This document provides an overview of polymers including their types, classifications, characteristics, and applications. It defines polymers as large molecules formed from monomers linking together in chains. Polymers are classified as natural, synthetic, or semisynthetic and characterized by their structure, including linear, branched, cross-linked, and network forms. Common polymers are used in medicine, consumer products, industry, and sports due to their light weight, low cost, and moldability.
* Introduction to polymers.
* Polymerization.
* Characteristics of an ideal polymer.
* Classification of polymer on different bases- Origin, Monomer,
Thermalresponse, Mode of formation,structure & Biodegradability
* Some other parameters of polymer classification - Crystallinity & BackboneAtom
* Conclusion
POLYMERS IN SOLID STATE, PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS AND RECENT A...Priyanka Modugu
A description on polymers in solid state, solid state properties of polymers, mechanical properties of polymers, heat of crystallization & fusion, thermodynamics of fusion & crystallization, pharmaceutical applications of polymers and recent advances in the use of polymers for drug delivery system
The above Presentation discusses about the chapter polymers.Its definition, Types and important applications.It also covers about the process of bio degradation of polymers in the body.
Polymers Used in Pharmaceutical SciencesOyshe Ahmed
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMERS
MECHANISM OF DRUG RELEASE FROM POLYMER
BIO DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS
SYNTHESIS OF POLYMERS
POLYMERS USED IN FORMULATION OF DIFFERENT DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM.
APPLICATION OF POLYMERS
* Introduction to polymers.
* Polymerization.
* Characteristics of an ideal polymer.
* Classification of polymer on different bases- Origin, Monomer,
Thermalresponse, Mode of formation,structure & Biodegradability
* Some other parameters of polymer classification - Crystallinity & BackboneAtom
* Conclusion
POLYMERS IN SOLID STATE, PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS AND RECENT A...Priyanka Modugu
A description on polymers in solid state, solid state properties of polymers, mechanical properties of polymers, heat of crystallization & fusion, thermodynamics of fusion & crystallization, pharmaceutical applications of polymers and recent advances in the use of polymers for drug delivery system
The above Presentation discusses about the chapter polymers.Its definition, Types and important applications.It also covers about the process of bio degradation of polymers in the body.
Polymers Used in Pharmaceutical SciencesOyshe Ahmed
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMERS
MECHANISM OF DRUG RELEASE FROM POLYMER
BIO DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS
SYNTHESIS OF POLYMERS
POLYMERS USED IN FORMULATION OF DIFFERENT DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM.
APPLICATION OF POLYMERS
NIOSOMES , GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIOSOME , TYPES OF NIOSOMES , OTHERS TYPES OF NIOSOMES , NIOSOMES VS LIPOSOMES , COMPONENTS OF NIOSOMES , Non-ionic surfactant , Cholesterol , Charge inducing molecule , METHOD OF PREPARATION , preparation of small unilamellar vesicles , Sonication , Micro fluidization , preparation of large unilamellar vesicles , Reverse Phase Evaporation , Ether Injection , preparation of Multilamellar vesicles , Hand shaking method , Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process (remote loading) , Miscellaneous method :Multiple membrane extrusion method , The “Bubble” Method , Formation of Niosomes From Proniosomes , SEPARATION OF UNENTRAPPED DRUGS , Gel Filtration , Dialysis , Centrifugation , FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NIOSOMES , Membrane Additives , Temperature of Hydration , PROPERTIES OF DRUGS , AMOUNT AND TYPE OF SURFACTANT
Structure of Surfactants , Resistance to Osmotic Stress , Characterization of niosomes ,Therapeutic applications of Niosomes , For Controlled Release of Drugs , To Improve the Stability and Physical Properties of the Drugs , For Targeting and Retention of Drug in Blood Circulation , Proniosomes , Aspasomes , Vesicles in Water and Oil System (v/w/o) ,Bola - niosomes , Discomes , Deformable niosomes or elastic niosomes , According to the nature of lamellarity ,Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.,Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size , Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size , According to the size:Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm) , Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm),Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
This presentation includes the detail information about the physics of tablet compression and compaction, Compression, Effect of friction, distribution of forces, compaction profiles,solubility.
