This document discusses polymers, including their classification, characteristics, properties, strengths, and applications. It begins with an introduction to polymers being long chains of repeating monomer units. It then covers the main topics of types of polymers like polyethene and nylon, how they are classified based on composition and reaction, their characteristics like low density and good moldability. Properties depend on chain length and structure. Strength increases with longer chains and higher crystallinity. Finally, applications of polymers in areas like packaging, textiles, construction, medicine and pharmaceuticals are outlined.
Polymer science revolves around the study of macromolecules known as polymers, which are formed by linking together repeating units called monomers. Understanding the relationship between polymers and monomers is fundamental to grasping the diverse properties and applications of these materials.
Additionally, we'll delve into the nomenclature of polymers, which involves the systematic naming conventions used to describe their structure and composition. Clear and standardized nomenclature ensures effective communication within the scientific community and facilitates the classification of polymers based on their chemical structure, properties, and applications.
Polymer science revolves around the study of macromolecules known as polymers, which are formed by linking together repeating units called monomers. Understanding the relationship between polymers and monomers is fundamental to grasping the diverse properties and applications of these materials.
Additionally, we'll delve into the nomenclature of polymers, which involves the systematic naming conventions used to describe their structure and composition. Clear and standardized nomenclature ensures effective communication within the scientific community and facilitates the classification of polymers based on their chemical structure, properties, and applications.
Intrduction to polymers in materials science and engineeringmojeedadisa
Introduction to Polymers in Materials Science and Engineering
Unveiling the Building Blocks of Our World
This presentation delves into the fascinating world of polymers, the ubiquitous materials that shape our everyday lives. We'll explore their fundamental characteristics, how they're formed, and the diverse applications they enable in materials science and engineering.
Key areas covered:
What are polymers? (definition, structure, types)
Unveiling the building blocks: monomers and polymerization
Natural vs. synthetic polymers: Exploring their origins
Tailoring properties for specific applications
Processing techniques: Bringing polymers to life
From concept to creation: Applications across industries
Join us as we discover the power of polymers and their remarkable impact on shaping our world!
Types of fibres,their classification,applications,properties, and structures
Further more polymers,their types and different type chemical bonds present in fibres,
polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials, many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon ,hydrogen , and other nonmetallic elements , furthermore , they have very large molecular structure. these materials typically have low densities and maybe extremely flexible.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Intrduction to polymers in materials science and engineeringmojeedadisa
Introduction to Polymers in Materials Science and Engineering
Unveiling the Building Blocks of Our World
This presentation delves into the fascinating world of polymers, the ubiquitous materials that shape our everyday lives. We'll explore their fundamental characteristics, how they're formed, and the diverse applications they enable in materials science and engineering.
Key areas covered:
What are polymers? (definition, structure, types)
Unveiling the building blocks: monomers and polymerization
Natural vs. synthetic polymers: Exploring their origins
Tailoring properties for specific applications
Processing techniques: Bringing polymers to life
From concept to creation: Applications across industries
Join us as we discover the power of polymers and their remarkable impact on shaping our world!
Types of fibres,their classification,applications,properties, and structures
Further more polymers,their types and different type chemical bonds present in fibres,
polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials, many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon ,hydrogen , and other nonmetallic elements , furthermore , they have very large molecular structure. these materials typically have low densities and maybe extremely flexible.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
1. POLYMERS and their PROPERTIES
►Introduction
►Basic Topics:
Types of Polymers
Classification of Polymers
Characteristics of Polymers
Properties of Polymers
Strength of Polymers
►Applications of Polymers
2. Introduction
► Polymers are long chain giant organic molecules are
assembled from many smaller molecules called
monomers. Polymers consist of many repeating
monomer units in long chains. A polymer is analogous
to a necklace made from many small beads
(monomers).
► Another common name for many synthetic polymers is
plastic which comes from the Greek word "plastikos",
suitable for molding or shaping. Many objects in daily
use from packing, wrapping, and building materials
include half of all polymers synthesized.
