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Post independent education commission
The document provides information on various education commissions in India from 1948 to 1993, including their terms of reference, key recommendations, and evaluations. Some of the major commissions discussed are the University Education Commission (1948), chaired by Dr. Radhakrishnan, the Secondary Education Commission (1952-1953), chaired by Dr. A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar, and the Kothari Commission (1964-1966), chaired by Dr. D.S. Kothari, which had a comprehensive mandate to review the entire education system in India.
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Post independent education commission
- 2. TIME CHART OFEDUCATION COMMISSIONS Commissionand committees Years Chairman University Education commission 1948 -49 Dr.S. Radhakrishnan Secondary Education commission 1952- 53 Dr. A.laxmanSwami mudaliar Kothari commission 1964- 66 Dr D. S.kothari National policy of education 1968 Dr D. S.kothari Ishwarbhai Patel committee 1977 I.J.patel Continue…
- 3. National review committee1978 Shri maclon.Adiseshah National policy of education 1986 MHRD Acharya ramamurti committee 1990 Aacharya rammurti Modified national policy of education 1992 Aacharya rammurti Yashpal committee 1993 Dr.Yash pal
- 4. UNIVERSITY EDUCATION COMMISSION(1948) TERMS AND REFERENCES • THE AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION AND RESEARCH • CHANGES WHICH ARE CONSIDERED : CONSTITUTION , CONTROL, FUNCTION AND JURISDICTION OF UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR RELATION WITH GOVERNMENT CENTRAL AND PROVINCIAL. • THE FINANCE OF THE UNIVERSITIES • THE MAINTENANCE OF THE HIGHEST STANDARD OF TEACHING AND EXAMINATION. • THE QUALIFICATIONS AND CONDITIONS OF SERVICE ,SALARIES PRIVILEGES AND FUNCTION OF TEACHERS. • THE PROVISION OF ADVANCED STUDY IN INDIAN CULTURE, HISTORY, LITERATURE ,LANGUAGES ,PHILOSOPHY AND FINE ARTS
- 5. RECOMMENDATIONS OF RADHAKRISHNAN COMMISSION •AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION •POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS •INTELLECTUAL ADVENTURE •ORGANS OF CIVILIZATION •INTEGRATED WAY OF LIFE •TRAINING FOR LEADERSHP •WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE Continue……….
- 6. •SOCIAL ORDER •PRESERVATION ANDDEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE •ADJUSTMENT TO SOCIETY AND NEW CHANGES •DEVELOP NEW IDEAS •DEVELOP CONSCIOUSNESS •LOVE FOR HIGHER VALUE •TEACHING STANDARDS •ADMISSION, •WELL EQUIPPED AND WE’LL STAFFED COLLEGES, Continue…….
- 7. •VOCATIONAL INSTITUTION ,REFRESHERRCOURSES ,NUMBER OF STUDENTS •NUMBERR OF WORKING DAYS,, PLANNING OF LECTURES TUTORIALS AND LIBRARY WORK ,NO PRESCRIBED TEXTBOOK, COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE TUTORIAL SYSTEM EVENING COLLEGE LIBRARIES AND LABORATORIES SEMINAR •TEACHERS: •ROLE OF TEACHER , RESPONSIBILITY OF TEACHER ,A GOOD TEACHER •CONDITION OF TEACHER : PROVIDENT FUND ,RESIDENTIAL FACILITIES AGE OF RETIREMENT ,STUDY LEAVE , WORK LOAD, SALARY SCALES
- 8. CURRICULUM • RE- ORGANIZATIONOF COURSE , PHASES OF EDUCATION ,GENERAL EDUCATION ,LIBERAL EDUCATION OCCUPATIONAL EDUCATION • RECOMMENDATION OF THE COMMISSION • GENERAL EDUCATION , NO OVER SPECIALISATION ,IMPORTANCE OF THEORY AND PRACTICAL EDUCATION, GENERAL AND SPECIAL EDUCATION, COURSES OF STUDY AT SECONDARY EDUCATION , COURSES OF STUDY AT FIRST DEGREE •POST GRADUATE TEACHING AND RESEARCH : IMPORTANCEE ,UTILITY • POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, SELECTION FOR RESEARCH, PH.D DEGREE ,SUPERVISION , FACILITIES ,RULES OF RESIDENCE ,REQUIREMENTS FOR PH.D DEGREE ,EXAMINATION ,PUBLICATION , RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP ,D.LITT. AND DSC DEGREE ,RESEARCH BY COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY TEACHERS ,RESEARCH IN HUMANITY AND CLASSICAL LANGUAGE AND FINE ARTS.