NIOSOMES , GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIOSOME , TYPES OF NIOSOMES , OTHERS TYPES OF NIOSOMES , NIOSOMES VS LIPOSOMES , COMPONENTS OF NIOSOMES , Non-ionic surfactant , Cholesterol , Charge inducing molecule , METHOD OF PREPARATION , preparation of small unilamellar vesicles , Sonication , Micro fluidization , preparation of large unilamellar vesicles , Reverse Phase Evaporation , Ether Injection , preparation of Multilamellar vesicles , Hand shaking method , Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process (remote loading) , Miscellaneous method :Multiple membrane extrusion method , The “Bubble” Method , Formation of Niosomes From Proniosomes , SEPARATION OF UNENTRAPPED DRUGS , Gel Filtration , Dialysis , Centrifugation , FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NIOSOMES , Membrane Additives , Temperature of Hydration , PROPERTIES OF DRUGS , AMOUNT AND TYPE OF SURFACTANT
Structure of Surfactants , Resistance to Osmotic Stress , Characterization of niosomes ,Therapeutic applications of Niosomes , For Controlled Release of Drugs , To Improve the Stability and Physical Properties of the Drugs , For Targeting and Retention of Drug in Blood Circulation , Proniosomes , Aspasomes , Vesicles in Water and Oil System (v/w/o) ,Bola - niosomes , Discomes , Deformable niosomes or elastic niosomes , According to the nature of lamellarity ,Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.,Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size , Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size , According to the size:Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm) , Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm),Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
This presentation includes the detail information about the physics of tablet compression and compaction, Compression, Effect of friction, distribution of forces, compaction profiles,solubility.
Synthetic polymers - a content written by Dr.Lali Thomas Kotturan about man ...lalikotturan
A polymer is a giant molecule made from small identical repeating molecules called monomers joined together by covalent bonds. The process of interlinking the monomers to form a polymer is called polymerization. The Classification of Polymers is possible based on different parameters. Origin, thermal processing Behavior, Mechanism of polymerization, line structure, physical property, Crystallinity, and Degradability are such parameters. The spatial arrangements of substituents like alkyl, phenyl, chloro groups on the carbon chain of polymer are called tacticity. Based on tacticity polymers are classified into isotactic, syndiotactic, and atactic polymers. Tacticity depends on the temperature of formation and solvent used. Steps involved in addition polymerization or chain-growth polymerization are initiation, propagation, and termination. Polythene is an addition polymer that exists as LDPE or HDPE.LDPE is formed from ethylene at a high pressure of 1500-3000 atmosphere at a temperature range of175-250oC in presence of some oxygen, peroxide, or azocompounds as initiators.LDPE has nearly 20–50 branches (both long and short branches) per 1000 linear carbon atoms in the chain molecules. The polymerization at a low temperature and pressure in presence of metal oxide catalyst results in HDPE. 2–5 short branches or side chains per 1000 carbon atoms in the main chain, thus having a higher density range (0.945–0.96) and high melting temperature (125–130°C) compared to LDPE. Polystyrene is a transparent, amorphous addition polymer of styrene.PMMA is an addition polymer of methyl methacrylate.PAN is an acrylic fiber obtained by addition polymerization of acrylonitrile. Condensation polymerization or step-growth polymerization happens by the intermolecular reaction with the elimination of water, HCl, etc. Monomers of nylon 66 are hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid.
The first 6 in 66 denotes the number of carbon atoms in diamine and the second 6 denotes the number of carbon atoms in diacid. Nylon 6 is formed from caprolactam which has 6 carbon atoms in its ring. Bakelite is a three-dimensional phenol-formaldehyde polymer. Kevlar is an aromatic polyamide formed from-phenylene diamine and terephthaloyl chloride. Terylene is the condensation polymer from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. A typical Ziegler Natta catalyst is a mixture of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl Aluminium. This catalyst permits the synthesis of unbranched, stereospecific, high molecular weight polyolefins. The process is coordination polymerization and the product is the cis product. Biodegradable polymers get decomposed by bacteria into natural byproducts such as gases (CO2, N2), water, biomass, and inorganic salts. These polymers are esters, anhydrides or amides. PLA(polylactic acid), PGA (Poly(glycolic acid), and PHBV -Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxy valerate) are examples of biodegradable polymers. The plastic identification code identifies the type of plastic.