3. Basic Topics:
Types of Polymers
Classification of Polymers
Characteristics of Polymers
Properties of Polymers
Strength of Polymers
4. Types of Polymers
► Polythene
The first commercially produced polymer is also the simplest and most
common: polythene. Its systematic name is poly(ethene) meaning it is a
polymer made from the monomer, ethene. Ethene is a small molecule
containing two carbon atoms linked by a double bond and four hydrogen
atoms, two bonded to each carbon.
► Free Electrons
When ethene is subjected to high temperature and pressure, or reacted in the
presence of a catalyst, one of the bonds in the double bond is broken. Each of
the carbon atoms then has a free electron which can form a covalent bond by
pairing with another free electron. If other ethene molecules are present, the
double bond in one of them can break, and the free electron on one of the
carbons can combine with another on the original molecule. As this continues,
a long chain of carbon atoms, bonded to one another by single covalent bonds
forms. Each carbon atom has two hydrogen atoms bonded to it.
5. ► Poly(propene)
Other polymers can be made in this way. Poly(propene) is very
similar to poly(ethene). It is made from propene which has three
carbon atoms, two of which are joined by a double bond. When it
reacts to become a polymer (polymerises), the long chain is
similar to poly(ethene) except that every other carbon atom has a
methyl (CH3-) group attached to it.
► Varied Uses
The properties of this type of polymer depend on the regularity of
the arrangement of the chains. If they are lined up in a regular
way, they are strong, hard materials. If they are more irregular, or
there are more side-chains on the molecules, they are more
flexible.
6. ► Amide Linkages
One of the most common molecules in biochemistry is a type of polymer
called protein. These are made up from monomers known as amino acids and
they are joined by an amide linkage. These linkages are made by a carboxylic
acid group (-COOH) reacting with an amine group (-NH2) forming the
linkage (-NHCO-) and eliminating water. This linkage is the basis of another
type of synthetic polymers, the Nylons.
► Nylon
Whereas proteins use monomers with both a carboxylic acid and an amine in
the same molecule. Nylons are made using two types of monomer. These are
dicarboxylic acids and diamines. The first nylon synthesised used one
monomer with a chain of four carbons with a carboxylic acid group on each
end and another monomer with a six carbon chain with an amine group on
each end. This produced a polymer with repeating units of six carbons joined
with amide linkages, but alternately reversed. This polymer is Nylon-6.6.
Nylons are mainly used as fibres for clothing and also other hard parts in light
engineering.
7. ► Polyurethane
A further important group of polymers are polyurethanes. These
are very similar to nylons, but are formed by reacting alcohols
with isocyanates and have an amide linkage with an additional
oxygen atom in the chain. These polymers are softer and more
elastic than nylons and are used as a substitute for rubber and in
elastic and Lycra.
► Polyesters
The final types of polymer we will deal with in this article are the
polyesters. The ester linkage is a carboxylic acid group where the
hydrogen has been replaced by the carbon of another organic
group. Polyesters are widely used as fibres for clothes and also
for many drinks bottles. They are also used to make thin films for
applications such as video tape.
8. Classification of Polymers
►Homopolymers - consist of chains with identical
bonding linkages to each monomer unit. This
usually implies that the polymer is made from all
identical monomer molecules.
These may be represented as : -[A-A-A-A-A-A]-
►Copolymers - consist of chains with two or more
linkages usually implying two or more different
types of monomer units.
These may be represented as : -[A-B-A-B-A-B]-
9. Polymers are further classified by the
reaction mode of polymerization, these
include:
►Addition Polymers - the monomer molecules
bond to each other without the loss of any other
atoms. Alkene monomers are the biggest groups
of polymers in this class.
►Condensation Polymers - usually two different
monomer combine with the loss of a small
molecule, usually water. Polyesters and
polyamides (nylon) are in this class of polymers.
Polyurethane Foam in graphic.
10. Classification based upon the physical
property related to heating:
►Thermoplastics - plastics that soften when
heated and become firm again when cooled. This
is the more popular type of plastic because the
heating and cooling may be repeated.
►Thermosets - plastics that soften when heated
and can be molded, but harden permanently.
They will decompose when reheated. An
example is Bakelite, which is used in toasters,
handles for pots and pans, dishes, electrical
outlets and billiard balls.
