The Mudaliar Commission was appointed in 1952 to examine secondary education in India and provide recommendations. It was chaired by Dr. A. Lakshmanswami Mudaliar and included seven other members. The Commission studied the present state of secondary education and suggested measures to reorganize and improve it. Key recommendations included restructuring secondary education to span 7 years, introducing vocational education, making the curriculum more flexible and practical, improving teaching methods, emphasizing character education and co-curricular activities, reducing examinations, and improving teacher training and status.

1. Mudaliar Commission –Mudaliar Commission –
1952-531952-53
A Power Point PresentationA Power Point Presentation
ByBy
Sudha PandeyaSudha Pandeya

2. Commission was comprised ofCommission was comprised of
 Chairman- Dr. A.Chairman- Dr. A.
Lakshmanswami Mudaliar, V. C.Lakshmanswami Mudaliar, V. C.
Madras University.Madras University.
 Member Secretary- PrincipalMember Secretary- Principal
A.N. Basu, Central Institute ofA.N. Basu, Central Institute of
Education, Delhi.Education, Delhi.
 Assistant Secretary- Dr. S. M.Assistant Secretary- Dr. S. M.
Dhari, Education Officer,Dhari, Education Officer,
Ministry of Education, along withMinistry of Education, along with
seven members.seven members.

3. Terms of reference of theTerms of reference of the
CommissionCommission
 After accepting the proposal ofAfter accepting the proposal of
Central Advisory Board ofCentral Advisory Board of
Education, Government of IndiaEducation, Government of India
appointed Secondary Educationappointed Secondary Education
Commission on 23Commission on 23
September1952.September1952.
 The area of work andThe area of work and
investigation of -Commissioninvestigation of -Commission
were-were-
 To enquire into and report onTo enquire into and report on
the present position ofthe present position of

4. Contd.Contd.
Suggest measures for itsSuggest measures for its
reorganisation and improvementreorganisation and improvement
with particular reference to:with particular reference to:
 Its relationship to primary, basic and higherIts relationship to primary, basic and higher
education.education.
 The aims ,organization and content of SecondaryThe aims ,organization and content of Secondary
education.education.
 The inter-relation of Secondary Schools ofThe inter-relation of Secondary Schools of
different types anddifferent types and
 other allied problem so that a sound andother allied problem so that a sound and
reasonably uniform system of Secondaryreasonably uniform system of Secondary
Education suited to our needs and resourcesEducation suited to our needs and resources
may be provided for the whole country.may be provided for the whole country.

5. Report of the CommissionReport of the Commission
 The Commission prepared aThe Commission prepared a
questionnaire related toquestionnaire related to
problems of education and sendproblems of education and send
it to various educationists,it to various educationists,
teachers and educationalteachers and educational
institutes. On the basis of theirinstitutes. On the basis of their
answers The Commission hadanswers The Commission had
prepared a report of 244 pagesprepared a report of 244 pages
which was divided in14/15which was divided in14/15
Chapters on 29 August 1953Chapters on 29 August 1953

6. Recommendations of theRecommendations of the
CommissionCommission
 Defects of Secondary educationDefects of Secondary education
are-are-
 Secondary education is bookish,Secondary education is bookish,
monotonous and stereotyped.monotonous and stereotyped.
 It is not suitable to all types ofIt is not suitable to all types of
students.students.
 It is not related to life.It is not related to life.
 It does not develop the allIt does not develop the all
round personality of theround personality of the
students.

7. Contd.Contd.
 Defective teaching methods andDefective teaching methods and
more stress on examinations.more stress on examinations.
 It is one -sided and preparesIt is one -sided and prepares
students for exams only.students for exams only.
 There is no vocational education.There is no vocational education.
 Rigid time table does not provideRigid time table does not provide
opportunity for self –expression.opportunity for self –expression.
 Compulsory English is torturing forCompulsory English is torturing for
weak students.weak students.
 More students in a class, noMore students in a class, no
provision for sports and physicalprovision for sports and physical
training.training.

8. Aims of Secondary educationAims of Secondary education
 Development of democraticDevelopment of democratic
citizenship.citizenship.
 Initiation into art of living.Initiation into art of living.
 Development of personality.Development of personality.
 Improvement of vocationalImprovement of vocational
efficiency.efficiency.
 Education for leadership.Education for leadership.
 Development of true patriotism.Development of true patriotism.

