This document discusses drug treatment for hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension and classifying it by severity based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings. The causes of primary and secondary hypertension are explained. Blood pressure regulation involves the renin-angiotensin system and is controlled by both short-term mechanisms like the autonomic nervous system and long-term mechanisms like fluid volume regulation. The major classes of antihypertensive drugs are described including diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and others. Lowering blood pressure reduces risks of heart disease, stroke, kidney failure and other complications. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and drug therapy tailored to a patient's risk level.
This document provides an overview of various classes of antihypertensive drugs, including their mechanisms of action and side effects. It discusses ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, alpha blockers, central sympatholytics, vasodilators, and combination drugs. The classes are described along with examples of common drugs within each class. Mechanisms involve inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, blocking adrenoreceptors, or relaxing smooth muscle. Side effects include cough, hypotension, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, and fluid retention depending on the specific drug. Factors like comorbidities and costs help determine which antihypertensive is suitable for an individual patient.
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs, classification of blood pressure, and treatment of hypertension. It describes the different classes of antihypertensive drugs including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, sympatholytics, and vasodilators. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, advantages, adverse effects, and drug interactions. The document also covers non-pharmacological approaches for hypertension and guidelines for selection and combination of antihypertensive drugs based on individual patient factors.
Diuretics are commonly used as first-line therapy for hypertension. Thiazide diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide are often used due to their effectiveness and favorable side effect profile. If blood pressure is not controlled with one drug, a second drug from a different class is added. Patient compliance is important for successful treatment and selecting a regimen with fewer side effects can help improve compliance. Different drug classes may work better for certain patient populations, such as calcium channel blockers for elderly patients. The document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and vasodilators.
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. It explains their mechanisms of action in lowering blood pressure by reducing cardiac output, peripheral resistance, or sodium retention. Some advantages and side effects are provided for each drug class. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its role in blood pressure regulation is also summarized.
This document discusses various classes of drugs used to treat hypertension, including their mechanisms and side effects. It describes how diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, alpha/beta blockers, and other classes work to lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels, reducing fluid retention, or inhibiting hormone systems like renin-angiotensin-aldosterone. Common side effects across drug classes include low blood pressure, dizziness, fatigue, and electrolyte imbalances. Regular monitoring is important when taking antihypertensive medications.
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure over 90 mmHg. It can be caused by environmental factors like stress, high sodium intake, smoking, and obesity. Antihypertensive drugs work through various mechanisms like diuretics which increase sodium excretion, ACE inhibitors which inhibit angiotensin II synthesis, and calcium channel blockers which relax smooth muscles. Lifestyle modifications and medication are important to control blood pressure and prevent complications of hypertension like heart disease and stroke.
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and alpha blockers. It provides details on specific drugs in each class, their mechanisms of action, effects, uses, and side effects. Thiazide diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide are recommended as first-line treatment for hypertension when used at low doses to avoid side effects. ACE inhibitors like lisinopril and enalapril are also good first-line options as they lower blood pressure without affecting electrolytes and have additional cardiovascular benefits. Angiotensin receptor blockers such as losartan are an alternative that provide complete blockade
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a disorder where blood pressure is consistently above 140/90 mmHg. It can be caused by unknown factors (essential hypertension) or other diseases (secondary hypertension). Untreated hypertension can damage blood vessels and organs over time.
The document discusses various types of medications used to treat hypertension, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and alpha blockers. It provides details on specific drugs, their mechanisms of action, effects, uses, and potential side effects in the treatment of hypertension.
This document provides an overview of various classes of antihypertensive drugs, including their mechanisms of action and side effects. It discusses ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, alpha blockers, central sympatholytics, vasodilators, and combination drugs. The classes are described along with examples of common drugs within each class. Mechanisms involve inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, blocking adrenoreceptors, or relaxing smooth muscle. Side effects include cough, hypotension, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, and fluid retention depending on the specific drug. Factors like comorbidities and costs help determine which antihypertensive is suitable for an individual patient.
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs, classification of blood pressure, and treatment of hypertension. It describes the different classes of antihypertensive drugs including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, sympatholytics, and vasodilators. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, advantages, adverse effects, and drug interactions. The document also covers non-pharmacological approaches for hypertension and guidelines for selection and combination of antihypertensive drugs based on individual patient factors.
Diuretics are commonly used as first-line therapy for hypertension. Thiazide diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide are often used due to their effectiveness and favorable side effect profile. If blood pressure is not controlled with one drug, a second drug from a different class is added. Patient compliance is important for successful treatment and selecting a regimen with fewer side effects can help improve compliance. Different drug classes may work better for certain patient populations, such as calcium channel blockers for elderly patients. The document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and vasodilators.
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. It explains their mechanisms of action in lowering blood pressure by reducing cardiac output, peripheral resistance, or sodium retention. Some advantages and side effects are provided for each drug class. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its role in blood pressure regulation is also summarized.
This document discusses various classes of drugs used to treat hypertension, including their mechanisms and side effects. It describes how diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, alpha/beta blockers, and other classes work to lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels, reducing fluid retention, or inhibiting hormone systems like renin-angiotensin-aldosterone. Common side effects across drug classes include low blood pressure, dizziness, fatigue, and electrolyte imbalances. Regular monitoring is important when taking antihypertensive medications.
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure over 90 mmHg. It can be caused by environmental factors like stress, high sodium intake, smoking, and obesity. Antihypertensive drugs work through various mechanisms like diuretics which increase sodium excretion, ACE inhibitors which inhibit angiotensin II synthesis, and calcium channel blockers which relax smooth muscles. Lifestyle modifications and medication are important to control blood pressure and prevent complications of hypertension like heart disease and stroke.
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and alpha blockers. It provides details on specific drugs in each class, their mechanisms of action, effects, uses, and side effects. Thiazide diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide are recommended as first-line treatment for hypertension when used at low doses to avoid side effects. ACE inhibitors like lisinopril and enalapril are also good first-line options as they lower blood pressure without affecting electrolytes and have additional cardiovascular benefits. Angiotensin receptor blockers such as losartan are an alternative that provide complete blockade
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a disorder where blood pressure is consistently above 140/90 mmHg. It can be caused by unknown factors (essential hypertension) or other diseases (secondary hypertension). Untreated hypertension can damage blood vessels and organs over time.
The document discusses various types of medications used to treat hypertension, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and alpha blockers. It provides details on specific drugs, their mechanisms of action, effects, uses, and potential side effects in the treatment of hypertension.