- 9. PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION •AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION,EDUCATION OF COMMERCE , •MEDICAL EDUCATION ,EDUCATION OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ,LAW EDUCATION ,TEACHER EDUCATION ,RELIGIOUS EDUCATION •WOMEN EDUCATION • RURAL EDUCATION • MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION • EXAMINATION SYSTEM
- 10. STUDENTS AND ACTIVITIES •SELECTION, SCHOLARSHIP •HEALTH AND MEDICAL CARE •MEDICAL EXAMINATION , HOSPITAL AND MEDICAL COLLEGE •PHYSICAL EDUCATION ,NATIONAL CADET CORPS • SOCIAL SERVICE , PROCTORIALL SYSTEM •STUDENT UNIONS , DISCIPLINE •DEVELOPMENT OF CORPORATE LIFE •DEAN OF STUDENTS WELFAR AND BOARDD OF STUDENTS WELFARE
- 11. ADMINISTRATION •THE UNIVERSITY SHOULDHAVE: VISITOR ,CHANCELLOR ,VICE CHANCELLOR, SYNDICATE, FACULTY ACADEMIC COUNCIL , SENATE ,BOARD OF STUDIES ,SELECTION COMMITTEE , FINANCE COMMITTEE. •UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION AND FINANCE •THE COMMISSION RECOMMENDED THAT UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION SHOULD BE ESTABLISHED FOR ALLOCATING GRANTS TO UNIVERSITIES. •THE STATE GOVERNMENT SHOULD SHOULDER THE ENTIRE COST OF UNIVERSITY. •OTHER FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CERTAIN SCHEME.
- 12. EVALUATION OF THERECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMISSION • ORIGINAL ,AIMS ,DIVERSIFICATION • WAYS AND MEANS OF IMPROVING TEACHING • RAISING THE STATUS OF THE TEACHER • IMPROVEMENTT IN CURRICULUM • PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION • EXAMINATION • MORAL AND RELIGIOUS EDUCATION • WOMEN’S EDUCATION AND RURAL EDUCATION • MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION • STUDENT WELFARE , COUNSELLING AND GUIDANCE , ADMINISTRATION , UNIVERSITY GRANT COMMISSION
- 13. MISSING LINKS REPETITION UNBALANCED CURRICULUM PROBLEM OFWOMEN EDUCATION ABOLITION OF INTERMEDIATE THREE LANGUAGE FORMULA RELIGION EDUCATION PROBLEMS OF EXAMINATION
- 14. SECONDARY EDUCATION COMMISSION (1952 -1953 ) •TERMS OF REFERENCE •TO ENQUIRY DEEPLY INTO THE REPORT ON THE PRESENT POSITION OF SECONDARY EDUCATION IN INDIA IN ALL ITS ASPECTS. •TO SUGGEST MEASURES FOR ITS REORGANIZATION AND IMPROVEMENT WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TWO AIMS ORGANISATION AND CONTENT OF SECONDARY EDUCATION ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PRIMARY BASIC AND HIGHER EDUCATION OTHER ALLIED PROBLEMSPROBLEMS
- 15. CONTENTS OF THEREPORT • THE COMMISSION PREPARE A QUESTIONNAIRE DEALING WITH VARIOUS ASPECT OF SECONDARY EDUCATION AND SEND IT OUT TO VARIOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF INDIA THEN THE COMMISSION PRESENTED A REPORT CONTAINING 5 CHAPTERS AND 10 APPENDICES RUNNING TO 250 PAGES ON AUGUST 29TH 1953. •DEFECTS OF SECONDARY EDUCATION BOOKISH ,NO QUALITATIVE DEVELOPMENT, EXAMINATION ORIENTED ,UNILATERAL SCHEME ,NO DIVERSIFICATION ,NO SCOPE FOR SELF EXPRESSION, NO SCOPE FOR CLOSE CONTACT, NO PROPER ATMOSPHERE AT HOME , LACK OF GOOD TEACHERS , LACK OF PLAY AND RECREATION ,LACK OF CO CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES , IMPRACTICAL ,UNBALANCED AND EMPHASIS DEFECTIVE EMOLUMENT:
