The long slump: The economic facts behind the present protracted political cr...Alan Freeman
Second of two slide packs dealing with the current world economy and its protracted crisis; used for presentations at the annual conference of the World Association for Political Economy (WAPE) hosted by the Geopolitical Economy Research Group (GERG) at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, July 2019.
Accompanied by short video presentation at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uRuKiXR6LcA&feature=youtu.be; see academia entry at https://www.academia.edu/41884367/Unexplained_persistence_Essential_facts_for_a_theory_of_postcolonial_imperialism
Unexplained persistence: Essential facts for a theory of postcolonial imperia...Alan Freeman
Slides for paper presented at the annual conference of the World Association for Political Economy (WAPE) hosted by the Geopolitical Economy Research Group (GERG) at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, July 2019. Short introductory video is on utube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rt4mWagp58Q&feature=youtu.be
This paper analyzes poverty and growth trends across zones and sectors in Nigeria between 2004-2010. It finds that poverty increased nationwide over this period, with higher rates in northern zones and rural areas. Poverty-growth elasticity was below 1 and lower in northern/rural areas. Decomposition analyses show growth was the main factor reducing poverty, while increasing inequality weakened poverty reduction. Population shifts towards rural areas also increased poverty, particularly in northern zones. Human capital played a smaller role in explaining income/poverty differences between zones and sectors over time. Spatial and sectoral disparities in growth pro-poorness contributed to Nigeria's weak overall poverty reduction.
This document discusses regional economics and rural economic decline. It begins with an outline and definitions of key topics such as rural communities and metropolitan vs non-metropolitan areas. It then discusses the significant economic decline seen in many rural communities across the country in recent decades, as shown by data on uneven growth and recovery across places. The document poses the question of what, if anything, states and localities should do to intervene when communities are struggling economically.
Agglomeration, Migration and Rural-Urban Transformation in Ethiopia - CGE Ana...essp2
Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institue (IFPRI), Sevnth International Conference on Ethiopian Economy, EEA Conference Hall, Addis Ababa, June 24, 2010
This document discusses income distribution and inequality. It begins by explaining how inequality is measured using Lorenz curves and the Gini coefficient. It then analyzes how income distribution changes with economic development, initially following an inverted U pattern as described by Kuznets. Several models are discussed that attempt to explain this pattern. The document also examines the impact of income distribution on economic growth, finding that high inequality can negatively impact growth by increasing political instability. Finally, it provides case studies of the income distribution and economic policies of Taiwan and Brazil over time.
The long slump: The economic facts behind the present protracted political cr...Alan Freeman
Second of two slide packs dealing with the current world economy and its protracted crisis; used for presentations at the annual conference of the World Association for Political Economy (WAPE) hosted by the Geopolitical Economy Research Group (GERG) at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, July 2019.
Accompanied by short video presentation at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uRuKiXR6LcA&feature=youtu.be; see academia entry at https://www.academia.edu/41884367/Unexplained_persistence_Essential_facts_for_a_theory_of_postcolonial_imperialism
Unexplained persistence: Essential facts for a theory of postcolonial imperia...Alan Freeman
Slides for paper presented at the annual conference of the World Association for Political Economy (WAPE) hosted by the Geopolitical Economy Research Group (GERG) at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, July 2019. Short introductory video is on utube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rt4mWagp58Q&feature=youtu.be
This paper analyzes poverty and growth trends across zones and sectors in Nigeria between 2004-2010. It finds that poverty increased nationwide over this period, with higher rates in northern zones and rural areas. Poverty-growth elasticity was below 1 and lower in northern/rural areas. Decomposition analyses show growth was the main factor reducing poverty, while increasing inequality weakened poverty reduction. Population shifts towards rural areas also increased poverty, particularly in northern zones. Human capital played a smaller role in explaining income/poverty differences between zones and sectors over time. Spatial and sectoral disparities in growth pro-poorness contributed to Nigeria's weak overall poverty reduction.
This document discusses regional economics and rural economic decline. It begins with an outline and definitions of key topics such as rural communities and metropolitan vs non-metropolitan areas. It then discusses the significant economic decline seen in many rural communities across the country in recent decades, as shown by data on uneven growth and recovery across places. The document poses the question of what, if anything, states and localities should do to intervene when communities are struggling economically.
Agglomeration, Migration and Rural-Urban Transformation in Ethiopia - CGE Ana...essp2
Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institue (IFPRI), Sevnth International Conference on Ethiopian Economy, EEA Conference Hall, Addis Ababa, June 24, 2010
This document discusses income distribution and inequality. It begins by explaining how inequality is measured using Lorenz curves and the Gini coefficient. It then analyzes how income distribution changes with economic development, initially following an inverted U pattern as described by Kuznets. Several models are discussed that attempt to explain this pattern. The document also examines the impact of income distribution on economic growth, finding that high inequality can negatively impact growth by increasing political instability. Finally, it provides case studies of the income distribution and economic policies of Taiwan and Brazil over time.
The document discusses measures of income inequality and policy implications. It provides context on Kuznets' framework of sectoral and intra-sectoral disparities. It then examines various measures of inequality like the Gini coefficient, Lorenz curve, and Atkinson index, noting that all embed normative judgments. Estimates of inequality for India are based on consumption distribution data from the National Sample Survey, but have limitations since they ignore within-group inequality. Policy strategies also assume independence between growth and redistribution, which is an oversimplification.