This document discusses mechanisms of blood pressure regulation and treatment of hypertension. It covers the following key points:
1. Blood pressure is regulated by factors like cardiac output, peripheral resistance, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and sympathetic nervous system activity.
2. Antihypertensive drug classes discussed include diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and alpha blockers.
3. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications as well as pharmacologic therapy. The goals are to lower blood pressure and protect target organs like the heart, brain, kidneys, and eyes from long-term damage.
This document summarizes different types of antihypertensive drugs. It discusses drugs that act centrally to reduce sympathetic outflow, drugs that act on autonomic ganglia or postganglionic nerve endings, drugs that act on adrenergic receptors like alpha and beta blockers, drugs that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, and direct vasodilators. Specific drugs discussed in detail include methyldopa, clonidine, prazosin, and beta blockers. The document provides information on mechanisms of action, uses, doses, and side effects of these antihypertensive drugs.
Antihypertensive drugs and hypertension managementAnas Indabawa
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs and hypertension management. It begins with an introduction to hypertension and outlines types of hypertension like primary or essential hypertension. It then discusses risk factors, diagnosis, and management of hypertension including both non-pharmacological lifestyle changes and various classes of pharmacological treatments. Specific drug classes are explained like ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and others. The document also covers hypertension during pregnancy and hypertensive emergencies. It concludes with precautions for using antihypertensive drugs.
This document provides an overview of various classes of antihypertensive drugs including centrally acting alpha adrenergic antagonists, peripheral acting alpha adrenergic antagonists, alpha blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, angiotensin receptor blockers, ACE inhibitors, renin inhibitors, aldosterone inhibitors, vasodilators. It discusses specific drugs from each class, their mechanisms of action, indications, contraindications, side effects, and important nursing considerations.
This document discusses hypertension and its treatment with antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension and its classification. It then describes various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, sympatholytics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, vasodilators and their mechanisms of action, side effects and uses. It concludes with nursing implications of administering antihypertensive drugs like monitoring for hypotension and palpitations.
The document discusses the heart and hypertension. It defines normal blood pressure and describes the types and causes of hypertension. Hypertension usually has no symptoms, but can sometimes cause headaches, confusion or vision changes. Untreated hypertension can damage blood vessels and the heart over time, so treatment is important even in asymptomatic cases. Treatment includes diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and other drugs that work to lower blood pressure by various mechanisms.
This document discusses hypertension and antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension and describes the classification and stages of hypertension based on blood pressure levels. It also covers the types of hypertension, causes, signs and symptoms, investigations, and treatment approach including lifestyle modifications and drug therapy. The document then describes several classes of antihypertensive drugs in detail, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, and their mechanisms of action, uses, side effects, and drug interactions.
This document summarizes various cardiovascular drugs used to treat cardiac diseases such as hypertension. It discusses major categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and nitrates/nitrites. For each drug class, it describes the mechanisms of action, therapeutic effects, common medications, side effects, nursing considerations and more. The goal is to optimize blood flow and vascular resistance to lower blood pressure.
Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke. It is usually treated with lifestyle modifications and medications. The document discusses various classes of antihypertensive medications and their mechanisms of action, including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, alpha blockers, diuretics, and other vasodilators. Combination therapy with drugs from different classes is often used to effectively lower blood pressure.
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. It can be essential (of unknown cause) or secondary to other diseases. Normal blood pressure is regulated by the kidney which controls blood volume via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). RAAS is activated when blood pressure or sodium levels drop, causing vasoconstriction and sodium retention. Antihypertensive drugs target different parts of this system, like ACE inhibitors which block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing peripheral resistance and blood volume. Captopril is an ACE inhibitor that lowers blood pressure by
1. The document discusses hypertension, its types, causes, and treatment options. It covers the renin-angiotensin system and how drugs like ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers work to lower blood pressure by inhibiting this system.
2. Common antihypertensive drug classes are discussed in detail, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, and their mechanisms, benefits, and side effects.
3. Future potential treatments mentioned include blood pressure vaccinations currently being studied.
This document discusses various types of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, sympathetic inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and vasodilators. It describes the mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, drug interactions, and side effects of common antihypertensive drugs from each class such as hydrochlorothiazide, captopril, propranolol, nifedipine, and hydralazine. The document provides an overview of classifications, treatment approaches, and management of hypertension using different antihypertensive drug classes and combinations.
This document discusses hypertension and its treatment. It defines hypertension and describes the types as essential or secondary. It explains how factors like stress, sodium intake, obesity, and smoking can cause environmental hypertension. The document outlines the need for treatment to prevent damage to blood vessels and organs. It then details various classes of antihypertensive drugs like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and others. It focuses on the renin-angiotensin system and how ACE inhibitors work to inhibit angiotensin II production and lower blood pressure.
The document discusses medications used to treat cardiac conditions like hypertension, coronary artery disease, and congestive heart failure. It describes several classes of drugs and their effects, such as diuretics which reduce blood volume, ACE inhibitors which lower blood pressure, and beta blockers which decrease heart rate and oxygen demand. The goals of treatment are outlined as reducing risk factors and maintaining normal blood pressure, heart rate, and cholesterol levels. Nursing considerations are also highlighted, like monitoring for side effects and ensuring medication adherence.
This document provides an overview of hypertension including its classification, types, signs and symptoms, causes, and treatment. It defines hypertension as having a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure over 90 mmHg. The document classifies hypertension and discusses the types of essential and secondary hypertension. It outlines the signs and symptoms of hypertension and discusses its causes. The document then describes the classification and mechanisms of antihypertensive drugs and provides details on drug classes including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and others. It discusses treatment approaches for hypertension and managing hypertensive emergencies.
1. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, requires treatment to prevent damage to blood vessels and organs like the heart, brain and kidneys.
2. There are several classes of antihypertensive agents that work through different mechanisms such as reducing sympathetic nervous system activity, blocking adrenoreceptors, vasodilation, and inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system.
3. Common antihypertensive drug classes discussed include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and vasodilators. The appropriate treatment is selected based on the severity of the patient's high blood pressure.
This document categorizes and describes various cardiac drugs used to treat heart conditions. It lists drug classes including ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, diuretics, vasopressors, and antidysrhythmics. For each drug class, it provides a brief description of the drug's actions, such as its effects on contractility, heart rate, and blood pressure. Side effects are also noted for some classes. The document serves as a reference for nurses on the classifications, uses, and adverse effects of common cardiac medications.
This document provides information about antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension as blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg according to WHO standards. It then discusses different classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and alpha blockers. For ACE inhibitors specifically, it explains their mechanism of inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, thereby lowering blood pressure by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance. Common ACE inhibitors mentioned are captopril, enalapril, and lisinopril.