9. NeNew organisational pattern of secondaryw organisational pattern of secondary
educationeducation
 Secondary education should beSecondary education should be
of 7 yearsof 7 years
 It should be for children of 11toIt should be for children of 11to
17 years.17 years.
 It suggested to end intermediateIt suggested to end intermediate
college and merge class11college and merge class11
withsecondary schools andwithsecondary schools and
class 12 with B.A.class 12 with B.A.
 Commission divided secondaryCommission divided secondary
education into two parts-education into two parts-
 Junior secondary education forJunior secondary education for

10. contd.contd.
 Degree course should be of threeDegree course should be of three
years.years.
 One year pre- university course forOne year pre- university course for
high school students to enter inhigh school students to enter in
university.university.
 Students who passed pre universityStudents who passed pre university
should be allowed to enter inshould be allowed to enter in
professional courses.professional courses.
 Multipurpose schools should beMultipurpose schools should be
established to take care of variousestablished to take care of various
abilities of students.abilities of students.

11. Contd.Contd.
 Technical education-largeTechnical education-large
number of schools should benumber of schools should be
opened along with Centralopened along with Central
Technical Institutions.Technical Institutions.
 Such institutions should beSuch institutions should be
opened near factories so thatopened near factories so that
students can take practicalstudents can take practical
trainings.trainings.
 Industrial education cess shouldIndustrial education cess should
be levied on industries tobe levied on industries to
finance technical education.finance technical education.

12. Contd.Contd.
 Other types of school-Other types of school-
 Public schools should bePublic schools should be
reconstructed as secondaryreconstructed as secondary
schools after 5 yearsschools after 5 years
 The boys and girls should beThe boys and girls should be
provided same educationprovided same education
through co education but therethrough co education but there
should be provision of homeshould be provision of home
science teaching for girls.science teaching for girls.
 Girls schools should be openedGirls schools should be opened
in the areas where required.in the areas where required.

13. CurriculumCurriculum
 Commission supported flexibleCommission supported flexible
curriculum which can be related withcurriculum which can be related with
interest, need and life of students.interest, need and life of students.
 It should be such that it can train theIt should be such that it can train the
students for work and leisure both.students for work and leisure both.
 Productive works should be givenProductive works should be given
importance.importance.
 It should include practical knowledgeIt should include practical knowledge
along with theoretical knowledge.along with theoretical knowledge.

14. Subjects for CurriculumSubjects for Curriculum
 Junior High School – Languages, SocialJunior High School – Languages, Social
Study, General Science, Mathematics, ArtStudy, General Science, Mathematics, Art
& Craft, Music, Physical Education.& Craft, Music, Physical Education.
 Secondary Education – Diversification ofSecondary Education – Diversification of
course has been done. There are somecourse has been done. There are some
core subjects like Hindi, Social Science,core subjects like Hindi, Social Science,
Math and one craft which every studentMath and one craft which every student
has to study. Along with it there are somehas to study. Along with it there are some
optional subjects classified in seven groupsoptional subjects classified in seven groups
like Humanities, Science, Technicallike Humanities, Science, Technical
subjects, Commerce, Agriculture, Fine Artssubjects, Commerce, Agriculture, Fine Arts
and Home Science.and Home Science.

15. Study of LanguagesStudy of Languages
 Hindi has been taken as theHindi has been taken as the
national language.national language.
 For government services HindiFor government services Hindi
is compulsory.is compulsory.
 English is compulsory forEnglish is compulsory for
secondary level.secondary level.
 Sanskrit is also included as aSanskrit is also included as a
third language which is optional.third language which is optional.

16. Medium of InstructionMedium of Instruction
 The medium of instructionThe medium of instruction
should be mother tongue orshould be mother tongue or
regional languages.regional languages.
 Along with the mother tongueAlong with the mother tongue
and regional languages,and regional languages,
national language and anational language and a
foreign language should alsoforeign language should also
be taught.be taught.

17. TextbooksTextbooks
 Textbooks should be selected veryTextbooks should be selected very
carefully. There should be acarefully. There should be a
committee for selection and reforms.committee for selection and reforms.
 There should be a definite standardThere should be a definite standard
for printing, cover and front page offor printing, cover and front page of
the book.the book.
 There should be no such book whichThere should be no such book which
spread hatred, enemity against anyspread hatred, enemity against any
community, religion or socialcommunity, religion or social
customs.customs.
 There should be more than oneThere should be more than one
textbooks for a subject.textbooks for a subject.

18. Teaching MethodsTeaching Methods
 Teaching method should be adopted accordingTeaching method should be adopted according
to the need of moral, social and mentalto the need of moral, social and mental
development of students.development of students.
 Teaching method should be activity based. ItTeaching method should be activity based. It
should not stress on verbalism andshould not stress on verbalism and
memorisation.memorisation.
 Various types of expression works should beVarious types of expression works should be
included in each subject.included in each subject.
 Teaching method should be adopted in such aTeaching method should be adopted in such a
way that it takes care of individual difference.way that it takes care of individual difference.
 There should be more stress on experimentalThere should be more stress on experimental
and demonstration method.and demonstration method.