The document discusses income distribution and inequality. It presents the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient as methods to measure inequality. It examines the relationship between economic development and inequality, discussing Kuznets' U hypothesis that inequality initially increases and then decreases with development. Case studies on Taiwan and Brazil are mentioned. The impacts of inequality on development, such as on political instability and investment, are also summarized.
This document discusses key concepts and techniques for analyzing migration patterns. It begins by defining migration as a change in usual residence between geographic units, and defines related terms like migrants, place of origin/destination, migration streams, and types of migration. It then discusses major data sources for migration like censuses and surveys. The document outlines several methods for measuring migration patterns, like using place of birth, duration of residence, and survival ratios. It concludes by discussing determinants and consequences of internal migration and references for further information.
Tony Hawkins investigates how to make economic growth benefit the poor in Zimbabwe.
Presented at 'Moving Forward with Pro-poor Reconstruction in Zimbabwe' International Conference, Harare, Zimbabwe, (25 and 26 August 2009)
Lewis theory, Rani-Fie-Lewis Theory on unlimited supplies of Labour and Todaro Model of Rural Urban Migration are famous theories on Rural_Urban Migration in Development economics
This document discusses measuring poverty and inequality. It outlines four criteria for measuring inequality: anonymity, population, relative income, and Dalton principles. It also describes the Lorenz curve and five measures of inequality: range, Kuznets ratio, mean absolute deviation, coefficient of variation, and Gini coefficient. For poverty measurement, it defines the poverty line and discusses headcount ratio, poverty gap ratio, income gap ratio, and Foster-Greer-Thorbecke class measures.
This document discusses urbanization and rural-urban migration in developing countries. It presents several key issues: 1) developing countries often experience rapid urbanization that outstrips job growth, leading to large informal sectors and unemployment; 2) cities provide agglomeration benefits but also congestion costs, and efficient urban scale varies by industry; 3) urban bias favors largest cities, causing "urban giantism" problems; 4) rural-urban migration is driven by expected rather than actual wage differentials under the Harris-Todaro model. Comprehensive policies are needed to balance urban-rural development and employment.
This document defines and compares several key macroeconomic indicators such as GDP, GNP, GDP per capita, and net factor income. It also discusses limitations of GDP as a measure and provides statistics comparing these indicators across several countries in 2012. GDP is the total market value of goods and services produced within a country, while GNP includes income earned abroad. GDP per capita measures average wealth. Net factor income is payments between countries. Statistics show variations in indicators between developed and developing economies.
Harris-Todaro Migration Model and it's Applicability in BangladeshMohaiminul Islam
This document presents on the Harris-Todaro Migration Model and its applicability in Bangladesh. It provides background on the model, which was developed in response to rural-urban migration despite high urban unemployment. The model predicts that expected incomes across rural and urban sectors will equalize when factoring informal work. While the model applies to Bangladesh due to wage differentials and higher earning potential in cities, push factors like natural disasters and marriage are also significant drivers of migration in Bangladesh. Therefore, the Harris-Todaro model explains some migration patterns but not completely for Bangladesh.
This document discusses how agricultural growth can reduce rural poverty. It notes that over 75% of the world's poor live in rural areas and work in agriculture. For countries where agriculture is the main economic sector, rapid growth will not occur without increasing agricultural productivity. The document then examines factors that determine agricultural growth, such as research/extension, rural infrastructure, education, market reforms, and land ownership policies. It concludes that broad-based agricultural growth is essential for overall economic growth and poverty reduction in heavily agricultural countries like Ethiopia. Such growth must increase rural incomes, consumption, and non-farm employment opportunities.
The document discusses the economic benefits of immigration to Australia, including contributing to population growth, filling jobs in certain sectors, and helping address an aging population by increasing the worker to retiree ratio. However, it also outlines some counterarguments such as the possibility of high fiscal costs from immigration and arguments that an aging population can still be supported through productivity increases. The document analyzes these perspectives on immigration and the Australian economy.
Cities and agricultural transformation in Ethiopia essp2
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in Africa and expected to triple urban populations by 2050. This study examines the impact of proximity to urban centers on Ethiopian farmers and their production of teff, Ethiopia's most important crop. The results show that closer proximity to cities has a strong, direct positive effect on farm prices, wages, land rental rates, input use, and profits. This is explained by lower transaction costs, increased monetization of factors like labor, and better access to information and knowledge in more urban areas. Ensuring access to markets through infrastructure and reducing transportation costs, as well as continued urban growth, could help drive agricultural transformation.
A brief study on the measures of income distribution for both analytic and quantitative purposes in terms of size distribution and functional distribution.
The study includes discussion on following concepts-
Lorenz Curve
Gini Coefficient
Absolute Poverty
Foster Greer Thorbecke Measure
Economists have tried to explain how income is distributed by looking at both the size and functional distribution of income. The functional distribution divides national income according to the main sources of income - rents, profits/interest, and wages. It focuses on three social classes. However, by the late 19th century the lines between classes were blurring. The size distribution instead looks at inequality between individual income earners regardless of source, and can include those with multiple sources of income across different classes.