Cardiac arrhythmia refers to an abnormal cardiac rhythm involving changes in rate or regularity. Common causes include physiological changes, valvular heart disease, ischemic heart disease, and cardiomyopathies. Clinical evaluation involves physical exam findings like abnormal pulse and palpitations, as well as ECG and lab tests. Mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis include disorders of impulse formation and conduction. Antiarrhythmic drugs work by affecting sodium, potassium, calcium, and adrenergic channels. First-line drugs include quinidine, procainamide, lidocaine, beta-blockers, amiodarone, verapamil, and lifestyle modifications. Treatment depends on whether the arrhythmia is life-threatening or affecting
This document discusses antihypertensive drug overdose and management. It describes a case of a 64-year-old male brought to the emergency department with confusion, weakness, and electrolyte abnormalities. His history indicates hypertension treated with oral medications. The document then outlines various classes of antihypertensive drugs and their associated toxic effects, including diuretics causing electrolyte abnormalities, sympatholytics causing hypotension and bradycardia, and vasodilators causing hypotension. Management of overdose involves supporting airway, breathing, and circulation. Specific treatments are recommended for angioedema, hypotension, and electrolyte disturbances.
A presentation hypertension
(what blood pressure is, what is hypertension, what are the risk factors of hypertension, how is it managed?) and other related knowledge on hypertension
Essential hypertension management and treatmentFabio Grubba
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its classification, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines the different stages of hypertension according to blood pressure readings. Lifestyle modifications are recommended initially, including diet changes and exercise. If lifestyle changes do not control blood pressure, medications such as diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and other drug classes may be used. The goal of treatment is to prevent complications in target organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys by maintaining a blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg.
This document discusses mechanisms of blood pressure regulation and treatment of hypertension. It covers the following key points:
1. Blood pressure is regulated by factors like cardiac output, peripheral resistance, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and sympathetic nervous system activity.
2. Antihypertensive drug classes discussed include diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and alpha blockers.
3. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications as well as pharmacologic therapy. The goals are to lower blood pressure and protect target organs like the heart, brain, kidneys, and eyes from long-term damage.
This document summarizes different types of antihypertensive drugs. It discusses drugs that act centrally to reduce sympathetic outflow, drugs that act on autonomic ganglia or postganglionic nerve endings, drugs that act on adrenergic receptors like alpha and beta blockers, drugs that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, and direct vasodilators. Specific drugs discussed in detail include methyldopa, clonidine, prazosin, and beta blockers. The document provides information on mechanisms of action, uses, doses, and side effects of these antihypertensive drugs.
Antihypertensive drugs and hypertension managementAnas Indabawa
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs and hypertension management. It begins with an introduction to hypertension and outlines types of hypertension like primary or essential hypertension. It then discusses risk factors, diagnosis, and management of hypertension including both non-pharmacological lifestyle changes and various classes of pharmacological treatments. Specific drug classes are explained like ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and others. The document also covers hypertension during pregnancy and hypertensive emergencies. It concludes with precautions for using antihypertensive drugs.
This document provides an overview of various classes of antihypertensive drugs including centrally acting alpha adrenergic antagonists, peripheral acting alpha adrenergic antagonists, alpha blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, angiotensin receptor blockers, ACE inhibitors, renin inhibitors, aldosterone inhibitors, vasodilators. It discusses specific drugs from each class, their mechanisms of action, indications, contraindications, side effects, and important nursing considerations.
This document discusses hypertension and its treatment with antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension and its classification. It then describes various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, sympatholytics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, vasodilators and their mechanisms of action, side effects and uses. It concludes with nursing implications of administering antihypertensive drugs like monitoring for hypotension and palpitations.
The document discusses the heart and hypertension. It defines normal blood pressure and describes the types and causes of hypertension. Hypertension usually has no symptoms, but can sometimes cause headaches, confusion or vision changes. Untreated hypertension can damage blood vessels and the heart over time, so treatment is important even in asymptomatic cases. Treatment includes diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and other drugs that work to lower blood pressure by various mechanisms.
This document discusses hypertension and antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension and describes the classification and stages of hypertension based on blood pressure levels. It also covers the types of hypertension, causes, signs and symptoms, investigations, and treatment approach including lifestyle modifications and drug therapy. The document then describes several classes of antihypertensive drugs in detail, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, and their mechanisms of action, uses, side effects, and drug interactions.
This document summarizes various cardiovascular drugs used to treat cardiac diseases such as hypertension. It discusses major categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and nitrates/nitrites. For each drug class, it describes the mechanisms of action, therapeutic effects, common medications, side effects, nursing considerations and more. The goal is to optimize blood flow and vascular resistance to lower blood pressure.
Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke. It is usually treated with lifestyle modifications and medications. The document discusses various classes of antihypertensive medications and their mechanisms of action, including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, alpha blockers, diuretics, and other vasodilators. Combination therapy with drugs from different classes is often used to effectively lower blood pressure.
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. It can be essential (of unknown cause) or secondary to other diseases. Normal blood pressure is regulated by the kidney which controls blood volume via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). RAAS is activated when blood pressure or sodium levels drop, causing vasoconstriction and sodium retention. Antihypertensive drugs target different parts of this system, like ACE inhibitors which block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing peripheral resistance and blood volume. Captopril is an ACE inhibitor that lowers blood pressure by
1. The document discusses hypertension, its types, causes, and treatment options. It covers the renin-angiotensin system and how drugs like ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers work to lower blood pressure by inhibiting this system.
2. Common antihypertensive drug classes are discussed in detail, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, and their mechanisms, benefits, and side effects.
3. Future potential treatments mentioned include blood pressure vaccinations currently being studied.
This document discusses various types of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, sympathetic inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and vasodilators. It describes the mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, drug interactions, and side effects of common antihypertensive drugs from each class such as hydrochlorothiazide, captopril, propranolol, nifedipine, and hydralazine. The document provides an overview of classifications, treatment approaches, and management of hypertension using different antihypertensive drug classes and combinations.
This document discusses hypertension and its treatment. It defines hypertension and describes the types as essential or secondary. It explains how factors like stress, sodium intake, obesity, and smoking can cause environmental hypertension. The document outlines the need for treatment to prevent damage to blood vessels and organs. It then details various classes of antihypertensive drugs like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and others. It focuses on the renin-angiotensin system and how ACE inhibitors work to inhibit angiotensin II production and lower blood pressure.
