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Compaction profile

This document discusses compaction profiles, which establish the relationship between axial and radial force during tablet punching. It describes three types of compaction profiles: force time profiles, force displacement profiles, and die wall profiles. Force time profiles characterize the compression, dwell, and decompression phases. Force displacement profiles assess material deformation behavior. Die wall force profiles provide information on friction between materials and the die wall. Compaction profiles provide information on a material's compaction behavior and properties that can be used to optimize the tableting process.

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COMPACTION PROFILES PRESENTED BY- MASOOM RAHBAR M.PHARM(PHARMACEUTICS) BBAU, LUCKNOW 1
INTRODUCTION  Compaction is the process of applying mechanical energy to a powder mass of any materials so as to rearrange the particles and making it dense through the expulsion of air from the voids between the granules of material. Compaction includes COMPRESSION and CONSOLIDATION.  Compaction profiles are the hysteresis loop or curves that establish the relationship between axial force and radial force during the tablet punching.  Hysteresis is the dependence of the state of a system on its history. 2
 COMPACTION PROCESS DEPENDS ON- Physio-chemical properties of drugs and excipients- Moisture content Polymorphism Deformation behavior Choice of instrument settings- Tableting speed Compression force 3
2. RADIAL FORCE- This is the horizontal component observed in the die wall when the powder mass attempt to expand in the die.  In the compaction cycle two forces are considered- 1. AXIAL FORCE- This vertical component is applied by the upper punch during compression. 4
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 HOW THEY ARE MEASURED- It is analysed by COMPACTION SIMULATORS these are attached to punching machines which collect or measured the data from forces on punches, displacement of punches, die wall frictions, ejection force and temperature change.  TYPES OF COMPACTION PROFILES- 1. Force time profile 2. Force displacement profile 3. Die wall profile 6
FORCE TIME PROFILE  Compression force time profiles are used to characterise the compression behaviour of the active ingredients, excipients and formulations with to their plastic and elastic deformation.  1- Compression phase  2- Dwell phase  3- Decompression phase 7
(a).Compressionphase[horizontaland verticalpunchmovement] (b). Dwell time [planepunchheadarea is under compression roller] (c).Decompressionphase[both punchesmoveawayfromupper&lower surfaces] 8
 COMPRESSION PHASE- During this phase maximum force is applied to reduced the volume of bulk mass.  DWELL PHASE- When compression force reaches a maximum value this maximum force is maintained for prolonged period before decompression .It shows the time period between the compression and decompression phase.  DECOMPRESSION PHASE- Removal of applied force on powder bed 9
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT PROFILE  Assessment of the compaction behaviour of materials is done by force displacement profile.  Force displacement profile can be used to determine the behaviour of plastic and elastic materials.  Stress relaxation is observed to be minimal in case of plastic deformation where as materials that undergoes elastic deformation tend to relax to a greater extent during and after compression.  At a given maximum force the displacement area of plastic deformation is more when compared to the displacement area of elastic deformation. 10
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DIE WALL FORCE PROFILE  During tableting friction arises between the material and the die wall which is called die wall friction.  The die wall force reaches maximum just after the maximum upper and lower force and constant residual value after upper and lower force become zero.  The high die wall force during ejection is a sign of adhesion of powders to the die. 12
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APPLICATIONS  These can be used to monitor compaction cycle of materials.  Compaction profiles give a good assessment of the elastic compaction of the powder.  Provides information regarding the radial transmission of applied force to the die wall.  Helps in calculating possible ejection force and lubricant requirements. 14
REFERENCES  Lachman/Lieberman’s “The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy” Fourth Edition, CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt Ltd ,New Delhi.  Sinko, PJ(2011) Martin’s Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,Fifth Edition,Lippincot Williams Nd Wilkins,Baltimore. 15
THANK YOU 16