OECD Regional Outlook 2016 - Presentation, Brussels, Belgium 11 October 2016OECD Governance
1. The document discusses productivity differences between regions in OECD countries, with a growing gap between the most productive "frontier" regions and less productive "lagging" regions.
2. It finds that while countries are converging in GDP per capita, regions within countries are diverging, with urban regions growing faster than rural areas.
3. The document advocates policies like structural reforms, public investments, and multi-level governance to help less productive "catching-up" regions increase productivity and reduce economic disparities between regions.
The document discusses poverty and inequality. It defines absolute and relative poverty and methods of measuring poverty. Economic growth is shown to reduce poverty by increasing employment, wages and government resources. Inequality is an economic problem that affects development and stability. Strategies to reduce poverty include economic liberalization, property rights, infrastructure investment, aid, and microfinance programs like Grameen Bank. Good governance and community participation are also important for poverty alleviation.
This slide is for reference only. do not share it to anyone.
This slide is base on the book Microeconomics by McConnell and Brue, 12th and 14th edition.
This document discusses factors beyond traditional "push" and "pull" explanations for international migration. It argues that migration decisions are made by households seeking to maximize income and minimize risks. As global markets penetrate developing regions, they undermine traditional social and economic structures, creating mobile labor forces and driving international migration. Market forces, including the growth of export industries, global cities, and a bifurcated labor structure, naturally lead to international movement as a result of capitalist development in peripheral regions.
The document discusses indicators of economic development and growth. It distinguishes between economic growth, which measures output, and economic development, which measures human welfare. It notes issues with solely using GDP to measure development, as GDP does not account for income distribution or non-economic factors that influence welfare. Alternative measures of development consider poverty, inequality, political freedoms, and the Human Development Index, which examines life expectancy, education, and income indicators.
Unexplained persistence facts for a post-colonial historyAlan Freeman
The document discusses economic growth trends in the global North and South since 1950. It finds that growth in the North has steadily declined, falling below average growth rates in the South by the 1970s. This divergence is explained as both endogenous due to the Northern economic model, and exogenous due to Northern policies that prioritized solving domestic problems through the exploitation of the South. The consequences of this failure and the resulting political changes in the South are transforming the global economy.
- The world is divided into industrialized nations with high GDP per capita and the rest of the world with much lower GDP per capita. This inequality is the main source of inequality globally.
- The industrialized nations grow the slowest of any group. Their strategy is to maintain control over technology and resources to hold back faster growing nations and maintain unequal terms of trade.
- Countries like Russia and China are not considered new imperialists since they do not engage in significant military intervention abroad and invest their capital domestically rather than acquiring foreign assets, unlike Western nations that control the vast majority of global capital holdings.
Andrés Solimano, President and Founder of the International Center for Globalization and Development, presented on the history of recessions in the 20th century on 11 June 2019 at the OECD Development Centre for their "DEV Talks" series.
The document discusses measures of income inequality and policy implications. It provides context on Kuznets' framework of sectoral and intra-sectoral disparities. It then examines various measures of inequality like the Gini coefficient, Lorenz curve, and Atkinson index, noting that all embed normative judgments. Estimates of inequality for India are based on consumption distribution data from the National Sample Survey, but have limitations since they ignore within-group inequality. Policy strategies also assume independence between growth and redistribution, which is an oversimplification.
The document discusses income distribution and inequality. It presents the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient as methods to measure inequality. It examines the relationship between economic development and inequality, discussing Kuznets' U hypothesis that inequality initially increases and then decreases with development. Case studies on Taiwan and Brazil are mentioned. The impacts of inequality on development, such as on political instability and investment, are also summarized.
This document discusses key concepts and techniques for analyzing migration patterns. It begins by defining migration as a change in usual residence between geographic units, and defines related terms like migrants, place of origin/destination, migration streams, and types of migration. It then discusses major data sources for migration like censuses and surveys. The document outlines several methods for measuring migration patterns, like using place of birth, duration of residence, and survival ratios. It concludes by discussing determinants and consequences of internal migration and references for further information.
Tony Hawkins investigates how to make economic growth benefit the poor in Zimbabwe.
Presented at 'Moving Forward with Pro-poor Reconstruction in Zimbabwe' International Conference, Harare, Zimbabwe, (25 and 26 August 2009)
Lewis theory, Rani-Fie-Lewis Theory on unlimited supplies of Labour and Todaro Model of Rural Urban Migration are famous theories on Rural_Urban Migration in Development economics
This document discusses measuring poverty and inequality. It outlines four criteria for measuring inequality: anonymity, population, relative income, and Dalton principles. It also describes the Lorenz curve and five measures of inequality: range, Kuznets ratio, mean absolute deviation, coefficient of variation, and Gini coefficient. For poverty measurement, it defines the poverty line and discusses headcount ratio, poverty gap ratio, income gap ratio, and Foster-Greer-Thorbecke class measures.