The document discusses medications used to treat cardiac conditions like hypertension, coronary artery disease, and congestive heart failure. It describes several classes of drugs and their effects, such as diuretics which reduce blood volume, ACE inhibitors which lower blood pressure, and beta blockers which decrease heart rate and oxygen demand. The goals of treatment are outlined as reducing risk factors and maintaining normal blood pressure, heart rate, and cholesterol levels. Nursing considerations are also highlighted, like monitoring for side effects and ensuring medication adherence.
This document provides an overview of hypertension including its classification, types, signs and symptoms, causes, and treatment. It defines hypertension as having a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure over 90 mmHg. The document classifies hypertension and discusses the types of essential and secondary hypertension. It outlines the signs and symptoms of hypertension and discusses its causes. The document then describes the classification and mechanisms of antihypertensive drugs and provides details on drug classes including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and others. It discusses treatment approaches for hypertension and managing hypertensive emergencies.
1. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, requires treatment to prevent damage to blood vessels and organs like the heart, brain and kidneys.
2. There are several classes of antihypertensive agents that work through different mechanisms such as reducing sympathetic nervous system activity, blocking adrenoreceptors, vasodilation, and inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system.
3. Common antihypertensive drug classes discussed include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and vasodilators. The appropriate treatment is selected based on the severity of the patient's high blood pressure.
This document categorizes and describes various cardiac drugs used to treat heart conditions. It lists drug classes including ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, diuretics, vasopressors, and antidysrhythmics. For each drug class, it provides a brief description of the drug's actions, such as its effects on contractility, heart rate, and blood pressure. Side effects are also noted for some classes. The document serves as a reference for nurses on the classifications, uses, and adverse effects of common cardiac medications.
This document provides information about antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension as blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg according to WHO standards. It then discusses different classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and alpha blockers. For ACE inhibitors specifically, it explains their mechanism of inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, thereby lowering blood pressure by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance. Common ACE inhibitors mentioned are captopril, enalapril, and lisinopril.
Cardiac arrhythmia refers to an abnormal cardiac rhythm involving changes in rate or regularity. Common causes include physiological changes, valvular heart disease, ischemic heart disease, and cardiomyopathies. Clinical evaluation involves physical exam findings like abnormal pulse and palpitations, as well as ECG and lab tests. Mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis include disorders of impulse formation and conduction. Antiarrhythmic drugs work by affecting sodium, potassium, calcium, and adrenergic channels. First-line drugs include quinidine, procainamide, lidocaine, beta-blockers, amiodarone, verapamil, and lifestyle modifications. Treatment depends on whether the arrhythmia is life-threatening or affecting
This document discusses antihypertensive drug overdose and management. It describes a case of a 64-year-old male brought to the emergency department with confusion, weakness, and electrolyte abnormalities. His history indicates hypertension treated with oral medications. The document then outlines various classes of antihypertensive drugs and their associated toxic effects, including diuretics causing electrolyte abnormalities, sympatholytics causing hypotension and bradycardia, and vasodilators causing hypotension. Management of overdose involves supporting airway, breathing, and circulation. Specific treatments are recommended for angioedema, hypotension, and electrolyte disturbances.
A presentation hypertension
(what blood pressure is, what is hypertension, what are the risk factors of hypertension, how is it managed?) and other related knowledge on hypertension
Essential hypertension management and treatmentFabio Grubba
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its classification, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines the different stages of hypertension according to blood pressure readings. Lifestyle modifications are recommended initially, including diet changes and exercise. If lifestyle changes do not control blood pressure, medications such as diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and other drug classes may be used. The goal of treatment is to prevent complications in target organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys by maintaining a blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines hypertension and describes its classification. It also outlines lifestyle modifications and medications that are used to treat hypertension. The goals of treatment are to lower blood pressure and prevent target organ damage to the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes. Nursing care focuses on educating patients, monitoring for side effects, ensuring compliance with treatment, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on hypertension given by two nursing students. It began with an outline and objectives. The students then defined hypertension and discussed blood pressure classifications. They explained determinants of blood pressure and risk factors for primary hypertension. Clinical manifestations, complications, and types of hypertension such as primary, secondary, and hypertensive crisis were summarized. The students concluded by discussing diagnostic evaluation, management through lifestyle modifications and pharmacological treatments, and the stepwise algorithm for hypertension management.
Hypertension is defined as systolic blood pressure over 140 mm Hg or diastolic over 90 mm Hg. It can be primary or secondary, with primary/essential hypertension accounting for 90-95% of cases in adults.
Antihypertensive drugs work by decreasing peripheral artery tone, reducing cardiac output, and diminishing circulating blood volume. Major classes include diuretics, adrenoblockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Calcium channel blockers work by blocking calcium channels in blood vessel walls, relaxing vessels and lowering blood pressure. They are effective for controlling hypertension and its symptoms.
Hypertension Guidelines By Rodgers ChibaleRodgersChibale
This document provides information on hypertension including its definition, etiology, signs and symptoms, classification, treatment and treatment guidelines. It defines hypertension as a condition where blood pressure is chronically elevated above 140/90 mmHg. The causes of hypertension are categorized as primary (essential) or secondary. Treatment involves non-pharmacological methods as well as various classes of antihypertensive drugs like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, diuretics and vasodilators. The guidelines recommend starting treatment with one drug and adding a second from a different class if target is not reached after 3 months. Drug combinations should be used carefully due to risk of interactions.
Hypertension (HTN), also known as high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. It is a major cause of heart disease and stroke. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) regulates blood pressure and fluid balance and dysregulation of this system is implicated in the majority of hypertension cases. Management involves lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, weight loss and reducing sodium intake as well as pharmacological therapy with medications that target the RAAS or lower blood pressure directly. The goal of treatment is to lower blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg.
Hypertension according to latest clinical advances Arbeena Shakir
Hypertension is a progressive cardiovascular disorder defined as a chronic elevation of systemic arterial pressure above 140/90 mmHg. The document discusses the etiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of hypertension. Regarding etiology, it discusses arterial stiffness, water-sodium retention, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic dysregulation, and genetics as contributing factors. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapy including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and beta-blockers. Recent advances discussed include endothelin receptor antagonists, neprilysin inhibition combined with RAAS inhibition, angiotensin II receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, and renal denervation
This document discusses hypertension and classifications of blood pressure. It then summarizes various categories of antihypertensive agents including their mechanisms of action, examples of medications, therapeutic uses, and side effects. Nursing implications are provided around monitoring blood pressure during therapy, ensuring proper administration of medications, and lifestyle education to support treatment.
