Polycystic disease of the kidney (PKD) is a disorder in which major portion of the renal parenchyma is converted into cysts of varying size .
Fluid-filled cysts distributed over the kidney results in massive enlargement of the kidneys.
Polycystic disease of the kidney (PKD) is a disorder in which major portion of the renal parenchyma is converted into cysts of varying size .
Fluid-filled cysts distributed over the kidney results in massive enlargement of the kidneys.
This presentation comprises of congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract made concise and in depth for PG preparation. It contains all important topics of the regarding subject covered in detail.
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Genetic
Pathogenesis Of ADPKD
Association of ADPKD
Clinical Features of ADPKD
Diagnosis and Investigation of ADPKD
Management of ADPKD
PKD slide is helpful for the BSc nursing students... if you have any queries regarding polycystic kidney dsease please feel free to mail me on my mail id upadhyaymani1@gmail.com
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a hereditary disorder in which the numerous cysts grow in the kidneys. The kidneys are two organs, each about the size of a fist, located in the upper part of a person’s abdomen towards the back. The kidneys filter and remove toxic materials and extra fluid from the blood to form urine.
This presentation comprises of congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract made concise and in depth for PG preparation. It contains all important topics of the regarding subject covered in detail.
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Genetic
Pathogenesis Of ADPKD
Association of ADPKD
Clinical Features of ADPKD
Diagnosis and Investigation of ADPKD
Management of ADPKD
PKD slide is helpful for the BSc nursing students... if you have any queries regarding polycystic kidney dsease please feel free to mail me on my mail id upadhyaymani1@gmail.com
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a hereditary disorder in which the numerous cysts grow in the kidneys. The kidneys are two organs, each about the size of a fist, located in the upper part of a person’s abdomen towards the back. The kidneys filter and remove toxic materials and extra fluid from the blood to form urine.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. SIMPLE CYST
Cyst: fluid-filled sac that grows on the surface of, or within the kidney
Solitary or multiple
Cysts develop from any part of nephron, usually cortical
Incidental finding on U/S or IVU
Usually not loculated and tend to bulge out from renal surface
May grow to considerable size(>10cm)
Usually harmless
Occasionally require percutaneous drainage; because of persistent
loin pain
3. CYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASES
1. Polycystic kidney diseases
2. Cystic disease of renal medulla
i. Spongy kidney disease
ii. Medullary cystic disease
4. POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE (PKD)
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder that causes
many fluid filled cysts to grow in your kidneys.
Unlike the usually harmless simple kidney cysts that can form in the
kidneys later in life,
PKD cysts can change the shape of your kidneys, including making
them much larger.
PKD is a form of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that reduces kidney
function and may lead to kidney failure.
PKD also can cause other complications, or problems, such as high
blood pressure, cysts in the liver, and problems with blood vessels in
your brain and heart.
6. TYPES OF PKD
The two main types of PKD are
autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD), which is usually diagnosed in
adulthood
autosomal recessive PKD (ARPKD), which can be diagnosed in the
womb or shortly after a baby is born
7. TYPES OF PKD
(ADPKD) is a multisystem disorder characterized by multiple, bilateral
renal cysts associated cysts in the other organs such as liver,
pancrease.
ADPKD is a genetic disorder mediated primarily by mutation in two
different genes and is expressed in an autosomal dominant
pattern,with variable expression.
(ARPKD) is less common as compared to ADPKD
The two major forms of polycystic kidney disease are distinguished by
their patterns of inheritance.
ADPKD(50:50 Chance) and ARPKD(1:4 Chance)
8.
9. ADPKD
PKD – 1 gene located on chromosome 16 in over 85% cases ADPKD-1
PKD – 2 gene located on chromosome 4 in 15% cases ADPKD-2
PKD-1 related disease more severe than PKD-2 related disease
12. PATHOPHISIOLOGY
The main feature of ADPKD is a bilateral progressive increase in the
number of cysts, which may lead to ESRD.
Defect on PKD1 and 2.
PKD1 and PKD2 are expressed in most organs and tissues of the
human body.
The proteins that are encoded by PKD1 and PKD2, polycystin 1 and
polycystin 2, seem to function together to regulate the morphologic
configuration of epithelial cells.
A decrease in urine-concentrating ability is an early manifestation of
ADPKD. The cause is not known. Plasma vasopressin levels are
increased; this increase may represent the body's attempt to
compensate for the reduced concentrating capacity of the kidneys
and could contribute to the development of renal cysts, hypertension,
and renal insufficiency
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21. Who is more likely to have PKD?
PKD affects people of all ages, races, and ethnicities worldwide. The
disorder occurs equally in women and men.
22. CAUSES OF PKD
A gene mutation, or defect, causes PKD.
In most PKD cases, a child got the gene mutation from a parent.
In a small number of PKD cases, the gene mutation developed on its
own, without either parent carrying a copy of the mutated gene. This
type of mutation is called “spontaneous.”
23. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF PKD
The signs and symptoms of ADPKD, such as pain, high blood
pressure, and kidney failure, are also PKD complications. In many
cases, ADPKD does not cause signs or symptoms until your kidney
cysts are a half inch or larger in size.
Early signs of ARPKD in the womb are larger-than-normal kidneys
and a smaller-than-average size baby, a condition called growth
failure. The early signs of ARPKD are also complications. However,
some people with ARPKD do not develop signs or symptoms until
later in childhood or even adulthood.
24.
25. CLINICAL FEATURE
ABD Pain.
Dull aching and an uncomfortable sensation of heaviness.
Hematuria
Proteinuria
Polyuria
Hypertension
Intracranial berry aneurysms
subarachnoid hemorrhages
Nodular hepatomegaly
Palpable, bilateral flank masses
pyelonephritis
Nephrolithiasis and renal colic
perinephric Hematoma
26.
27. MORPHOLOGY
Gross Examination findings :
The kidneys are usually bilaterally ENLARGED and may achieve
enormous sizes; weights as high as 4 kg for each kidney have been
reported.
The external surface appears to be composed solely of a mass of cysts,
up to 3 to 4 cm in diameter, with no intervening parenchyma.
The cysts may be filled with a clear, serous fluid or, more usually, with
turbid, red to brown, sometimes hemorrhagic fluid.
Microscopic Findings
Microscopic Ex…reveals some normal parenchyma dispersed among
the cysts.
Atrophic lining seen.
Occasionally Bowman’ capsule are involved in cyst formation. In these
cases, glomerular tufts may be seen within the cystic space.
Ischemic atrophy of the intervening renal substance noted.
28. DIAGNOSIS
Routine laboratory studies include the following:
Serum chemistry profile, including calcium and phosphorus
CBC count from cysts
Urinalysis
Urine culture
Genetic testing may be performed, in which the major indication is for
genetic screening in young adults with negative
ultrasonography
29. MANAGEMENT
No specific medication is available for ADPKD. However,
pharmacotherapy is necessary to accomplish the following:
Control blood pressure: Drugs of choice are ACEIs or ARBs
Control abnormalities related to renal failure
Treat urinary tract infections
Treat cyst infections
Patients with ADPKD who progress to end stage renal disease may
require the following procedures:
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis
Renal transplantation
30. SURGICAL OPTION
Surgical intervention in ADPKD includes the following
Surgical drainage
Open-/fiberoptic-guided surgery
Nephrectomy
Partial hepatectomy
Liver transplantation