19. Place of Library in SchoolPlace of Library in School
 Libraries should be given a form of anLibraries should be given a form of an
intellectual laboratory. And it should helpintellectual laboratory. And it should help
in completing personal and group works,in completing personal and group works,
literary interests and co-curricularliterary interests and co-curricular
activities.activities.
 Libraries should be made the mostLibraries should be made the most
attractive place for students.attractive place for students.
 The books and magazines should beThe books and magazines should be
according to need and interest of theaccording to need and interest of the
teachers and students.teachers and students.

20. Contd.Contd.
 There should be a trained librarian in theThere should be a trained librarian in the
libraries.libraries.
 Libraries should be open during theLibraries should be open during the
vacations as well so that students andvacations as well so that students and
society can benefit from them.society can benefit from them.

21. Education of CharacterEducation of Character
 School is a small society and theSchool is a small society and the
values, outlook, actions of studentsvalues, outlook, actions of students
are important from the point of vieware important from the point of view
of national importance. So, theyof national importance. So, they
should be trained accordingly.should be trained accordingly.
 There should be close relationshipThere should be close relationship
between the teachers and studentsbetween the teachers and students
for best discipline.for best discipline.

22. Contd.Contd.
 There should be self-government inThere should be self-government in
the school run by House System,the school run by House System,
Prefects, Monitors and StudentPrefects, Monitors and Student
Council should be given importantCouncil should be given important
place.place.
 Co-curricular activities should beCo-curricular activities should be
encouraged and extra-curricularencouraged and extra-curricular
activities should be also included inactivities should be also included in
school education.school education.
 NCC, Scout camps should beNCC, Scout camps should be
encouraged.encouraged.

23. Contd.Contd.
 First aid and junior red-crossFirst aid and junior red-cross
work should be encouraged.work should be encouraged.
 Code of conduct for studentsCode of conduct for students
should be made andshould be made and
maintained.maintained.

24. Guidance in EducationGuidance in Education
 There should be appointment ofThere should be appointment of
Guidance officers and careerGuidance officers and career
masters in the schools formasters in the schools for
educational, personal andeducational, personal and
vocational guidance.vocational guidance.
 There should be arrangementThere should be arrangement
of film shows,excursions relatedof film shows,excursions related
to various industries.to various industries.

25. Physical Welfare of StudentsPhysical Welfare of Students
 There should be School MedicalThere should be School Medical
Service in every state.Service in every state.
 There should be provision of regularThere should be provision of regular
health check-up of every student inhealth check-up of every student in
the school.the school.
 Health Report of every studentHealth Report of every student
should be prepared andshould be prepared and
doctor,parents and class teacherdoctor,parents and class teacher
should keep one copy of it.should keep one copy of it.

26. Contd.Contd.
 There should be arrangement ofThere should be arrangement of
balanced and nutritious diet inbalanced and nutritious diet in
hostels and Residential schools.hostels and Residential schools.
 Teachers of physical educationTeachers of physical education
should be treated equally like subjectshould be treated equally like subject
teachers.teachers.
 Physical Education Training CentrePhysical Education Training Centre
should be opened at national level.should be opened at national level.
 There should be complete record ofThere should be complete record of
physical activities of students.physical activities of students.

27. Examination and EvaluationExamination and Evaluation
 The number of external examinationsThe number of external examinations
should be reduced.should be reduced.
 There should be only one PublicThere should be only one Public
Examination after completion of syllabus.Examination after completion of syllabus.
 Questions should be objective andQuestions should be objective and
subjective elements should be reduced.subjective elements should be reduced.
 Questions should be based on the fullQuestions should be based on the full
syllabus.syllabus.
 Examiners should be selected cautiously.Examiners should be selected cautiously.

28. Contd.Contd.
 While evaluating the works ofWhile evaluating the works of
students, internal examinations,students, internal examinations,
periodical tests and school recordsperiodical tests and school records
should also be considered.should also be considered.
 Students should be evaluated on 5-Students should be evaluated on 5-
point scale, where A is distinction, Bpoint scale, where A is distinction, B
is credit, C is pass, D & E is fail or re-is credit, C is pass, D & E is fail or re-
exam.exam.
 There should be provision forThere should be provision for
compartmental examination for onecompartmental examination for one
subject.subject.

29. Improvement in TeacherImprovement in Teacher
StatusStatus
 The procedure of selection andThe procedure of selection and
appointment of teachers should beappointment of teachers should be
uniform throughout the country.uniform throughout the country.
 The probation period of trainedThe probation period of trained
teachers should be one year.teachers should be one year.
 Secondary school teachers shouldSecondary school teachers should
be trained graduate and higherbe trained graduate and higher
secondary school teachers shouldsecondary school teachers should
be trained post-graduate.be trained post-graduate.

