1. Bacterial exotoxins can cause various effects such as pore formation, superantigen production, inhibition of protein synthesis, and membrane degradation. 2. Viruses used in vaccines include attenuated, deletion mutant, killed, and subunit vaccines for diseases such as polio, measles, hepatitis B, and influenza. 3. Zoonotic diseases transmitted from animals to humans include viruses like rabies, West Nile, and influenza as well as bacteria such as E. coli O157, Salmonella, and Yersinia pestis.

1. Toxins
Bacterial Exotoxins
staph
can produce superantigen
strep
~lysins that lyse membrane by pore formation, also superantigen
diphtheria toxin inhibits EF-2 and thereby protein synthesis
clostridium perfringens alpha toxin that degrades membrane phospholipids (PLC)
clostridium tetani
tetanus toxin inhibits vesicle release from inhibitory interneurons => spasm
clostridium botulinum
botox inhibits vesicle release at NMJ => paralysis
clostridium difficile
GLUCOSYLATES small ATPases, changes cytoskeleton, makes epi leaky
bacillus anthracis
toxin is adenylate cyclase
shiga toxin
glycosiDASE, modifies rRNA => stops protein synthesis
E.coli labile toxin
similar to cholera toxin, ribosylates Gs always ON
E.coli stable toxin upregulates cGmp
E.coli haemolysin
lyses red cells by pore formation
bordetella pertussis toxin
ribosylates Gi always OFF
cholera toxin ribosylates Gs always ON
helicobacter pylori
VacA vacuolating toxin, CagA increases proliferation => link to cancer
yersinia pestis
YopT changes cytoskeleton,YopP induces apoptosis
Other
plasmodium falsiparum GPI (glycosylphosphotidyl inositol), activating TNFa and ICAMs
fungi Ergotamine, aflatoxin...

2. Vaccines
Viruses
• attenuated
polio, measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever (pathology makes me reallY feverish)
• deletion mutant
rabies
• killed virus
polio, influenza, rabies, f&m, hep A (pathology is rapidly found hell)
• subunit
hep B
Bacteria
• live (aTTenuated)
Typhoid, TB
• inactivated
whooping cough, cholera
• ToxoiD
tetanus, diphtheria
• subunit
pneumonia, meningitis

3. Zoonoses
Viruses
• west nile
• yellow fever
• vaccinia
• ebola
• rabies
• influenza A, avian flu
• japanese encephalitis
• lassa fever
• SARS
• HIV (?)
Bacteria Zoonotic NOT Zoonotic
EHEC 0157 MRSA
• EHEC Salmonella Enteridis Salmonella TYPHUS
• salmonella enteritidis and Typhinurium Shigella
• yersinia pestis C. Difficile Cholera
TB Dysentery
Campylobacter
Listeria
Plague
Anthrax
Lyme
Ricksettia

4. Propagated Outbreaks
Bacteria
mnemonic
tuesday - typhoid
wednesday - whooping cough
thursday - TB
days - diphtheria
gone - gonorrhea
devising - dysentery
catchy - cholera
mnemonics
Food Poisoning
Cl. Botulism
Cl Perfingens (spores)
Staph Aureus
Salmonella enteritidis NOT typhi
E.Coli
0157 (EHEC)
ETEC (9/04Q30e)
Listeria (yes)
Campylobacteria
cholera (9/04 Q 30A)
HepA