This document summarizes the pharmacology of medications used to treat hypertension, including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and CCBs. It reviews their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety profiles. It also discusses the renin-angiotensin system and its role in hypertension, current treatment guidelines, lifestyle modifications, and algorithms for antihypertensive drug selection and combination therapy.
Hypertension- High blood pressure is a common condition that affects the body's arteries. It's also called hypertension.
If you have high blood pressure, the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls is consistently too high. The heart has to work harder to pump blood.
A condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high.
Usually hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90, and is considered severe if the pressure is above 180/120.
High blood pressure often has no symptoms. Over time, if untreated, it can cause health conditions, such as heart disease and stroke.
Eating a healthier diet with less salt, exercising regularly and taking medication can help lower blood pressure.
Hypertension is rarely accompanied by symptoms, and its identification is usually through health screening, or when seeking healthcare for an unrelated problem. Some people with high blood pressure report headaches (particularly at the back of the head and in the morning), as well as lightheadedness, vertigo, tinnitus (buzzing or hissing in the ears), altered vision or fainting episodes.[23] These symptoms, however, might be related to associated anxiety rather than the high blood pressure itself.[24]
On physical examination, hypertension may be associated with the presence of changes in the optic fundus seen by ophthalmoscopy.[25] The severity of the changes typical of hypertensive retinopathy is graded from I to IV; grades I and II may be difficult to differentiate.[25] The severity of the retinopathy correlates roughly with the duration or the severity of the hypertension
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is defined based on average readings from multiple visits. It is classified by the WHO into normal, prehypertension, and stages 1 and 2 hypertension. Primary hypertension has no identifiable cause while secondary hypertension has identifiable underlying causes. Complications arise from damage to blood vessels and target organs like the brain, heart, kidneys, and eyes. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and beta-blockers. Care must be taken with anesthesia as patients can experience exaggerated blood pressure changes in response to stimuli. Antihypertensive medications should generally be continued during surgery.
This document discusses antihypertensive agents used to treat hypertension. It describes different categories of agents including adrenergic agents, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and vasodilators. For each category, it covers mechanisms of action, examples of medications, therapeutic uses, and potential side effects. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring blood pressure during therapy and avoiding abruptly stopping medications.
This document discusses antihypertensive agents used to treat hypertension. It describes different categories of agents including adrenergic agents, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and vasodilators. For each category, the document outlines mechanisms of action, examples of medications, therapeutic uses, and potential side effects. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring blood pressure during therapy and avoiding abruptly stopping medications.
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg. Primary (essential) hypertension accounts for 90-95% of cases and has no identifiable cause, while secondary hypertension results from an underlying condition such as renal or endocrine disease. Hypertension develops due to increased total peripheral resistance caused by vasoconstriction from activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sympathetic nervous system, as well as other factors affecting vascular tone and sodium balance.
This document discusses hypertension and its treatment. It begins by defining hypertension and describing the types. It then discusses the normal blood pressure regulation system and how this is disrupted in hypertension. The remainder of the document focuses on the treatment of hypertension, describing various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and others. It provides details on specific drugs in each class, their mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects.
hypertension anesthesia, general management. antihypertensive pharmacologyAbayneh Belihun
This document outlines a presentation on hypertension given at Aksum University in February 2016. It discusses the significance of hypertension for anesthetists, including how familiarity with antihypertensive drugs is important. It also notes that hypertension commonly occurs during anesthesia and its recognition depends on correctly functioning monitors. The document provides definitions of hypertension and outlines its classification, as well as general management approaches including non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment. It discusses various drug classes used to treat hypertension and their mechanisms of action.
Advance therapy in hypertension... jyoti..pptJyoti Sharma
This document discusses hypertension and its treatment. It begins by defining hypertension and describing its various classifications and categories based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings. It then discusses the effects of hypertension on the body and the mechanisms involved, including the renin-angiotensin system. Causes of resistant hypertension and classifications of oral antihypertensive agents are provided. The document concludes by outlining investigations into new therapies for hypertension, such as guanylate cyclase stimulators, prostacyclin receptor agonists, endothelin receptor blockers, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase couplers.
This document summarizes several cholinergic and adrenergic drugs, including their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and contraindications. It describes cholinoceptor agonists like pilocarpine and bethanechol that are used for various eye and gastrointestinal conditions. It also discusses cholinesterase inhibitors like neostigmine, edrophonium, and physostigmine and how they are used for myasthenia gravis, ileus, and poisoning. Anticholinergic drugs summarized include atropine, scopolamine, and ipratropium. Various adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists are also outlined such as epinephrine, dopamine,
Pronator muscles anatomy and strengtheningbigboss716
This document discusses pronation and exercises for strengthening the pronator muscles. Pronation is the rotation of the forearm so the palm faces downward. The main pronator muscles are the pronator teres and pronator quadratus muscles. Resisted exercises involve stabilizing the humerus while resisting pronation motion. Assisted exercises help guide pronation with minimal resistance. Free exercises allow practicing pronation in functional tasks like pouring or turning a door handle.
This document discusses different methods of suspension used to support parts of the body during movement or exercise. It describes various types of fixed points, ropes, slings, and clips that can be used. Key methods discussed include vertical fixation to limit movement around a central point and axial fixation to allow pure angular movements around a joint by attaching all ropes to a single point directly above the joint. Examples are provided of suspending the lower extremity to isolate hip abduction and adduction movements.
PNF (proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) is a technique that uses stimulation of proprioceptors to facilitate muscle response and increase range of motion. The hold-relax technique is a key part of PNF. It involves isometric contraction of the hypertonic muscle or its antagonist, holding for 15 seconds then relaxing. This lengthens the hypertonic muscle and increases range of motion.
To treat right torticollis, the therapist stands behind the patient in sitting and cups one hand under the chin while the other applies resistance to side flexion and rotation to the right.
Poor posture is caused by insufficient and unnecessary muscle effort. To re-educate posture, relaxation, mobility,
This document discusses various congenital limb defects including:
- Meromelia which is the partial absence of a limb
- Amelia which is the complete absence of a limb
- Phocomelia where the long bones are absent and the hands/feet are attached to the trunk
- Micomelia where all limbs are present but abnormally short
The causes of many limb defects are genetic mutations affecting genes like HOXD13, TBX5, COL1A1, COL1A2, and fibrillin. Environmental factors like vascular problems in utero can also lead to transverse limb deficiencies.