30. Contd.Contd.
 Teachers who are equally qualifiedTeachers who are equally qualified
should be paid equally throughoutshould be paid equally throughout
the country.the country.
 There should be Triple BenefitThere should be Triple Benefit
Scheme for teachers which includesScheme for teachers which includes
pension, provident fund and lifepension, provident fund and life
insurance.insurance.
 There should be arbitration board toThere should be arbitration board to
solve the grievances of teachers.solve the grievances of teachers.
 The retirement age of teachersThe retirement age of teachers
should be 60 years.should be 60 years.

31. Contd.Contd.
 The teacher’s ward should study freeThe teacher’s ward should study free
in the school.in the school.
 Teachers should be providedTeachers should be provided
residential and medical facilities,residential and medical facilities,
study leave, traveling allowances,study leave, traveling allowances,
etc.etc.
 Private tuition should be banned.Private tuition should be banned.
 To improve their social status,To improve their social status,
teachers should be honoured time toteachers should be honoured time to
time.time.

32. Teacher’s TrainingTeacher’s Training
 Higher Secondary teachers shouldHigher Secondary teachers should
be given two-year training andbe given two-year training and
graduates should be given one-yeargraduates should be given one-year
training.training.
 Pupil teachers should be trained inPupil teachers should be trained in
one or more extra-curricularone or more extra-curricular
activities.activities.
 There should be provision forThere should be provision for
Refresher Course and PracticalRefresher Course and Practical
Training and Workshops in TrainingTraining and Workshops in Training
colleges.colleges.

33. Contd.Contd.
 Training Colleges should notTraining Colleges should not
charge any fee from pupilcharge any fee from pupil
teachers. State should provideteachers. State should provide
stipends.stipends.
 There should be hostels inThere should be hostels in
training colleges.training colleges.
 The teachers who have threeThe teachers who have three
year teaching experience onlyyear teaching experience only
should be eligible for M.Ed.should be eligible for M.Ed.

34. AdministrationAdministration
 Director of education should beDirector of education should be
direct in touch with educationdirect in touch with education
minister.minister.
 There should be a board of 25There should be a board of 25
members for inspection and co-members for inspection and co-
ordination of education.ordination of education.
 Central Advisory Board of EducationCentral Advisory Board of Education
should work as a coordinator inshould work as a coordinator in
solving the problems of education atsolving the problems of education at
national level.national level.

35. Contd.Contd.
Eligibility criteria for applying for schoolEligibility criteria for applying for school
inspectors should be –inspectors should be –
 10 years of teaching experience.10 years of teaching experience.
 Headmasters of the high-school.Headmasters of the high-school.
 Able teachers of training colleges.Able teachers of training colleges.
School should be given recognitionSchool should be given recognition
only when they fulfill all theonly when they fulfill all the
conditions.conditions.
In rural areas, schools should be at theIn rural areas, schools should be at the
reach of people of surroundingreach of people of surrounding
villages.villages.

36. Contd.Contd.
Every classroom should have the capacityEvery classroom should have the capacity
of accommodating 30-40 students.of accommodating 30-40 students.
Every schools should have co-operativeEvery schools should have co-operative
stores so that students can get thestores so that students can get the
necessary things.necessary things.
School should work at least 200 days in aSchool should work at least 200 days in a
year and teaching work should be done 35year and teaching work should be done 35
periods per week.periods per week.
There should be at least 2 month vacation inThere should be at least 2 month vacation in
summer and 10-15 days holidays insummer and 10-15 days holidays in
winter.winter.

37. FinanceFinance
 On secondary level for technical andOn secondary level for technical and
vocational education, Industrialvocational education, Industrial
Education Cess should be imposed.Education Cess should be imposed.
 Some part of the income fromSome part of the income from
railway, telecommunication and postrailway, telecommunication and post
should be spent for developing theshould be spent for developing the
technical education. There shouldtechnical education. There should
not be imposition of income tax onnot be imposition of income tax on
the development fund of secondarythe development fund of secondary
education.education.

38. Merits of CommissionMerits of Commission
 Activity based education.Activity based education.
 Stress on agricultural education.Stress on agricultural education.
 Discussion of aims of secondaryDiscussion of aims of secondary
education.education.
 Child-centered education.Child-centered education.
 Improvement in teacher’s salaryImprovement in teacher’s salary
and position.and position.
 Co-curricular activities.Co-curricular activities.

39. Contd.Contd.
 No more stress on externalNo more stress on external
examinations.examinations.
 Stress on multi-purpose schools.Stress on multi-purpose schools.
 Suggestion to open technicalSuggestion to open technical
schools near industries.schools near industries.

40. Demerits of the CommissionDemerits of the Commission
 The suggestions are given in haste,The suggestions are given in haste,
so problems are still there.so problems are still there.
 No new statement regarding theNo new statement regarding the
improvement of social and economicimprovement of social and economic
conditions of teachers.conditions of teachers.
 No suggestion regarding womenNo suggestion regarding women
education.education.
 Still stress on English.Still stress on English.

41. Thank YouThank You