This document discusses aquaculture and provides definitions and information about different types of aquaculture production systems. It describes the goal of the course as enabling students to understand aquaculture principles and design, operate, and maintain aquaculture facilities. It lists learning objectives related to site selection, system design, conducting process descriptions and evaluations. Additionally, it provides definitions of aquaculture and related terms, describes different aquaculture types, the history and current state of the industry, major species cultivated, and global trade patterns.

2.  To enhance students’ knowledge in understanding
aquaculture, advanced aquaculture production
systems and engineering that will enable them to
design, construct, operate and maintain aquaculture
facilities.

3.  By the end of the course, students should be able to:
 1. Apply the principles of appropriate site selection for the
enhanced sustainability of aquaculture.
 2. Identify design, operational and management principles, and
key systems essential for effective aquaculture production.
 3. Conduct detailed process description and performance
testing of different aquaculture systems/facilities in use
worldwide.
 4. Evaluate the requirements for the various aquaculture
systems/facilities with construction experts.

5.  General types of aquaculture
 Definitions of “aquaculture”– biological, economic, legal
 Aquaculture benefits and constraints
 History of aquaculture globally, and in Pakistan
 Global and regional aquaculture production
 Future outlook for the region
 Production and trade in aquaculture

6.  Common Definitions
• Aquaculture
 the farming of aquatic organisms (plants or animals)
• Fish culture (farming)
 culture of aquatic animals (fish)
• Seafood
 animal and plant products from freshwater or seawater
environments
• Finfish
 fishes
• Shellfish
 aquatic invertebrates with a “shell” (molluscs,
crustaceans, sea urchins, etc.)

7. Aquaculture is man’s attempt, through inputs of labour and
energy, to improve the yield of useful aquatic organisms by
deliberate manipulation of their rates of growth, mortality and
reproduction (Reay 1979).

8. Russell equation for production of biomass from a fish population:
Biomass = recruitment + growth - mortality – harvest
Through investment in an aquaculture system (tanks, ponds,
enclosures, etc) and in appropriate husbandry, the aquaculturist
attempts to maximise recruitment and growth, and minimise
mortality. By contrast, fisheries management is usually an
attempt to control only harvest.

9. A biological definition says nothing about the flow of benefits
from investment in an aquaculture system
Reay (1979) gives an economist’s definition:
Aquaculture is production of aquatic organisms from the basis
of site leasehold or stock ownership.

10. Legal definitions of aquaculture are also necessary, because the
scope of laws applying to aquaculture need to be set out.
Wilson (1982) in Canada came up with this legal definition:
Aquaculture is culture or husbandry of aquatic flora and fauna,
but does not include the raising or breeding of flora or fauna (a)
as aquarium specimens, (b) in laboratory experiments, or (c) by
individuals on their own property as food for their own use.

11.  “Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms including
fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming
implies some sort of intervention in the rearing process to
enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding,
protection from predators, etc. Farming also implies
individual or corporate ownership of the stock being
cultivated. For statistical purposes, aquatic organisms which
are harvested by an individual or corporate body which has
owned them throughout their rearing period contribute to
aquaculture while organisms which are exploitable by the
public as a common property resource, with or without
appropriate licences, are the harvest of fisheries.” (FAO,
1999a).

13.  Production of protein rich, nutritive, palatable and easily
digestible human food benefiting the whole society through
plentiful food supplies at low or reasonable cost.
 Providing new species and strengthening stocks of existing
fish in natural and man-made water-bodies through artificial
recruitment and transplantation.
 Production of sportfish and support to recreational fishing.
 Production of bait-fish for commercial and sport fishery.
 Production of ornamental fish for aesthetic appeal.
 Recycling of organic waste of human and livestock origin.

14.  Land and aquatic resource utilization
 Providing means of sustenance and earning
livelihood and monetary profit through commercial
and industrial aquaculture.
 Production of industrial fish.

15.  Despite the fact that fish culture is an age-old practice
in some regions of the world, it is relatively new as a
significant industry in most countries.
 Extensive:
 Adoption of traditional techniques of aquaculture e.g.
dependence on natural productivity and little control
over the stocks.

