The Hall effect refers to the generation of a voltage difference across a conductor when subjected to an electric current and a perpendicular magnetic field, first discovered by Edwin Herbert Hall in 1879. It has various applications including magnetometers, current sensors, and position sensing in electric motors. Key concepts include the Hall coefficient, carrier density, and mobility, which characterize the materials involved in this phenomenon.

1. Hall Effect:
The Hall effect is the production of a voltage
difference (the Hall voltage)across an electrical
conductor, transverse to an electric current in the
conductor and to an applied magnetic field
perpendicular to the current.
Edwin Herbert Hall
was an American
physicist who
discovered hall effect
in 1879.
Applications
 Used as magnetometers, i.e. to measure magnetic field.
 Hall effect sensor used as current sensor.
 magnetic position sensing in Brushless DC Electric motors.
 Automotive fuel level indicator.
 Used to determine the n type and p type semiconductor.
Hall coefficient
 The hall coefficient is the ratio of induced electric field to the
product of the current density and the applied magnetic field.
 RH = 𝑽.𝒕
𝑰.𝑩
 It is the characteristic of the material from which the conductor is
made.
 The value of hall coefficient depends on the type,number,and
properties of the charge carriers that constitutes the current.
 Carrier density is the number of charge carriers per unit
volume. Also called Carrier concentration and is given as
n =
1
𝑅𝑞
 Carrier Mobility: Means how quickly charges moves when
pulled by an electric field. The term carrier mobility in general
refer to both electron and hole mobility.
U= RH.O where RH= Hall coefficient and O is conductivity Unit
of carrier mobility is cm/volt/sec
 When a current carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, a voltage will be generated
perpendicular to both current and magnetic field.
 When a perpendicular magnetic field is present.
A Lorentz force exerted on the electron. Due to
which electron moves in perpendicular direction
to both current and magnetic field. And develop
a potential difference across the conductor or
semiconductor.
 Lorentz force F= q{E+(V*B)}
Electromagnet: It is a type of
magnet in which magnetic field is
produced by an electric current.
Power supply. It is a constant
power supply 0-20milliamp.
Gauss meter. It is used to
measure the magnetic field B.
having unit tesla or Gauss.
Hall probe.
It is made up
of indium
arsenic and is
used to sense
the hall voltage
Prepared by:
1.Ashma Singh 3. Khursheed Ahmed
2. Harshvardhan 4. Jyotiranjan