- 16. AIMS AND OBJECTIVESOF SECONDARY EDUCATION •DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRATIC CITIZENSHIP: • CLEAR THINKING , CLEAR SPEECH AND WRITING , SOCIAL JUSTICE, • TRUE PATROTISM , COMMUNITY LIVING, TOLERANCE •DEVELOPMENT OF VOCATIONAL EFFICIENCY: • DELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY , DEVELOPMENT OF LEADERSHIP, DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD CITIZENSHIP •RE-ORGANIZATION OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
- 17. CURRICULUM • MIDDLE SCHOOLSTAGE.. LANGUAGES , SOCIAL STUDIES ,GENERAL SCIENCE ,MATHEMATICS, ART AND MUSIC CRAFT PHYSICAL EDUCATION • HIGHER AND HIGHER SECONDARY.. COMPULSORY SUBJECTS ,OPTIONAL SUBJECTS HIGHER LEVEL •COMPULSORY SUBJECTS • LANGUAGES, SOCIAL STUDIES GENERAL SCIENCE ,ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS ,CRAFT •OPTIONAL SUBJECTS • GROUP 1 HUMANITIES ,GROUP 2 SCIENCE GROUP 3 TECHNICAL GROUP GROUP 4 COMMERCIAL GROUP V AGRICULTURAL ,GROUP VI FINE ARTS, GROUP 7 HOME SCIENCE
- 18. •TEXTBOOK • TEXTBOOK COMMITTEE •INVITEEXPORTS FOR WRITING TEXT BOOKS •TRAINING IN BOOKS ILLUSTRATIONS •LIBRARIES OF BLOCKS •NUMBER OF BOOKS •FREE FROM SOCIAL OR RELIGIOUS SUSPECT ABILITIES •FREQUENT CHANGES MUST BE DISCOURAGED
- 19. METHODS OF TEACHING •INCULCATION OF DESIRABLE ATTITUDES AND VALUES • LOVE FOR WORK , EMPHASIS ON REALITY • KNOWLEDGE THROUGH PERSONAL EFFORT • CLEAR THINKING AND EXPRESSION • INDIVIDUAL CENTRED TEACHING • GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING • SCHOOL COUNSELOR , TRAINED GUIDANCE OFFICER , CARRIER MASTER • COMPREHENSIVE GUIDANCE SERVICES SHOULD BE OFFERED IN A FEW SELECTED SCHOOLS PREPERABLY ONE IN EACH DISTRICT
- 20. • EXAMINATION SYSTEM •EXTERNAL EXAMINATION ,OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS ,SCHOOL RECORDS ,SYMBOLIC. MARKING SYSTEM ,NATURE OF CERTIFICATE , COMPARTMENTAL EXAMINATION • MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION • LANGUAGE AT MIDDLE SCHOOL.. ENGLISH AND HINDI • LANGUAGE AT HIGHER AND HIGHER SECONDARY STAGE.. MOTHER TONGUE OR REGIONAL LANGUAGE • MOTHER TONGUE ORIGINAL LANGUAGE.. SUGGESTED BY THE CENTRAL ADVISORY BOARD OF EDUCATION • SCHOOL HOURS • SCHOOL HOURS TO SUIT COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES • SCHOOL DAYS ,HOLIDAYS AND VACATIONS
- 21. •WOMEN EDUCATION • HOMESCIENCE IN GIRLS SCHOOL , SCHOOLS FOR GIRLS, FACILITIES IN CO EDUCATIONAL SCHOOLS •HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION • SCHOOL MEDICAL SERVICES , FOLLOW UP TREATMENT ,FIRST AID TRAINING • NUTRITIONAL STANDARDS , SCHOOL AND SANITATION • PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES RECORD • TEACHERS IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES • PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES RECORD ,COMPREHENSIVE PHYSICAL EDUCATION ,EQUAL STATUS • TRAINING OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS
- 22. MORAL AND RELIGIOUSEDUCATION •MORNING PRAYER , RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION ,MORAL AND RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION •VOCATIONALEDUCATION : •PUBLICC SCHOOLS •TEACHER EDUCATION •TEACHER STATUS
- 23. •SCHOOL LIBRARIES ANDREADING HABITS •SCHOOL MANAGEMENT AND RECOGNITION •BUILDING AND EQUIPMENTS •EDUCATIONAL FINANCE •SUPERVISION AND INSPECTION •ADMINISTRATION : DIRECTOR OF EDUCATION , COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS , COORDINATING COMMITTEE, BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION, SUN- COMMITTEE OF BOARD, TEACHER TRAINING BOARD, STATE ADVISORY BOARD