Polymers – types of polymer, commodity and engineering polymers – Properties and applications of various thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers (PP, PS, PVC, PMMA, PET,PC, PA, ABS, PI, PAI, PPO, PPS, PEEK, PTFE, Polymers – Urea and Phenol formaldehydes)- Engineering Ceramics – Properties and applications of Al2O3, SiC, Si3N4, PSZ and SIALON –Composites-
Classifications- Metal Matrix and FRP - Applications of Composites.
Polymer science revolves around the study of macromolecules known as polymers, which are formed by linking together repeating units called monomers. Understanding the relationship between polymers and monomers is fundamental to grasping the diverse properties and applications of these materials.
Additionally, we'll delve into the nomenclature of polymers, which involves the systematic naming conventions used to describe their structure and composition. Clear and standardized nomenclature ensures effective communication within the scientific community and facilitates the classification of polymers based on their chemical structure, properties, and applications.
POLYMERS
Introduction:
It is synonym for Plastic.
Also known as Macromolecules.
The word ‘polymer’ comes from Greek words: polymeros
Poly means ‘many’ and ‘mer’ means ‘parts’.
These are very large molecules consisting of many repeating units called monomers [small molecules] and are formed by a process called polymerization.
In other words, polymers are very large molecules made when 100’s of monomers join together to form long chains.
Ideal Properties:
1. It should be inert.
2. It should be non-toxic.
3. It should be compatible with environment.
4. It should be easy to fabricate and inexpensive.
5. It should be biodegradable and biocompatible.
6. It should provide good drug polymer linkage.
Classification of Polymers
1. Based on the Source of Availability
There are three types of classification under this category, namely, natural, synthetic, and semi-synthetic polymers.
a. Natural Polymers
They occur naturally and are found in plants and animals. For example, proteins, starch, cellulose and rubber. To add up, we also have biodegradable polymers called biopolymers.
b. Semi-synthetic Polymers
They are derived from naturally occurring polymers and undergo further chemical modification. For example, cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate.
c. Synthetic Polymers
These are human-made polymers. Plastic is the most common and widely used synthetic polymer. It is used in industries and various dairy products. For example, nylon-6, 6, polyether, etc.
2. Based on the Structure of the Monomer Chain:
a. Linear Polymers
The structure of polymers containing long and straight chains falls into this category. PVC, i.e., polyvinyl chloride, is largely used for making pipes, and an electric cable is an example of a linear polymer.
b. Branched-chain Polymers
When linear chains of a polymer form branches, then such polymers are categorized as branched chain polymers. For example, low-density polythene.
c. Cross-linked Polymers
They are composed of bifunctional and trifunctional monomers. They have a stronger covalent bond in comparison to other linear polymers. Bakelite and melamine are examples of cross-linked polymers.
3. Classification Based on Polymerization
a. Addition Polymerization: For example, poly ethane, Teflon, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), etc.
b. Condensation Polymerization: Eg include nylon -6, 6, perylene, polyesters, etc.
4.Classification Based on Monomers
a. Homomer: In this type, a single type of monomer unit is present. Eg, polyethene.
b. Heteropolymer or co-polymer: It consists of different types of monomer units. Eg, nylon -6, 6.
5.Classification Based on Molecular Forces
a. Elastomers: These are rubber-like solids, and weak interaction forces are present in them. Eg, rubber.
b. Thermoplastics: These have intermediate forces of attraction. eg polyvinyl chloride.
c. Thermosetting polymers: These polymers greatly improve the material’s mechanical properties. It provides enhanced chemical and heat resistance. Eg silicones, phenolics.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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1. POLYMERS
Presented By; Mr Ashok Kumar
M.Pharm 1st sem
Department : Pharmaceutics
GEETANJALI INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Types of Polymer
• Classification of Polymer
• Characteristics of Polymer
• Application
• References
3. INTRODUCTION
• Polymers are very large molecules made when hundreds of monomers join together
to form long chains .
• The word POLYMER comes from the Greek words poly means many and mer
means parts .
• Polymer is used as a synonym for plastic .