This document discusses urbanization and rural-urban migration in developing countries. It presents several key issues: 1) developing countries often experience rapid urbanization that outstrips job growth, leading to large informal sectors and unemployment; 2) cities provide agglomeration benefits but also congestion costs, and efficient urban scale varies by industry; 3) urban bias favors largest cities, causing "urban giantism" problems; 4) rural-urban migration is driven by expected rather than actual wage differentials under the Harris-Todaro model. Comprehensive policies are needed to balance urban-rural development and employment.
This document defines and compares several key macroeconomic indicators such as GDP, GNP, GDP per capita, and net factor income. It also discusses limitations of GDP as a measure and provides statistics comparing these indicators across several countries in 2012. GDP is the total market value of goods and services produced within a country, while GNP includes income earned abroad. GDP per capita measures average wealth. Net factor income is payments between countries. Statistics show variations in indicators between developed and developing economies.
Harris-Todaro Migration Model and it's Applicability in BangladeshMohaiminul Islam
This document presents on the Harris-Todaro Migration Model and its applicability in Bangladesh. It provides background on the model, which was developed in response to rural-urban migration despite high urban unemployment. The model predicts that expected incomes across rural and urban sectors will equalize when factoring informal work. While the model applies to Bangladesh due to wage differentials and higher earning potential in cities, push factors like natural disasters and marriage are also significant drivers of migration in Bangladesh. Therefore, the Harris-Todaro model explains some migration patterns but not completely for Bangladesh.
This document discusses how agricultural growth can reduce rural poverty. It notes that over 75% of the world's poor live in rural areas and work in agriculture. For countries where agriculture is the main economic sector, rapid growth will not occur without increasing agricultural productivity. The document then examines factors that determine agricultural growth, such as research/extension, rural infrastructure, education, market reforms, and land ownership policies. It concludes that broad-based agricultural growth is essential for overall economic growth and poverty reduction in heavily agricultural countries like Ethiopia. Such growth must increase rural incomes, consumption, and non-farm employment opportunities.
The document discusses the economic benefits of immigration to Australia, including contributing to population growth, filling jobs in certain sectors, and helping address an aging population by increasing the worker to retiree ratio. However, it also outlines some counterarguments such as the possibility of high fiscal costs from immigration and arguments that an aging population can still be supported through productivity increases. The document analyzes these perspectives on immigration and the Australian economy.
Cities and agricultural transformation in Ethiopia essp2
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in Africa and expected to triple urban populations by 2050. This study examines the impact of proximity to urban centers on Ethiopian farmers and their production of teff, Ethiopia's most important crop. The results show that closer proximity to cities has a strong, direct positive effect on farm prices, wages, land rental rates, input use, and profits. This is explained by lower transaction costs, increased monetization of factors like labor, and better access to information and knowledge in more urban areas. Ensuring access to markets through infrastructure and reducing transportation costs, as well as continued urban growth, could help drive agricultural transformation.
A brief study on the measures of income distribution for both analytic and quantitative purposes in terms of size distribution and functional distribution.
The study includes discussion on following concepts-
Lorenz Curve
Gini Coefficient
Absolute Poverty
Foster Greer Thorbecke Measure
Economists have tried to explain how income is distributed by looking at both the size and functional distribution of income. The functional distribution divides national income according to the main sources of income - rents, profits/interest, and wages. It focuses on three social classes. However, by the late 19th century the lines between classes were blurring. The size distribution instead looks at inequality between individual income earners regardless of source, and can include those with multiple sources of income across different classes.
OECD Regional Outlook 2016 - Presentation, Brussels, Belgium 11 October 2016OECD Governance
1. The document discusses productivity differences between regions in OECD countries, with a growing gap between the most productive "frontier" regions and less productive "lagging" regions.
2. It finds that while countries are converging in GDP per capita, regions within countries are diverging, with urban regions growing faster than rural areas.
3. The document advocates policies like structural reforms, public investments, and multi-level governance to help less productive "catching-up" regions increase productivity and reduce economic disparities between regions.
The document discusses poverty and inequality. It defines absolute and relative poverty and methods of measuring poverty. Economic growth is shown to reduce poverty by increasing employment, wages and government resources. Inequality is an economic problem that affects development and stability. Strategies to reduce poverty include economic liberalization, property rights, infrastructure investment, aid, and microfinance programs like Grameen Bank. Good governance and community participation are also important for poverty alleviation.
This slide is for reference only. do not share it to anyone.
This slide is base on the book Microeconomics by McConnell and Brue, 12th and 14th edition.
This document discusses factors beyond traditional "push" and "pull" explanations for international migration. It argues that migration decisions are made by households seeking to maximize income and minimize risks. As global markets penetrate developing regions, they undermine traditional social and economic structures, creating mobile labor forces and driving international migration. Market forces, including the growth of export industries, global cities, and a bifurcated labor structure, naturally lead to international movement as a result of capitalist development in peripheral regions.
The document discusses indicators of economic development and growth. It distinguishes between economic growth, which measures output, and economic development, which measures human welfare. It notes issues with solely using GDP to measure development, as GDP does not account for income distribution or non-economic factors that influence welfare. Alternative measures of development consider poverty, inequality, political freedoms, and the Human Development Index, which examines life expectancy, education, and income indicators.