- 24. EVALUTION OF SECONDARYEDUCATION COMMISSION •AIMS OF EDUCATION , MORAL AND RELIGIOUS EDUCATION •DIVERSIFICATION OF COURSES •MULTIPURPOSE SCHOOLS • RURAL SCHOOLS •STATUS OF TEACHER • EXAMINATION , GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING •REORGANIZATION OF SECONDARY EDUCATION •TEXT BOOKS AND METHODS OF TEACHING •PHYSICAL WELFARE TECHNICAL EDUCATION PROGRAMME
- 25. MISSING LINKS •FINANCIAL ASPECT, UNREALISTIC HIGH POWER COMMITTEE •NO DISTINCTION BETWEEN CURRICULUM FOR BOYS AND GIRLS •ABOLISHED INTERMEDIATE CLASSES •LANGUAGE BURDEN •CONFUSION REGARDING THIS STAFF •INCOMPLETE ADMINISTRATION •ABSENCE OF CLEAR -CUT PART OF VOCATIONALISATION •NO SUGGESTION BETWEEN GROWTH OF ECONOMY AND MANPOWER •SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PRESSURES.
- 26. INDIAN EDUCATION COMMISSION/ NATIONAL EDUCATION COMMISSION/ KOTHARI COMMISSION ( 1964 1966 ) • THE UNIQUE FEATURE OF THIS COMMISSION WAS TO HAVE A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE ENTIRE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. • IT WAS TO TREAT EDUCATION AS THE MOST POWERFUL INSTRUMENT OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT. • THE COMMISSION WAS VERY SINCERE BECAUSE SEVERAL CHANGES HAS TAKEN PLACE IN OUR SOCIAL CULTURAL POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE FROM 1952 TO 1964, THERE WAS NEED FOR THE REORGANISATION AND RE ORIENTATION OF PRIMARY SECONDARY UNIVERSITY AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION
- 27. OBJECTIVE OF THECOMMISSION •NATIONAL SYSTEM OF EDUCATION •NEW SOCIAL ORDER •QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE EDUCATION AT ALL LEVELS •EDUCATION AS KEY TO NATIONAL PROSPERITY AND WELFARE •SURVEY THE THE ENTIRE FIELD OF EDUCATION •GAIN EXPERIENCES AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE WORLD •NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
- 28. RECOMMENDATIONS OF THECOMMISSION •NATIONAL OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATION •INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY , SOCIAL AND NATIONAL INTEGRATION , MODERNIZATION DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VALUES •EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURE AND STANDARD (10 + 2 + 3 ) •TEACHERSS STATUS •TEACHER EDUCATION Continue……
- 29. •EQUALIZATION OF EDUCATIONALOPPORTUNITIES •EXPANSION OF SCHOOL EDUCATION •CURRICULUM •LOWER PRIMARY SPEECH HIGHER PRIMARY STAGE LOWER SECONDARY SPEECH HIGHER SECONDARY STAGE •METHODS OF TEACHING •LANGUAGE POLICY •TEXTBOOKS
- 30. •ADULT EDUCATION •AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION •EDUCATIONOF HANDICAPPED AND GIFTED CHILDREN •GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING •EVALUATION •SCHOOL BUILDINGS •ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION
- 31. MERITS OF THECOMMISSION •NATIONAL SYSTEM OF EDUCATION •EDUCATION AS A KEY TO ECONOMIC GROWTH •SOCIAL AND NATIONAL SERVICES •FOUNDATION OF NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY •SCALES OF PAY •EQUALIZATION OF EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES •PRIORITY MARKED INTELLIGENTLY
- 32. MISSING LINKS •POSITION OFSCHOOL HEAD IGNORE WORLD •LANGUAGE POLICY •BASIC EDUCATION IGNORED •INADEQUATE EXPLANATION OF DIVISION OF PRIMARY STAGE •NEBULOUS OF VOCATIONALISATION
- 33.