• All plastics are polymers , but not all polymers are plastics
N(CH2-CH2) (-CH2-CH2-)s
Ethylene Polyethylene
4. TYPES OF POLYMER
• Natural Polymers
• Homopolymer
• Copolymer
• Thermoplastics
• Thermosets
• Long chain Polymers
5. NATURAL POLYMERS
• Definition : Natural polymer is a polymer that results from
only raw materials that are found in nature .
• Some of these natural polymers include DNA and RNA
• Cotton , DNA , Wool , Wood are some of the naturally
occurring polymers.
6. HOMOPOLYMER
• Homopolymers are synthesized from a single type
of monomer .
• Homopolymers areconsists of chains with
identical bonding linkages to each monomer unit .
• This usually implies that the polymer is made
from all identical monomer molecules.
7. COPOLYMER
• When two or more different monomers togetherto polymerize their
result is called as copolymer .
• This process is called as copolymerization .
• Types of Copolymer :
I. Statistical copolymer
II. Alternating copolymer
III. Block copolymer
IV. Graft copolymer
8. THERMOPLASTIC
• A type of plastic that can be softened by heat , hardened by cooling , and
then softened by heat over and over again
• Thermoplastic are not cross – linked polymer .
• Examples : Polyethylene , Nylon , Polyvinyl chloride .
9. THERMOSETS
• Thermoset having the property of becoming permanently hard and rigid
when heated .
• Thermosets are hard and rigid at room temperature and do not soften on
heating .
• Examples : Epoxy resins , Phenolic resins , Unsaturated polyester resins
10. LONG CHAIN POLYMERS
• A very long strand of repeating molecules linked together by primary bond .
• Polymer chains are orient themselves in lines as they enter a mold but may
be annealed so they can recoil .
11.
12. BASED ON ORIGIN OF SOURCE
• Natural natural Polymer :- Polymers which are isolated from materials are
called as Natural Polymers . E.g. Cotton , silk , wool , rubber.
• Synthetic Polymer :- Polymers which are synthesized from low molecular
weight compounds are called as Synthetic Polymers . E.g. : Polyethylene ,
nylon , terylene.
• Semisynthetic Polymers :- These polymers are mostly derived from naturally
occurring polymers by chemical modification . E.g. : Rayon
13. BASED ON STRUCTURE
• Linear Polymer : Molecules form long chains without
branches.
• Branched Polymer : Molecules having branch points that
connect 3 or more segments .
• Cross-Linked Polymer : It includes interconnections
between chains .
• Network Polymer : A cross linked polymer that includes
numerous interconnections between chains .
14. BASED ON MODE OF
POLYMERISATION
• Additional Polymerization :
🗸Same kind of monomers are straight forwardly added .
🗸 It is rapid chain reaction having chemically activated mers.
🗸Each reaction sets up the condition for another to proceed.
🗸 It consists of 3 stages :
INITIATION
(Birth)
PROPAGATION
(Growth)
TERMINATION
(Death)
15. CONT…
Condensation Polymerization :
🗸 It involves a polymerization reaction between two monomers with
the expulsion of a simple by product .
A+B AB + Simple by Product
🗸 It involves individual chemical reaction between reactive mer .
🗸By product is formed and condensed out .
🗸This reaction is slower than additional polymerization.
🗸Need reactive functional groups .
16. CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMER
• Low density
• Low coefficient of friction
• Good corrosion resistance
• Good mould ability
• Poor tensile strength
• Low mechanical properties
• Poor temperature resistance
• Can be produced transparent or different colours
17. APPLICATION
• Medicine : Many biomaterials especially heart valve replacements and blood
vessels are made up of polymers like dacron , teflon .
• Consumer Science : Plastic containers of all shapes and sizes are light weight
and economically less expensive than more traditional containers .
• Industry : Automobile parts , pipes , tanks , packing material , adhesives are
all polymer application used in industrial market .
• Sports : Playground equipment , golf clubs , swimming pools and protective
helmets are produced from polymers.
18. REFERENCES
• Robinson J R and Lee V H ; Controlled Drug Delivery – Fundamentals and
Applications ; Marcel Dekker .
• Jain N K ; Controlled and Novel Drug Delivery ; CBS publication .