Unexplained persistence facts for a post-colonial historyAlan Freeman
The document discusses economic growth trends in the global North and South since 1950. It finds that growth in the North has steadily declined, falling below average growth rates in the South by the 1970s. This divergence is explained as both endogenous due to the Northern economic model, and exogenous due to Northern policies that prioritized solving domestic problems through the exploitation of the South. The consequences of this failure and the resulting political changes in the South are transforming the global economy.
- The world is divided into industrialized nations with high GDP per capita and the rest of the world with much lower GDP per capita. This inequality is the main source of inequality globally.
- The industrialized nations grow the slowest of any group. Their strategy is to maintain control over technology and resources to hold back faster growing nations and maintain unequal terms of trade.
- Countries like Russia and China are not considered new imperialists since they do not engage in significant military intervention abroad and invest their capital domestically rather than acquiring foreign assets, unlike Western nations that control the vast majority of global capital holdings.
Andrés Solimano, President and Founder of the International Center for Globalization and Development, presented on the history of recessions in the 20th century on 11 June 2019 at the OECD Development Centre for their "DEV Talks" series.
An absolute tour de force by the great Martin Wolf at yesterday's RICS World Built Environment Summit. Here are his slides - well worth a look for understanding the mega trends that will shape places and communities.
This document analyzes the post-conflict development of four African countries from 1990-2010: Rwanda, Burundi, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. It discusses the challenges in objectively measuring and comparing development across countries. A scoring scheme is used to rank countries based on indicators like HDI, GDP, poverty, inequality, health, education. Liberia is used as a case study, outlining its history of conflict and tracking economic and human development indicators like GDP, GDP per capita, poverty, refugees over time. While recovery is slow, targets aim to rebuild the economy, reduce debt, and improve living standards for all citizens using a bottom-up development approach.
Lekcijā tiek analizētas norises pasaules tautsaimniecībā un starptautiskajā tirdzniecībā, tiek sniegtas attīstības prognozes un minēti galvenie izaicinājumi un riski. Prezentācija sniedz visaptverošu priekšstatu par svarīgākajām ekonomikas un politikas norisēm trīs galvenajos pasaules ekonomiskajos centros – Eiropā, ASV un Ķīnā, kā arī ieteikumus, ko darīt Latvijas politikas veidotājiem.
Jean-Michel Severino, president of the impact investing group "Investisseurs & Partenaires" explores the current and future opportunities arising in African countries.
Globalisation Paradox and International RelationsArmend Muja
This document discusses the relationship between globalization and nation states. It addresses criticisms of globalization undermining nation states and argues this view is too narrow. While globalization shifts domestic power balances and benefits some regions more than others, evidence shows it has increased trade, GDP and government spending overall rather than reducing state significance. The nation state remains important and has transformed to take on a regulatory role within a complex web of global networks.
1. Urbanization has increased dramatically over the last 200 years as the number of people living in urban areas and the land occupied by cities has grown.
2. In 1800, only 2 cities had over 1 million residents but by 2000 that number had grown to 311 cities as populations shifted from rural to urban areas.
3. The distribution of the largest cities has also changed significantly over time, with Asia growing to dominate the list of the top 100 largest cities in 2000 after previously being led by Europe and North America in 1900.
Launch of Growth and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa BookUNU-WIDER
On 22 April 2016 UNU-WIDER visits the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency to launch the new open access book Growth and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. Resulting from UNU-WIDER’s project on ’Reconciling Africa’s growth, poverty and inequality trends: growth and poverty’— the book provides a comprehensive re-examination of Africa’s growth, poverty and inequality trends. While the economic growth renaissance in sub-Saharan Africa is widely recognized, much less is known about progress in living conditions. This book comprehensively evaluates trends in living conditions in 16 major sub-Saharan African countries, corresponding to nearly 75% of the total population.
This document provides an agenda and overview for a presentation on China as an emerging superpower given by Hu Angang of Tsinghua University. The presentation addresses whether China is rising economically and if it can sustain growth to become a global economic powerhouse. It discusses China's economic development path, demographic and urbanization trends, progress on health and education, and goals for science/technology and sustainable development. Tables and charts are presented on topics like China's GDP growth and contribution to the world economy compared to other nations. The presentation aims to analyze China's development and determine if/how it could emerge as a global superpower.
This document provides an overview of Brazil's economy and recent developments. It discusses Brazil's GDP growth averaging over 3% annually from 2003-2009. Inflation has remained low and stable since the Real Plan in the mid-1990s. Brazil has the 7th largest GDP by PPP and experienced a smooth transition to democracy in the 1980s. The current political environment remains stable with President Dilma Rousseff recently elected.
Global Developments and Regional ImplicationsSDGsPlus
This document discusses global economic conditions and policy challenges. It notes that while a global recession is not currently underway, growth prospects have weakened and risks are rising. Policy space for cyclical policies is shrinking, so implementing structural reforms is important to improve growth outcomes. Major risks include further growth setbacks, financial turbulence, and geopolitical instability. The document also outlines the World Bank Group's strategy for the Middle East and North Africa region, focusing on improving governance, regional integration, resilience to refugee shocks, and recovery/reconstruction efforts.
