of MO
Farooq et al. 4371
showed post-coital antifertility effect in rat and also
induced foetal resorption at late pregnancy (Prakash et
al., 1987). Moreover, aqueous extract of MO roots was
also evaluated for estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, pro-
gestational and antiprogestational activities. This extract
induces several consequences for affecting its antifertility
property (Shukla et al., 1988). During another study
analyzing anti reproductive potential of folk medicine
plants, MO leaf extracts were found to be 100% abortive
with doses equivalent to 175 mg/kg of starting dry
material (Nath et al., 1992).
Antispasmodic and antiulcer effects
Moringa root and leaves contain several compounds with
spasmolytic activity. These compounds include 4- (alpha-
L-rhamnosyloxybenzyl)-o-methyl thiocarbamate which is
possibly affected through calcium channel blockade,
niazinin A, niazinin B, niazimicin, etc., with hypotensive
and bradycardiac effect. The spasmolytic activity of
different constituents support for traditional uses of this
plant in gastrointestinal motility disorder (Gilani et al.,
1994). MO methanolic extract is also capable in
protecting experimental rats from gastric lesions induced
by acetylsalicylic acid, serotonin and indomethacin. In
addition, it also enhances healing process of chronic
gastric lesions induced by acetic acid in experimental
animals (Pal et al., 1995). Another study have reported
the antiulcer effect of MO leaves aqueous extract on
adult Holtzman albino rats (Debnath and Guha, 2007).
Cardiac and circulatory stimulant
In addition to earlier mentioned bradycardiac effect of MO
leaves, all parts of MO are reported with somewhat
cardiac and circulatory stimulant activity. Root bark of
Moringa contains alkaloid moringinine which acts as
cardiac stimulant through its effect on sympathetic
nervous system (Duke, 2001). The aforementioned
effects can also result due to the prevention of
hyperlipidemia. It has been demonstrated that MO
prevent hyperlipidemia in male Wister rat due to iron
deficiency (Ndong et al., 2007). During a study
performing comparison of MO leaf extract with antenolol
(a selective β1 receptor antagonist drug, used for
cardiovascular diseases) on serum cholesterol level,
serum triglyceride level, blood glucose level, heart weight
and body weight of adrenaline induced rats, it was found
that MO leaf extract cause significant changes in
cardiovascular parameters. This study reported MO leaf
extract as hypolipidimic, lowering body weight, heart
weight, serum triglyceride level and serum cholesterol
level in experimental animals (Ara et al., 2008). In
addition to the aforementioned studies, antiatheroscle-
rotic and hypolipidaemic effect of MO leaves were also
5. 4372 J. Med. Plants Res.
Table 1. Major pharmaceutical components present in Moringa and their importance.
S/N Compound Method used for detection
Potential
application
Reference
1 Pterygospermin
Solvent extraction followed by MIC
analysis
Antibacterial and
fungicidal effects
Rao et al. (1946)
2 4-(4'-O-acetyl-a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)
benzyl isothiocyanate, 4-(a-L-
rhamnopyranosyloxy) benzyl
isothiocyanate, niazimicin, benzyl
isothiocyanate, and 4-(a-L-
rhamnopyranosyloxy) benzyl
glucosinolate, Anthonine and Spirochin
Solvent extraction followed by MIC
analysis (Busani et al., 2012)
Antibacterial
Fahey (2005) and
Nwosu and Okafor
(1995)
3 Alkaloid Moringine
Clinical study involving
consumption of Moringa followed
by antiasthmatic activity evaluation
using spirometer
Antiasthmatic
Agrawal and Mehta
(2008) and Kirtikar and
Basu (1975)
4
Nitrile, mustard oil glycosides and
thiocarbamate glycosides
Bioassay directed isolation Hypotensive
Anwar et al. (2007) and
Faizi et al. (1995)
5 b-sitosterol
Study involved consumption of
Moringa leaves with cholesterol
and subsequent measurement of
cholesterol lowering activity (Ghasi
et al., 2000).
Cholesterol
lowering effects
Ghasi et al. (2000)
6
Dark chocolate polyphenols and other
polyphenols
Administration of MO leaves in
diabetic and control rats and
hypoglycemic activity evaluation
and characterization of
polyphenols using HPLC (Ndong
et al., 2007).
Hypoglycemic
effects
Grassi et al. (2005), Al-
Awwadi et al. (2004)
and Moharram et al.
(2003)
7 Quecertin and kaempferol
Solvent extraction followed by
antioxidant activity analysis
Antioxidant,
hepatoprotective
Bajpai et al. (2005),
Siddhuraju and Becker
(2003), Ruckmani et al.
(1998) and Selvakumar
and Natarajan (2008)
8 Niazimicin,
Solvent extraction followed by in
vitro anticancer activity
Anticancer Guevaraa et al. (1999)
9
4- (alpha- L-rhamnosyloxybenzyl)-o-
methyl thiocarbamate, niazinin A,
niazinin B, niazimicin etc.
Solvent extraction for purification
of compounds followed by
intravenous administration of each
compound in anaesthetized rats
and subsequent evaluation of their
activity in experimental animals
Spasmolytic,
hypotensive and
bradycardiac
Gilani et al. (1994)
analyzed in another study using simvastatin as control
(Chumark et al., 2008). MO also causes cardio protective
effects in isoproterenol (ISP)-induced myocardial
infarction in male Wistar albino rats. It was reported that
MO treatment plays favorable modulation on biochemical
enzymatic parameters including, superoxide dismutase,
catalase, glutathione peroxidase, lactate dehydrogenase,
and creatine kinase-MB. Moreover, it also prevents
histopathological damage and ultra-structure perturbation
caused due to ISP induced myocardial infarction
6. (Nandave et al., 2009).
In ocular diseases
Vitamin A deficiency is a major cause of blindness, which
ranges from impaired dark adaptation to night blindness.
Consumption of MO leaves, and pods and leaf powder
which contain high proportion of vitamin A can help to
prevent night blindness and eye problems in children.
Ingesting drumstick leaves with oils can improve vitamin
A nutrition and can delay the development of cataract
(Pullakhandam and Failla, 2007). In fact the use of MO
as a supplementary food was highly accepted for
integrated child development scheme supplementary
food (ICDS-SFP) for its potential as vitamin A source
(Nambiar et al., 2003).
Conclusion
Medicinal potential of MO is enormous and difficult to
cover in a single article, despite this current article
provided glimpses of MO applications for performing
appraisal of this promising nutrition and medicinal plant.
Although, many bioactive compounds have been
discovered from Moringa, still the knowledge is in infancy,
in term of its total reserve. Perhaps, future rigorous
studies directed towards the detection, and
commercialization of MO bioactive compounds can lead
to the development of remedies for several ailments.
Thus, it can also prove the validity of traditional utility of
MO in various folklores.
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