Twin pregnancy occurs when a woman carries two fetuses at the same time. There are two types of twins: monozygotic (identical) twins, which develop from the splitting of a single zygote, and dizygotic (fraternal) twins, which develop from two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm. Monozygotic twins share the same placenta and have identical DNA, while dizygotic twins have separate placentas and are no more genetically similar than normal siblings. The document further details the development and characteristics of both types of twins.
The document contains 25 multiple choice questions related to anatomy of the lower limb. It tests knowledge of muscles, nerves, arteries, ligaments and joints of the lower limb including the hip, thigh, knee and leg regions. Key structures assessed include the femoral nerve, profunda femoral artery, illiotibial tract, obturator nerve, common fibular nerve, hip joint, sacral plexus and sciatic nerve.
The document discusses visual disability, impairment, and blindness. It defines visual disorder, disability, and impairment, and notes the types of blindness include partial and complete. Partial blindness means limited vision, while complete blindness means inability to see anything. Causes can be systemic like diabetes or specific eye conditions. Treatment involves visual aids, corrective lenses, smart canes, screen magnifiers, Braille keyboards, controlling underlying conditions, occupational therapy, and surgery.
TENS, or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, is a non-invasive method of pain relief using a device that sends electrical pulses to nerves under the skin via electrodes. There are four parameters that can be adjusted: pulse shape, pulse width, frequency, and intensity. TENS is commonly used to treat both acute and chronic pain conditions like back pain, arthritis, and sports injuries. Electrodes are placed on or near painful areas or trigger points and treatment sessions typically last less than 40 minutes daily. High and low TENS frequencies have different common parameter settings. Precautions are taken to avoid electrolyte reactions or use of TENS on certain body areas or for people with medical contraindications.
This document discusses pharmacodynamics, which is the study of how drugs act on the body and produce their effects. It describes several key concepts:
1. Drugs act by interacting with receptors or enzymes in tissues. Common sites of action include receptors, ion channels, and enzymes.
2. The mechanism of action describes how a drug modifies physiological or biochemical functions at the molecular level, such as by activating or inhibiting receptors.
3. Pharmacological effects refer to the physiological or biochemical changes caused by drugs, including their therapeutic and toxic effects. Drugs can stimulate or depress functions and may have agonistic, antagonistic, or other complex effects.
4. Several signaling pathways are involved in how receptors
This document discusses drugs that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system for treating hypertension and other conditions. It describes how ACE inhibitors work by inhibiting the angiotensin converting enzyme and decreasing angiotensin II formation, while also increasing bradykinin levels. Angiotensin receptor blockers competitively block the angiotensin II receptor. Both classes lower blood pressure by vasodilation and reduced sodium retention. They are used to treat hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, and myocardial infarction. Adverse effects include hypotension, hyperkalemia, and cough with ACE inhibitors.
Directly acting vasodilators include oral and parenteral drugs that act to dilate arteries and veins. Oral vasodilators include hydralazine and minoxidil which increase blood pressure by activating the renin-angiotensin system and sympathetic nervous system. Parenteral vasodilators such as sodium nitroprusside are used for hypertensive emergencies and directly cause vasodilation. These vasodilators are often used with beta blockers and diuretics to prevent reflex tachycardia and fluid retention respectively. Common side effects include headache, flushing, and tachycardia due to increased sympathetic activity.
Myelomeningocele is a type of spina bifida where the backbone and spinal canal do not fully close before birth, resulting in a sac-like protrusion of the spinal cord and meninges through the defect. It is the most common and severe type of spina bifida and can cause paralysis, loss of bladder/bowel control, and other neurological issues. Discitis is an infection of the intervertebral disc that causes severe back pain and lack of mobility. Erb's palsy is paralysis of the arm caused by injury to the brachial plexus nerves during difficult childbirth, resulting in weakness and loss of movement in the arm.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the reticular formation and limbic system. It discusses how the reticular formation activates the cerebrum through direct stimulation and neurohormonal systems. It describes various neurohormonal systems like the locus ceruleus-norepinephrine system and raphe nuclei-serotonin system. It then discusses the limbic system, including the hypothalamus, and their roles in emotional behavior, motivational drives, and regulating internal body functions. Key limbic structures and their functions in aggression, fear, feeding, reward, and punishment are also outlined.
The vestibular apparatus contains the macula of the utricle and saccule, which detect linear acceleration and head position, and the semicircular canals, which detect rotational acceleration of the head. Hair cells in the macula and canals signal the vestibular nerve and transmit signals to the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem. These centers integrate vestibular signals with visual and proprioceptive information to maintain balance and stabilize eye movements through pathways to the cerebellum and cerebral cortex.
The hypothalamus connects to the pituitary gland and brainstem and controls many functions important for homeostasis like appetite, body temperature, fluid balance, and hormone production. It regulates these functions through releasing/inhibiting hormones that control the pituitary as well as hormones like ADH and oxytocin. The thalamus is a relay station that integrates sensory information and distributes it to other brain areas like the cortex and hypothalamus. It contains nuclei that process specific senses and is involved in voluntary movement and personality.
The cerebral cortex has several association areas that perform different functions. The left hemisphere is specialized for language and analytical abilities in most right-handed individuals, while the right hemisphere is specialized for visuospatial abilities. Damage to different areas can cause different types of aphasias by disrupting language abilities. The hippocampus and medial temporal lobe are important for forming new memories and consolidating them into long-term memory. Alzheimer's disease involves the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, leading to memory loss and cognitive decline.
The cerebral circulation supplies blood to the brain through arteries like the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Blood flow is regulated by factors like carbon dioxide, oxygen, and chemicals released by astrocytes. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the brain ventricles at a rate of 500 mL per day and circulates through the subarachnoid space, cushioning the brain. Abnormal CSF pressure can cause issues like hydrocephalus or papilledema, and may be treated with shunts or lumbar punctures.
The cerebellum is located behind the brainstem and contains only 10% of the brain's volume. It receives input from muscles, joints, and the motor cortex, and provides corrective signals to the motor cortex to coordinate voluntary movement. The cerebellum evaluates and adjusts motor movements, integrating sensory information to ensure balance and motor learning. Damage to different parts of the cerebellum results in difficulties with coordination, posture, movement timing and sequencing.
The basal ganglia consist of several structures including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. They are located within the cerebral hemispheres and are involved in motor control and cognition. Two main circuits exist - the putamen circuit for executing movements and the caudate circuit for cognitive motor control. Diseases that impact the basal ganglia like Parkinson's and Huntington's result from dysfunction of neurotransmitter pathways and can cause both hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders. Common treatments involve replacing dopamine or modifying basal ganglia circuitry.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
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Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
2. HYPERTENSION
Hypertension can be
defined as the level of
blood pressure at which
there is risk to the organs
or vasculature.