16.  Intensive: Adoption of full complement of culture
techniques including scientific pond design,
fertilization, supplemental feeding or only feeding
without fertilization; full measure of stock
manipulation, disease control, scientific harvesting,
high level inputs and high rate of production.
 Semi-intensive: Adoption of mid-level technology,
partial dependence on natural productivity,
fertilization, supplementary feeding, with stock
manipulation, medium level inputs and medium rate
of production.

17.  What is the difference between?
 Aquaculture production and Fisheries production (or
Capture fisheries)
 Aquaculture production implies:
• Human intervention to enhance captive stock
• Individual/Cooperative ownership of stock
 Fisheries production implies:
• Human intervention to manage and maintain fished stocks
at natural production levels
• Public ownership of stock

18. • Hunting-gathering activity
• Variable recruitment and unpredictable stock size
• Uncertain sustainable level of exploitation
• Difficult to regulate so as to maintain stock sizes
• Relatively low productivity
• Many of world’s major capture fisheries range from heavily
exploited to heavily overexploited

19. • Mean yearly productivity increase in decade of 1990’s less than 1%
for capture fisheries compared to 10% for aquaculture
• In China, aquaculture production volume has already surpassed
capture fisheries production
• There is current trend to use aquaculture production for stock
enhancement of wild populations, providing link between
aquaculture and fisheries (although similar links have existed
before)

20.  World aquaculture has grown 1.0-70.5 Mill. tonnes last 53 years
 Growth rate is 11% /year
 China contributes 69.6% (43.5 mill. T)
 Asia-Pacific region 21.9 %
 Western European region contributed 3.5%
 Central and Eastern Europe region contributed 0.4%
 East, North Africa 0.9%
 Sub-Saharan Africa 0.2 %
 Top five producers (China, India, Vietnam, Indonesia and Bangladesh-80%).
FAO (2000-2008-2013)

21. • Aquaculture developed thousands of years later in China,
about 3500 BC. Common carp may have been first fish
species cultured. First aquaculture text written in China about
500 BC (Fan Lei).
• Oysters were farmed in Japan about 2,000 BC.
• Aquaculture in Africa, Americas and Australia started only
within the last several hundred years.
• Reason for late development of aquaculture compared to
terrestrial agriculture:
 interactions between environment and aquatic organisms are not as well
understood as those between environment and terrestrial organisms.

22. • Fishes (freshwater and marine species)
• Mollusks (bivalve and gastropod)
• Crustaceans (decapods)
• Algae (macro- and micro-algae)
• Cyprinid fishes (carps) and macro-algae dominate world
aquaculture production, but many other species are also
target of aquaculture - in China, some 110 species of
aquatic animals and plants are cultured

23.  Domesticated species (breeding based on genetically selected
broodstock):
• Major carps
• Chinese carps
• Common carp
• Atlantic salmon
• Rainbow trout
• Tilapia
• Channel catfish
 “Wild” species
• All others

24.  Mollusks - bivalve
• Table oysters (primarily Pacific oyster; also European flat
oyster)
• Table mussels (marine)
• Scallops
• Cockles (e.g., Blood Ark) and clams
• (e.g., Northern quahog)
• Pearl oysters and pearl (freshwater) mussels

25. • Abalone (Haliotis spp.)
• Trochus (top shell)
• Queen conch (Strombus gigas)

26.  Marine shrimps (12 species of family Penaeidea)
• Black tiger shrimp (Asia and Australia)
• Pacific white shrimp (Americas)
 Freshwater crustaceans
• Mitten crabs (China)
• Freshwater crayfish (crawfish) - 12 species
• Freshwater prawns - several species but primarily
Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Giant Malaysian prawn)

27.  Macro-algae (seaweeds - cultured for hundreds of years)
• Brown seaweeds (Phaeophyta; e.g., Japanese kelp)
• Red seaweeds (Rhodophyta)
• Green seaweeds (Chlorophyta)
 Micro-algae (diverse taxonomy - cultured
for last 2-3 decades)
• Sources of high-value, fine chemicals
(carotenoid, fatty acids)
• Wastewater treatment
• Soil conditioners for agriculture
• Biofuel production

