Polycystic disease of the kidney (PKD) is a disorder in which major portion of the renal parenchyma is converted into cysts of varying size .
Fluid-filled cysts distributed over the kidney results in massive enlargement of the kidneys.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) consists of a spectrum of different pathophysiologic processes associated with abnormal kidney function, and a progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) means your kidneys are damaged and can't filter blood the way they should. The disease is called “chronic” because the damage to your kidneys happens slowly over a long period of time.
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE (CRF) or CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
Chronic or irreversible renal failure is a progressive reduction of functioning of renal tissue such that the remaining kidney mass can no longer maintain the body’s internal environment.
Urolithiasis is a common disease that is estimated to
produce medical costs of $2.1 billion per year in the United States alone.
Renal colic affects approximately 1.2 million people
each year in USA and accounts for approximately 1% of
all hospital admissions.
Most active emergency departments (EDs) manage
patients with acute renal colic every day.
Pyelonephritis
It is the inflammation of the kidney & upper urinary tract that usually results from the bacterial infection of the bladder.
Pyelonephritis can be classified in several different catagories:
-acute pyelonephritis
-chronic pyelonephritis
-xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
This presentation comprises of congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract made concise and in depth for PG preparation. It contains all important topics of the regarding subject covered in detail.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) consists of a spectrum of different pathophysiologic processes associated with abnormal kidney function, and a progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) means your kidneys are damaged and can't filter blood the way they should. The disease is called “chronic” because the damage to your kidneys happens slowly over a long period of time.
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE (CRF) or CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
Chronic or irreversible renal failure is a progressive reduction of functioning of renal tissue such that the remaining kidney mass can no longer maintain the body’s internal environment.
Urolithiasis is a common disease that is estimated to
produce medical costs of $2.1 billion per year in the United States alone.
Renal colic affects approximately 1.2 million people
each year in USA and accounts for approximately 1% of
all hospital admissions.
Most active emergency departments (EDs) manage
patients with acute renal colic every day.
Pyelonephritis
It is the inflammation of the kidney & upper urinary tract that usually results from the bacterial infection of the bladder.
Pyelonephritis can be classified in several different catagories:
-acute pyelonephritis
-chronic pyelonephritis
-xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
This presentation comprises of congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract made concise and in depth for PG preparation. It contains all important topics of the regarding subject covered in detail.
Urinary system – common pathological correlationKochi Chia
Presentation on common urinary system pathologies and radiological findings. Just a brief explanation. Further info can be obtained from www.radiopaedia.org and www.radiologyassistant.nl
Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
By Dr. Usama Ragab
Lecturer of Internal Medicine
I have discussed the epidemiology, etiology of acute kidney injury
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
3. DEFINITION
• Polycystic disease of the kidney (PKD) is a disorder
in which major portion of the renal parenchyma is
converted into cysts of varying size .
• Fluid-filled cysts distributed over the kidney results
in massive enlargement of the kidneys.
5. TYPES
• 1. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease(ADPKD)
• Inherited as a Autosomal Dominant Disease…
most common in Adult
• 2. Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)
• Inherited as a Autosomal Recessive
Disease….most common in infants
[ADPKD(50:50 Chance) and ARPKD(1:4 Chance)]
6. FEATURES
Feature ADPKD ARPDK
Severity Less severe Most severe
Occurrence Most common Less common
Onset Onset age >30 Infants and children
Prognosis Half get ESRD by 60 Infant renal failure
Appearance Large nodules Smaller nodules
Sequlae Cerebral aneurysm Liver fibrosis,death
7. GENETIC BASIS/ETIOLOGY
Gene Protein
ADPKD1 Polycystin 1
ADPKD2 Polycystin 2
ARPKD Fibrocystin/Polyductin
ADPKD is a multisystem disorder
characterized by multiple, bilateral
renal cysts associated cysts in the
other organs such as liver , pancreas,
and arachnoid membrane
ARPKD is a rare inherited condition
with childhood onset of manifestation
8. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
1. Abdominal Pain: flank or back (most common initial complaint).
2. Dull aching and an uncomfortable sensation of heaviness may result from a large polycystic liver or
enlargement of one or more cysts.
3. Bleeding inside the cyst or lead to gross hematuria with passage of clots or a perinephric hematoma
4. Hypertension
5. UTI (e.g, acute pyelonephritis, infected cysts, perinephric abscess)
6. Nephrolithiasis and associated renal colic
7. Rarely, a coincidental hypernephroma
8. Palpable, bilateral flank masses: In advanced ADPKD
9. Nodular hepatomegaly: In severe polycystic liver disease
10. Rarely, symptoms related to renal failure (eg, pallor, dry skin, edema)
11. Decrease in urine-concentration
12. Increased plasma vasopressin etc
9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• The main feature of ADPKD is a bilateral progressive
increase in the number of cysts, which may lead to
ESRD. Hepatic cysts, cerebral aneurysms, and
cardiac valvular abnormalities also may occur.
• Defect on PKD1 and 2.
• PKD1 and PKD2 are expressed in most organs
and tissues of the human body.
• Regulates the morphologic configuration of
epithelial cells.
12. BLEEDING
• Renal cysts with excessive angiogenesis of fragile vessels
stretched across their distended walls.
• Little trauma makes these vessels may leak blood into the
cyst, this makes it to enlarge rapidly, causing excruciating
pain.
• Continuous bleeding may lead to rupture into the collecting
system, which presents with gross hematuria.
13. DIAGNOSIS
1. Routine laboratory studies include the following
Serum chemistry profile, including calcium and phosphorus
CBC count from cysts
Urinalysis
Urine culture
2. Genetic testing
This may be performed young adults potential kidney donors
with negative ultrasonographic.
14. 3. Imaging
• Ultrasonography: Technique of choice for case and routine screening patients.
• CT scanning: Not routine; useful in doubtful pediatric cases or in complicated
cases (eg, kidney stone, suspected tumor)
• MRI: Not routine; helpful in distinguishing renal cell carcinoma from simple
cysts and to monitor kidney size after treatment to assess progress
• MRA: Magnetic resonance angiogram is not routine but useful in viewing blood
flow patterns
MRA is Indicated in:
Family history of stroke or intracranial aneurysms
Development of symptoms suggesting an intracranial aneurysm
Job or hobby in which a loss of consciousness may be lethal
Past history of intracranial aneurysms
16. MANAGEMENT
• Control Blood Pressure using ACEIs or ARBs
• Treat Urinary Tract and Cyst Infections using Gyrase inhibitors (eg, ciprofloxacin,
chloramphenicol, clindamycin, levofloxacin); dihydrofolic acid inhibitors
(TMX/SMP_Septrim)
• Treat hematuria: Possibly analgesic plus copious oral hydration
• Reduce abdominal pain produced by enlarged kidneys
• Control abnormalities related to renal failure (Oedema, ascites, weakness,
cephalic involvement etc)
• Prevent cardiac valve infection in patients with intrinsic valve disease
A. Symptomatic Medication (No Specific Medication for ADPKD):
17.
18. • Surgical drainage: Ultrasonographically guided puncture
• Open-/fiberoptic-guided surgery: For excision/drainage of the outer walls
of cysts to ablate symptoms
• Partial hepatectomy: Tomanage massive hepatomegaly
• Liver transplantation: In cases of portal hypertension due to polycystic
liver or hepatomegaly with nonresectable areas
• Nephrectomy: Last resort for pain control in patients with inaccessible
cysts in the renal medullae; bilateral nephrectomy in patients with
severe hepatic involvement
B. Surgical intervention in ADPKD includes the following
19. B. End Stage Management
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis
Renal transplantation