Diagnosed on repeated &
reproducible
measurements of elevated
blood pressure.
11. BLOOD VESSELS CONTROLLING BLOOD PRESSURE
The major blood vessels controlling blood pressure are referred to
as
The Resistance vessels
The Capacitance vessels
12. RESISTANCE VESSELS
Arterioles are the primary resistance vessels,
Control mean arterial blood pressure
&
blood flow to specific tissues.
Vascular smooth muscle tone in these vessels is
controlled by the sympathetic nervous system
and local factors (metabolic need)
13. CAPACITANCE VESSELS
Systemic venules and veins serve as a volume
reservoir for the circulatory system (approx.
50% of total blood volume is contained in
these vessels)
Sympathetic and humoral regulation of these
vessels can significantly alter venous return
(preload) and fluid exchange in the
associated capillary beds
14. Blood pressure is closely regulated on
Short-term (seconds-to-minutes)
Long-term (days-to-weeks) basis
Mean arterial pressure is monitored by
Baroreceptors primarily in the aortic arch and carotid artery
16. Changes in mean arterial pressure
are sensed by the baroreceptors and
processed by the vasomotor centers
in the medulla which differentially
regulate sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous system
output.
17. If a drop in blood pressure is seen
by the baroreceptors, neuronal
activity to the vasomotor centers
is decreased, resulting in an
increase in sympathetic tone and
a decrease in parasympathetic
(vagal) tone.
18. A rise in mean arterial pressure
causes an increase in
baroreceptor neuronal activity
and gives rise to an increase in
vagal tone (activity of the vagus
nerve) and a decrease in
sympathetic tone.
19. 1. Increases in vagal tone lead to
lowering of heart rate.
2. Increases in sympathetic tone
result in increased peripheral
vascular resistance, increased
venous tone, increased heart rate,
and increased contractility of the
myocardium
20. LONG-TERM REGULATION
Long-term changes in blood pressure
(hours to days) are primarily mediated
by humoral factors that control blood
volume by regulating Na+ and water
retention.
21. Changes in renal blood flow and pressure, which are directly related to
mean arterial pressure, result in changes in renin secretion.
A drop in renal blood flow or pressure results in an increase in renin release
from the kidney.
High sympathetic outflow also causes an increase in renin secretion
22. 1. An increase in renin release leads to an increase in circulating angiotensin II.
2. The primary actions of angiotensin II are:
a) To stimulate the synthesis and secretion of aldosterone.
b) To raise blood pressure by direct vasoconstrictor effects (angiotensin II is one of
the most potent vasoconstrictors known).
c) Aldosterone acts on the kidney to retain Na+ (and therefore water), leading to an
increase in blood volume
24. In hypertensive patients,
the baroreceptors & renal
blood volume-pressure control
systems appear to be “set” at
a higher level of blood
pressure.
28. Hypertension - Clinical Significance
1. Heart disease
2. Stroke
3. Kidney failure
4. Blindness
Effects usually are not apparent until after 10 or more years of
sustained high blood pressure.
29. TREATMENT STRATEGIES
A.Lifestyle Modifications
low fat diet rich in vegetables and fruit
reduction of excess body weight
limited alcohol consumption
daily aerobic exercise
smoking cessation
reduction of sodium intake
B. Drug Therapy
30. C. Additional Risk factors for cardiovascular disease
smoking
dyslipidemia
diabetes mellitus
age older than 60
sex (men and postmenopausal women)
family history of cardiovascular disease
31. TREATMENT STRATEGIES
Risk Group A
No risk factors
No cardiovascular disease
No Target organ damage
Risk Group B
At least one risk factor not including diabetes mellitus
No cardiovascular disease
No target organ damage
Risk Group C
Cardiovascular disease
Target organ damage
Diabetes mellitus
32. TREATMENT STRATEGY
Blood Pressure Risk group A Risk group B Risk group C
High-normal
Stage 1
Stage 2
lifestyle
modification
lifestyle
modification
lifestyle
modification
lifestyle
modification
lifestyle
modification
(up to 6 months)
drug therapy drug therapy
drug therapy
drug therapy
(140-159/90-99)
(130-139/85-89)
(160-179/100-109)
50. 3. DECREASE TPR
a. Vasodilators
Direct Vasodilators
Minoxidil
Hydralazine
Indirect Vasodilators
Calcium channel blockers
ACEI
AT Blockers
51. 3. DECREASE TPR
b. Decrease sympathetic tone
Central sympathoplegics
Ganglion Blockers
Adrenergic neuron blockers
Receptor blockers
Alpha blockers
Beta blockers
52. BP = CO X PVR
CCB = calcium channel blockers
CA Adrenergics = central-acting adrenergics
ACEi’s = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
cardiac factors circulating volume
heart rate
contractility
1. Beta Blockers
2. CCB’s
3. C.A. Adrenergics
salt
aldosterone
ACEi’s
Diuretics
53. BP = CO x PVR
Hormones
1. vasodilators
2. ACEI’s
3. CCB’s
Central Nervous System
1. CA Adrenergics
Peripheral Sympathetic
Receptors
alpha beta
1. alpha blockers 2. beta blockers
Local Acting
1. Peripheral-Acting Adrenergics
55. Drugs which act at postganglionic adrenergic nerve endings &
inhibit their function by interfering with synthesis,storage or release
of Noradrenaline.
Do not control supine blood pressure.
Cause postural hypotension.
Used rarely in resistant hypertension.
61. MECHANISM OF ACTION
It inhibits the release of noradrenaline(NE) from
Sympathetic nerve endings.
It is transported across the Sympathetic nerve
membrane by the same mechanism that
transports NE itself ( uptake 1),then it is stored in
vesicles, replaces the NE & released itself by
nerve stimulation.
Hypotensive action,
With early therapy----decrease CO,HR &
relaxation of capacitance vessels.
With long-term therapy---decrease PVR
Compensatory sodium & water retention
decrease
62.
63.
64. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
1-CVS
a-Blood pressure
Rapid I.V injection---
Triphasic response
1-rapid fall
2-Hypertention
3-progressive fall in B.P
b- Decrease concentration of catecholamine
in
Heart & blood vessels.