Vieslekcija: Globālās ekonomikas tendencesLatvijas Banka
Latvijas Bankas Starptautisko attiecību un komunikācijas pārvaldes galvenā ekonomiste Ieva Skrīvere 16. martā viesojās Rīgas Ekonomikas augstskolā ar lekciju "Globālās ekonomikas tendences".
Lekcijā tiek analizētas norises pasaules tautsaimniecībā un starptautiskajā tirdzniecībā, tiek sniegtas attīstības prognozes un minēti galvenie izaicinājumi un riski. Prezentācija sniedz visaptverošu priekšstatu par svarīgākajām ekonomikas un politikas norisēm trīs galvenajos pasaules ekonomiskajos centros – Eiropā, ASV un Ķīnā, kā arī ieteikumus, ko darīt Latvijas politikas veidotājiem.
What economics should learn from China’s Economic SuccessAlan Freeman
This document discusses the need for a Chinese political economy that is based on Marxism but distinct from Western interpretations. It presents graphs showing China's strong economic growth compared to other regions since 1970. It argues that mainstream Western economics, from neoclassical to neoliberal thought, have failed to explain current economic realities. The document advocates interpreting Marx's concepts, like the tendency of the rate of profit to fall, in a way that is grounded in China's experience rather than Western assumptions.
After bursting onto the international tourism stage in the 1990s, China has been one of the world’s fastest-growing outbound travel markets. This growth has been a little erratic in recent years, but in 2010 the market confirmed that it was well and truly back on a strong growth track.
Brazil and the world economy. By the year 2050, the E7, the world´s seven emerging economies – China, India, Russia, Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico and Turkey – will overtake the economies of the G7 – US, Japan, Germany, UK, France, Italy and Canada. This will create exciting business and investment opportunities across multiple markets, including consumer, agricultural, industrial, banking and logistics. Brazil faces challenges but offers business opportunities
Brazil and the world economy. By the year 2050, the E7, the world´s seven emerging economies – China, India, Russia, Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico and Turkey – will overtake the economies of the G7 – US, Japan, Germany, UK, France, Italy and Canada. This will create exciting business and investment opportunities across multiple markets, including consumer, agricultural, industrial, banking and logistics. Brazil faces challenges but offers business opportunities
The Pursuit of Class Struggle By Other Means: presentation to a conference of the World Association for Political Economy (WAPE) on 'Modernization', in Pingtan, Fujian, September 2023
This document proposes developing a theory of "Noonomy" to measure and account for intangible resources and production, especially of "mental objects."
It notes that creative and science industries now employ a large portion of workers and discusses extending measurement techniques from creative industries to general intangible production. Mental objects like scientific theories can take various forms.
The document argues modern production increasingly transforms immaterial resources and outputs immaterial objects, so planning needs a theory of quantifying and accounting for these. It explores how to measure intangible products and resources by attributes like price and labor, and defines services as specialized productive functions rather than a catch-all category. Specialization and cooperation of skilled labor are key to int
The Material Balance Accounting SystemAlan Freeman
The material balance accounting system was the main instrument of economic planning in the Soviet Union and other centrally planned economies of Eastern Europe. It provided data on production targets and achievements, but was best understood as a planning instrument rather than just a source of accounting data. Key questions around the system included how outputs were measured, prices were set, and any surpluses were disposed of by the state. The system also had interfaces with commodity sectors and consumption, which was not itself part of the material balance planning system.
This document discusses why cities are not states and explores governance issues related to London. It examines how cities have historically assumed some state functions but were later absorbed by larger territorial projects. While the nation state is the dominant form, globalization has undermined multilateralism and the adequacy of the national form. Cities can only optimize in the context of their relation to the national and world economy, but which nation? The document explores definitions of world cities and challenges in measuring and comparing cities economically. It considers how London's economy has shifted towards services and creative industries.
This document discusses the origins and consequences of war from a globalization perspective. It makes three key points:
1) A seminar with authors from five continents concluded that globalization is in structural crisis, governance is failing, and major powers are increasingly turning to war as a solution, similar to the imperialism of 1873-1914.
2) This has consequences for political theory, requiring a new synthesis, and for practice, with social justice movements needing greater cooperation.
3) Globalization has led to stagnation, growing inequality, and the failure of states to govern, forcing direct intervention by dominant powers and risking more open conflict if continental unity and South-South cooperation cannot provide a counterweight.
The document discusses whether there is a definable "creative sector" and what it might constitute. It summarizes that while standard economic classification systems may not fully capture emerging industries, there are signs that a new creative sector is developing, characterized by:
1) A stable, global rise in demand for cultural goods and services.
2) A qualitative reshaping of industrial structure around flexibly specialized, high-tech production of differentiated, cultural products and services.
3) The rise of cities as locations for clustering and agglomeration economies in the new paradigm of small-run, customized creative production.
This document discusses globalization trends from 1970 to 2000. It shows that:
1) Global GDP and GDP per capita increased substantially over this period, with advanced countries seeing faster growth.
2) GDP per capita in Southeast Asia grew the most between 1980-1990, while the Eurozone saw a decline between 1990-2000.
3) The share of global GDP for North America and the Eurozone declined while Southeast Asia increased.
Computers are increasingly being used in space exploration and scientific research. They help analyze data collected from satellites and space probes. Advances in computing also allow for new forms of digital and online learning that make education more accessible.