11. Characteristics of Polymers
► Low Density.
► Low coefficient of friction.
► Good corrosion resistance.
► Good mould ability.
► Excellent surface finish can be obtained.
► Can be produced with close dimensional tolerances.
► Economical.
► Poor tensile strength.
► Low mechanical properties.
► Poor temperature resistance.
► Can be produced transparent or in different colors.
12. Properties of Polymers
The physical properties of a polymer, such as its strength
and flexibility depend on:
► Chain length - in general, the longer the chains the
stronger the polymer;
► Side groups - polar side groups give stronger attraction
between polymer chains, making the polymer stronger;
► Branching - straight, un branched chains can pack
together more closely than highly branched chains,
giving polymers that are more crystalline and therefore
stronger;
► Cross-linking - if polymer chains are linked together
extensively by covalent bonds, the polymer is harder
and more difficult to melt.
13. Strength of Polymers
In general, the longer the polymer chain, the stronger the
polymer. There are two reasons for this:
► longer chains are more tangled
► there are more intermolecular forces between the chains
because there are more points of contact. These forces,
however, are quite weak for polyethene.
► Areas in a polymer where the chains are closely packed in
a regular way are said to be crystalline. The percentage
of crystallinity in a polymer is very important in
determining its properties. The more crystalline the
polymer, the stronger and less flexible it becomes.
14. ► When a polymer is stretched (cold-drawn), a neck forms. In
the neck the polymer chains line up producing a more
crystalline region. Cold-drawing leads to an increase in
strength.
► The first polyethene which was made contained many
chains which were branched. This resulted in a relatively
disorganised structure of low strength and density. This was
called low density polyethene (ldpe).
► In the crystalline form, the methyl groups all have the same
orientation along the chain. This is called the isotactic
form. In the amorphous form, the methyl groups are
randomly orientated. This is called the atactic form.
► Polymers with a regular structure are said to be
stereoregular.
15. Applications of Polymers:
► Polymeric materials are used in and on soil to improve
aeration, provide mulch, and promote plant growth and
health.
Medicine
► Many biomaterials, especially heart valve replacements
and blood vessels, are made of polymers like Dacron,
Teflon and polyurethane.
Consumer Science
► Plastic containers of all shapes and sizes are light weight
and economically less expensive than the more traditional
containers. Clothing, floor coverings, garbage disposal
bags, and packaging are other polymer applications.
16. Industry
►Automobile parts, windshields for fighter planes,
pipes, tanks, packing materials, insulation, wood
substitutes, adhesives, matrix for composites, and
elastomers are all polymer applications used in the
industrial market.
Sports
►Playground equipment, various balls, golf clubs,
swimming pools, and protective helmets are often
produced from polymers.
17. Polymers in the Pharmaceutical
Applications
►blood substitutes (polymersomes), drug
delivery and therapeutic systems, in the
synthesis of macromolecular prodrugs and
in the technology of prolonged release drug
formulations
18. Polymers with the pharmacological effects and
polymeric blood substitutes
►DIVEMA, copolymer of divinyl ether-maleic
anhydride: antitumoral and antiviral
properties
►Methylcellulose: swelling, relaxation and
sliding agents as not absorbed through GIT
►copolymer of ethylene and propylene
glycols: Laxative
►non-ionic, surface active polymer: not
penetrate through GIT so use for hydration
of stercorous mass, reduce friction
19. Polymers with the pharmacological effects and
polymeric blood substitutes
►linear polymer of uronic acids - alginic acid:
antacid
►Polyvinylpyrrolidone: anti-diarrhoeal
►Corticotrophins: Rheumatoid and asthma
► peptide antibiotics
20. ► therapeutic agent
could be
incorporate into
polymer chain,
might be end-
capped or may form
a pendant group of
the macromolecular
chain
Macromolecular prodrugs
21. Polymers in the technology of prolonged
release drug formulations
►absorption of the therapeutic agent using
prolonged release drug forms can be
reduced by coating, incorporation,
complexation or bonding on the ionites
►biodegradable and non-biodegradable