28.  Uptil late sixties WPFD was limited to conservation and
management of natural resources
 Traditional conservational methods without any development
programme
 Not a single carp hatchery in West Pak
 Main hurdle to aquaculture was non-availability of fish seed
 The seed was collected from natural spawning grounds
 Collection of seed was expensive
 Establishment of carp hatchery was a dire need
 In 1966-67 first time seventeen pairs of Rohu and Mori were
succeeded in breeding using pituitary hormones

29.  Revolutionary Success in the history of Fisheries & Aq.
 In Pak. Real take off was in early eighties
 4.0-4.5 million fish seed was produced
 First Pakistan Aquaculture Development Project assisted by
ADB was initiated in 1981-82
 Advanced infrastructure training sub centers were developed
and was considered success story in Punjab
 ADB also approved 2nd development project and
revolutionized Pakistan aquaculture.
 Private sector also take momentum and at present about 6628
fish farms covering an area of 11400hec. More than 80 FH
besides 46 warm water and 17 Trout.

30.  Indian Major Carps
 Chinese Carps
 Tilapia
 Cold Water (Trout)
 Cat Fishes
 Shell Fish (Freshwater Prawn, Marine Shrimps)

31. II. Production of Aquaculture
Figure 1: Various Types of Aquaculture Production by Continent
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Share in Global Aquatic
Production of Fish (%)
Share in Global Production
of Aquatic Plants (%)
Share in Total Aquaculture
Production of All Types
(%)
%
Asia Africa Europe Americas Oceania
The above figure indicates that Asia has a clear edge over the other
continents in aquaculture production.
31

32. 32
II. Production of Aquaculture contd…..
Table 1: Value of Aquaculture production by continent Figure 2: Aquaculture Production by continent
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
2001 2003 2005 2007
Year
Share
in
Global
Production
(%)
Asia Africa Europe Americas Oceania
2001 2003 2005 2007
Asia 90.07 90.45 91.14 91.12
Africa 0.93 1.06 1.14 1.27
Europe 4.73 4.30 3.69 3.59
Americas 3.99 3.93 3.76 3.76
Oceania 0.28 0.26 0.27 0.26
■ The above table and graph indicate how aquaculture production has remained
predominantly an Asian output. Besides China, many other developing Asian
countries also produce substantial amount of aquatic resources and earn foreign
currencies by exporting them.

33. Table 2: List of Top 10 Aquaculture Producing Countries (in MT)
Country 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
China 20141602 22702069 25083253 28120690 31420275
India 2134814 2119839 2312971 2961978 3354754
Vietnam 398468 588098 937502 1437300 2156500
Indonesia 749269 864276 996659 1197109 1392904
Thailand 693762 814121 1064409 1304213 1390031
Bangladesh 593202 712640 856956 882091 945812
Norway 475932 510748 584423 661811 830190
Chile 274216 566096 563435 698214 829842
Japan 759262 799946 823873 746221 765846
Philippines 352567 434661 459615 557251 709715
World Total 30730670 34610709 38909467 44282248 50329007
Source: FAO 2007
33

34. 0.00
5000.00
10000.00
15000.00
20000.00
25000.00
30000.00
35000.00
40000.00
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
Export
Value
(in
Million
USD)
Asia Africa Americas Europe Ocania
Figure 4: Exports of Aquatic products by Different Continents
■ Europe and Asia dominate export of aquaculture
34

35. 35
III. Trade in Aquaculture contd…
0.00
5000.00
10000.00
15000.00
20000.00
25000.00
30000.00
35000.00
40000.00
45000.00
50000.00
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
Import
Value
(in
Million
USD)
Asia Africa Americas Europe Ocania
Europe imports highest amount of aquatic products.
Figure 5: Imports of Aquatic products by Different Continents

36. 36
III. Trade in Aquaculture contd…
Figure 6: Exports of Aquaculture Products by Selected Countries
■ China exports highest amount of aquatic products followed by
Thailand, Indonesia and India.
0.00
2000.00
4000.00
6000.00
8000.00
10000.00
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
Export
Value
(in
Million
USD)
Bangladesh China India
Indonesia Japan Korea
Philippines Thailand Vietnam