Este documento presenta tres hechos fundamentales: la crisis económica, la crisis generalizada y la desigualdad creciente. Explica que se necesita una teoría endógena del mercado que pueda dar cuenta de estos hechos de manera comprensiva, general y simple. Propone que la teoría del valor puede cumplir este rol al conceptualizar la producción en términos del esfuerzo humano organizado por el mercado, permitiendo derivar leyes específicas como la ley de acumulación y la circulación desigual entre naciones.
Presentation to Auckland City Council on the living wage, Tuesday 25 July 2017.
See also video of interview with NewsHub (NZ Television) at https://studio.youtube.com/video/qQIbY920_aA/edit
1) The document analyzes the Columbus myth as an origin story that justifies the dominance of powers from the global North since 1492.
2) It argues that while their dominance is declining, these powers refuse to understand that their wealth came from acquiring the wealth of others through imperialism and slavery, not from any inherent superiority.
3) The Columbus myth disguises this by portraying Columbus as discovering America and creating a model of progress, rather than enslaving and wiping out indigenous populations for profit. The myth sustains the dominant worldview.
Mental labour, ecological crisis, and the future of workAlan Freeman
This document discusses the transition from material to mental production and its implications for the future of work. It argues that growth has slowed in developed nations and most workers are now engaged in services rather than material production. However, the concept of "services" is problematic and does not capture the human-centered and mental aspects of much modern work. The document defines mental production and mental objects which can exist independently of physical forms. While automation can handle repetitive mental tasks, creative work that involves problem-solving and collaboration cannot be mechanized. The private property system fails to support creative workers and restricts access to mental objects. A post-growth economy should focus on human-centered development, validating creativity as a human capacity, and restructuring property
Slides of a talk given at the Autonomous University of Mexico (UAM) on 9th September 2021, for the 15th international conference on 'Administration and Technology Design for Architecture, Design and Engineering'. Mainly in Spanish. The video of the event will be uploaded to utube shortly
The document discusses the impact of COVID-19 on culture and the creative industries. It provides statistics showing that in Manitoba pre-pandemic, creative industries like arts and entertainment experienced strong employment growth compared to other sectors. However, data on job losses from January-July 2020 indicate that the creative sector was hit harder by the pandemic than non-creative industries. The reliance on in-person activities makes creative jobs more vulnerable to lockdowns and social distancing measures.
Why we need a theory of Mental ObjectsAlan Freeman
This document discusses mental objects and their role in modern production. It makes three key points:
1) Mental objects like computer programs, scientific knowledge, and artistic works are increasingly important inputs in production, especially in services, technology, and creative industries. However, they behave differently than physical inputs.
2) There are two types of mental objects - algorithmic ones with predictable results, and predicative/poetic ones whose results depend on human judgment. Producing the latter is challenging as their creation process is undefined.
3) Current intellectual property models restrain use of mental objects rather than encouraging their application and innovation. Alternative models that provide income to both creators and users could better support continued development of mental labor and
The document discusses the falling rate of profit and includes 4 charts showing:
1) The UK profit rate made consistent by including financial assets in capital over 1970-2005.
2) The US profit rate made consistent by including financial assets in capital over 1946-2006.
3) US capacity utilization and recessions from 1987-2009.
4) The ratio of the UK corporate sector's cumulative purchase of financial vs. fixed assets from 1987-2009.
From humanitarian poster-child to war criminal: Canadian foreign policy towar...Alan Freeman
From humanitarian poster-child to war criminal: Canadian foreign policy towards Venezuela. Presentation to the 2019 conference of the Society for Socialist Scholars at the Congress of the Humanities, Vancouver 4 June 2019.
Planning in the Internet Age (Russian version)Alan Freeman
Slides for a conference of the Moscow Academic Internet Forum, Moscow 18-19 April 2019. These are the translation of the English slides of the same title
The document discusses trends in GDP per capita in the USSR compared to other parts of the world from 1950 to recent times. It shows that Soviet GDP per capita rose relative to Western nations from 1950 to 1986, but then collapsed after economic reforms in the 1990s to the level of other developing nations. Under Putin, GDP per capita recovered somewhat but this relative growth has now plateaued.
Optimizing Net Interest Margin (NIM) in the Financial Sector (With Examples).pdfshruti1menon2
NIM is calculated as the difference between interest income earned and interest expenses paid, divided by interest-earning assets.
Importance: NIM serves as a critical measure of a financial institution's profitability and operational efficiency. It reflects how effectively the institution is utilizing its interest-earning assets to generate income while managing interest costs.
The Impact of Generative AI and 4th Industrial RevolutionPaolo Maresca
This infographic explores the transformative power of Generative AI, a key driver of the 4th Industrial Revolution. Discover how Generative AI is revolutionizing industries, accelerating innovation, and shaping the future of work.
An accounting information system (AIS) refers to tools and systems designed for the collection and display of accounting information so accountants and executives can make informed decisions.
[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Decoding job postings: Improving accessibility for neurodivergent job seekers
Improving the quality and accessibility of job postings is one way to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
Dr. Alyce Su Cover Story - China's Investment Leadermsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
Vicinity Jobs’ data includes more than three million 2023 OJPs and thousands of skills. Most skills appear in less than 0.02% of job postings, so most postings rely on a small subset of commonly used terms, like teamwork.
Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.
A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
Scotland is in many ways a microcosm of this challenge. It has become a hub for creative industries, is home to several world-class universities and a thriving community of businesses – strengths that need to be harness and leveraged. But it also has high levels of deprivation, with homelessness reaching a record high and nearly half a million people living in very deep poverty last year. Scotland won’t be truly thriving unless it finds ways to ensure that all its inhabitants benefit from growth and investment. This is the central challenge facing policy makers both in Holyrood and Westminster.
What should a new national economic strategy for Scotland include? What would the pursuit of stronger economic growth mean for local, national and UK-wide policy makers? How will economic change affect the jobs we do, the places we live and the businesses we work for? And what are the prospects for cities like Glasgow, and nations like Scotland, in rising to these challenges?
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
Importance of community participation in development projects.pdf
Postcolonial imperialism
1. Modern Imperialism
ALAN FREEMAN, GEOPOLITICAL ECONOMY RESEARCH GROUP DATA PROJECT,
UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA
PROJECT AND DATASET: HTTPS://GITHUB.COM/AXFREEMAN/ECONOMIC-HISTORY
RESEARCH GROUP SITE: HTTPS://GEOPOLITICALECONOMY.ORG
PAPERS:HTTPS://GEOPOLITICALECONOMY.ACADEMIA.EDU/ALANFREEMAN
2. Brief clarification
• ‘North’ means ‘Economic North’: a neutral term for ‘Advanced’,
‘Industrialised’, ‘First World’ or just plain ‘Imperialist’
• ‘South’ means everyone else
• Includes transitional coutries but only when there are data
• Excludes China
• ‘Growth’ means average annualised growth in the given period
• ‘Average Growth’ means weighted by population
• ‘Divergence’ means the ratio between GDP in current dollars at market
exchange rates with that of the North
3. Two key terms
• Endogenous=the normal working of the (World) market; ‘blind’ or
concealed from consciousness by the commodity relation
• Exogenous=the outcome of conscious political action mainly by states
but also by classes
• Pluralism=a conclusion is not robust unless
• All alternative measures of the same concept have been assessed in reaching a
judgement (eg GDP at current, PPP, real prices)
• The conclusion has been assessed against the leading contending explanations
4. Annual Growth rate of the North
-5%
-3%
-1%
1%
3%
5%
7%
9%
1941
1944
1947
1950
1953
1956
1959
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
Crecimiento Anual Media móvil de cuatro años.
6. Note
• Declined continuously since 1950
• There was a ‘boom’ in the 1950s/1960s, started by the war
• But the secular decline was going on even during the boom
• Erupted in ‘open’ crisis in 1974
• No ‘recuperation’ (Dumenil/Levy, Husson)
• No ‘new regime of accumulation’
• Financialization did not usher in a crisis not already in existence.
• The ‘new normal’ level of growth is now much lower than before
• At definite points accumulation rises and falls
• These are endogenous: they follow the business cycle
8. The story in short
• The North set out to solve its problems at the expense of the South
• This was the real content of neoliberalism
• It failed (the problems continued)
• But the resultant political convulsion transformed the South
• We are living through the combined consequences of these two facts
17. The average income of
the richest 25% of the
South is one tenth that
of the poorest 25% of
the North
Any other fact about
poverty and
inequality pales into
insignificance by
comparison
Inequality between
nations is the Main
causal factor for
inequality within
nations
Yet the agencies have
ceased measuring it
$1,529 $1,925 $3,853
$38,265
$51,746
$72,954
$0
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
$40,000
$50,000
$60,000
$70,000
$80,000
25% mas bajo Mediano (50%) 25% mas alto
Scale: the elephant in the inequality dining room:
Population-weighted medians and quartiles of GDP per
capita
Sur Norte
22. 0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Chart 9: High GDP per capita
regions
Latin America and Caribbean
Middle East and North Africa
South Total (right scale)
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
Chart 10: Low GDP per capita Regions
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
South Total (excluding Transitional)
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
Chart 11: Middle GDP per capita regions
East Asia Pacific Central Asia South Total (excluding Transitional)
24. Myths, dreams and nightmares
• Kondratieff: the myth of endogenous recovery
• Neoclassical trade theory: the myth of endogenous convergence
• Marxist theories of decline (SSA, Dumenil, Husson, Financialization) that
signal a ‘recuperation’ in 1980 miss the point
• What really took place was a temporary respite at the expense of the South
• The myth of the BRICS
• What is really taking place is the relative decline of the North
• Plus the end of South fragmentation and the initiation of concerted South action
• The reality of Dependence, the necessity of Development
• North can rely on ‘natural’ working of market and ‘prod’ at decisive moments
• South has to use state (exogenous)
25. Northern Ideology: why the North thinks it is special
• Free trade ‘looks Good’ from the North
• Is taken to be a recipe for all
• Is the ‘natural’ view of the Northern and Southern elites
• The only possible explanation for the South’s poverty is racial
• This is rooted in colonial history
• The racialization of the North-South relation
• And the geneticization of labour