2-CNS ,NO effect
65. 3-GIT, increase motility
4- EYES, miosis
5-SUPERSENSITIVITY
CLINICAL USES
Rarely used
1-Moderate to severe HTN
2-Hyperreflexia of high spinal cord lesion
3-Glaucoma
4-Management of lid retraction in thyrotoxicosis
67. DRUG INTERACTIONS
Drugs that block catecholamine uptake-
1 or displaces amines from the nerve
terminal block its effects
e.g.cocaine, tricyclic
antidepressants
Hypertension ---------sympathomimetcs
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Pheochromocytoma
Renal failure
68. BRETYLIUM
Quaternary ammonium compound
concentrated in adrenergic neurons.
Prevent release of NE
Now used as antiarrhythmic in resistant
ventricular arrhythmias.
Causes hypotension,nausea,parotid pain,
Bradycardia.
69. RESERPINE
Alkaloid in nature.
Obtained from Rauwolfia Serpentina
Used in Indo-Pakistan to treat mental illness
since ancient times.
Pure alkaloid was isolated in 1955.it was
popular antihypertensive in late 1950s &
early 1960s but now used as
pharmacological tool.
Well absorbed orally
Crosses BBB,placental barrier & excreted in
milk.
70. MECHANISM OF ACTION
It interferes with intracellular storage of
catecholamines.It acts at the membrane of
intraneuronal granules which stores monoamines
( NE,5-HT,DA) & irreversibly inhibits the active amine
transport ( ATP-Mg++ dependent uptake
mechanism).
Monoamines are gradually depleted & degraded
by MAO enzyme.
Occurs throughout the body even in adrenal
medulla.
Action not reversed until new vesicles are
synthesized
The effects last long after the drug is eliminated ( hit
& run drug) because tissue CA stores are restored
only gradually.
71. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
1-CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
B.P,
Causes slowly developing fall in B.P &
bradycardia,taking 2-3 weeks for full action.
The hypotensive action is due to peripheral as well as
central action.
salt & water retention
Decrease PR,CO & Cardiovascular reflexes are
partially inhibited.
Increase cutaneous blood flow.
Decreae Renin secretion
s
72. 2-CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
It produces a characteristic sedation , tranquillizing
effect & a state of indifference to environmental
stimuli due to depletion of CA & 5-HT stores in brain.
Extra-pyramidal effects on prolong use of high doses
due to depletion of dopamine.
3-PARASYMPATHETIC OVERACTIVITY
Effects are similar to Acetylcholine
73. CLINICAL USES
HYPERTENSION MILD TO MODERATE
along with a thiazide diuretic & other
antihypertensive drugs.
Hypertensive emergencies
Now Not used as antipsychotic
77. Patients with moderate to severe hypertension,most effective
drug regimens include an agent that inhibits function of
sympathetic nervous system.
These agents reduce sympathetic outflow from vasopressor
centre in the brain stem but allow these centres to retain or
even increase their sensitivity to baroreceptor control.
79. ALPHA-METHYLDOPA
(L- ALPHA-METHYL-3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE)
It is an analog of L-Dopa (precursor of
dopamine & NE) is converted to alpha-
methyl dopamine then to alpha-
methylnoradrenaline (selective alpha-2
agonist), stored in adrenergic nerve vesicles,
where it replaces NE & is released by nerve
stimulation to interact with postsynaptic
adrenoreceptors.
It probably acts as an agonist at presynaptic
alpha-2 receptors in brainstem to decrease
efferent sympathetic activity.
80.
81. PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Blood pressure
In young patient------decrease PVR
In older patient ------- decrease PVR & CO as a result of
decrease HR & stroke volume.
Fall in B.P is maximum 6-8 hours after an oral or I/V dose
Postural hypotension is less common
RBF is maintained
Renin is reduced
Salt & water retention blunt antihypertensive effect
(pseudo tolerance)
82. PHARMACOKINETICS
Prodrug
Absorbed by active amino acid transporter on oral adminstration.
Peak concentration in plasma occurs after 2-3 hrs
Vd is small
Half life is 2hrs ( 4-6hrs in renal failure)
Transport in CNS is also a active process.
Peak effect occurs in 6-8hrs
Duration of action is 24hrs so given in once & twice daily dosing
This discrepancy is related to time required for
1-transport into CNS
2-conversion into active metabolite
3-storage
4-release in vicinity of relevant alpha-2 receptors in CNS
85. MECHANISM OF ACTION:
Clonidine, when given I/V , causes an acute rise
in B.P. probably due to activation of post-
synaptic alpha2 receptors in vascular smooth
muscle (arterioles).It is classified as Partial agonist
at alpha receptors because it also inhibits pressor
effects of other alpha agonists.
86. Clonidine is a partial agonist with high
selective affinity and high intrinsic activity at
alpha 2 receptors, especially alpha 2A
subtype which are mainly present in
hypothalamus and lower brain stem regions,
especially nucleus tractus solitarius which
regulates sympathetic activity. Activation of
central pre-synaptic alpha 2 receptors inhibit
the release of noradrenaline from
adrenergic neurons, decreases sympathetic
outflow and produces a fall in B.P.
Alternatively, Clonidine may act on post-
synaptic alpha 2A receptors in medulla
(vasomotor centre)
87. Clonidine also binds to a non-adrenoceptor
site, the imidazoline receptors which are
present in brain as well as in periphery.
Clonidine may first stimulate central
imidazoline receptors which then trigger
medullary alpha2A receptors to reduce
sympathetic outflow.
Clonidine increases parasympathetic tone
and results in fall of B.P. and bradycardia.
The reduction in B.P. is accompanied by a
reduction in catecholamine levels. This
suggests that Clonidine sensitizes brain stem
pressor centres to inhibition by baroreflexes.
88. PHARMACOLOGIC
EFFECTS
CVS:
Decreases B.P. & H.R.
High doses-Inc. B.P.
Dec. renal vascular resistance
Inc. renal blood flow
Inc. GFR
Relaxation of veins
Dec. C.O.
93. Hypertension.
Pre-anaesthetic medication:
Stimulation of central alpha 2 adrenoceptors produces sedation and
analgesia. Administered before surgery, clonidine reduces
anaesthetic requirement and improves cardiovascular stability.
Opioid withdrawal :
Clonidine suppresses exaggerated transmitter release that
occurs during withdrawal of opioids. Clonidine also facilitates
alcohol withdrawal and smoking cessation.
94. Clonidine has been used to substitute morphine for intrathecal
and epidural analgesia.
Clonidine attenuates vasomotor symptoms of menopausal
syndrome such as hot flushes.
Clonidine has been used to control diarrhea due to diabetic
neuropathy.
Prophylaxis of migraine.