6. Broodstock
• Mature at 5-7years old
• 65-80cm most fertile (Angeles, 1971)
• 4-8Kgs body weight (Angeles, 1971)
• Female Max Length: 124 cm
• Male Max. Length: 180
• Produce 100,000-400,000 pcs of fry per kilogram of body weight
7. Egg Hatching
• Egg division begins an hour
after and hatching occurs 35-
36 hours after spawning
• Milkfish eggs (1.1-1.2 mm in
diameter)
• In the wild, eggs are probably
released in deeper oceanic
waters and in the outer reef
region
• Salinity 29-34ppt
• Temp 26-32 degree celsius
8. Larvae Facts
• Started at 3.5mm
• Catch on shore at 10-17mm
length
• Active swimmers proved by
migration onshore and where
they can be caught by fine-
mesh nets operated along
sandy beaches and mangrove
area
• Relatively passive as carried by
water currents during tide and
wind direction
9. On the Fry Behaviour
• Fry appear inshore in great
numbers
• Distribute mainly in surface
• Fry are carried by water movements
• Fry enter coastal wetlands
• Fry are attracted by light
• Fry are caught by filtering and
driving
10. On the Fry Collection
• Fry appear most 10-30com in the surface
• Abundant in mouth of rivers , swamp
outlets and sandy beaches
• Notable coinciding with semi-lunar rhythm
▫ New Moon and Full Moon
• 1-3 hours before high tide is the peak catch
• Should be present in the area otherwise no
fry will be catch at all
12. F
e
e
d
i
n
g
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
Commercial pellet, mass of planktons
and zooplanktons, larvae
Start feeding 80 hours after hatching
Copepod, Diatoms , Cyanobacteria
Artificial diet, Artemia, Rotifer-
chlorella
cyanobacteria, diatoms, and detritus,
Filamentous green algae, Invertebrates
(small crustaceans and worms.)
Artificial feed.
13. Place Estimated area Gear type *Estimated
catch/person/day (4
hours/day)
Nasese 1 km area beach Fry barrier net, skimming net,
fry bulldozer and push net
500 to 1,000 fry
Bau/Gau beach 4 km river mouth and
beaches
Fry bulldozer and push net 500 to 1,000 fry
Kototonga Village,
Sigatoka
2 km beach/cove Fry barrier net, push net and
fry bulldozer
500 to 1,000 fry
Sigatoka River
4 km river mouth (both sides)
Tidal set net, fry barrier net
and push net
2,000 to 5,000 fry
Raviravi area, Ba fronting three floodgates Fry barrier net and push net 2,000 to 5,000 fry
Nabila village, Momi
bay
1 sq. km mangrove area
Skimming net and fry barrier
net
200 to 500 fry
Tavua bay
0.5 km beach
Skimming net and pushing
net
200 to 500 fry
Navua/Deuba
2 km beach/river mouth
Fry barrier net, push net and
tidal set net
500 to 1,000 fry
Tokotoko Beach
fronting floodgate
1 km beach and mangrove
area
Fry bulldozer, push net and
fry barrier net
500 to 1,000 fry
Nakalou Village,
Dreketi
500 m sandy beach
Push net and fry bulldozer 500 to 1,000 fry
Lekutu Village 1 km sandy beach Push net and fry bulldozer 500 to 1,000 fry
14. Biological Nature of Milkfish
Filter feeders
Benthic feeders
Daytime feeders
Euryhaline
Phytophagous but carnivorous
Resistant to diseases and not cannibalistic
Exhibit compensatory growth
15. Artificial Breeding vsWild Caught
Successfully bred in the
hatchery
Mature after 5-10years
old in captivity
Spawn spontaneously in
concrete tanks or cages
Survival quality and grow
rate is comparable with
wild fry
20. Fishery Issues
Degradation of quality fingerling stocks due to inbreeding.
• Insufficient supply of quality bangus fry in far flung areas.
• High cost of farm inputs
• Lack of manpower to effectively transfer technology to
the municipal level.
• Marketing layers which stand between producer and
consumer; and
• Lost opportunities to participate in global market for
value-added products
21. Issues andTrends
Climate Change
Mass Fish Kill/ Eutrophication
Mismanagement (Overstocking)
Weak Import Demand
Failure Imposition of Fishery Programs
22. 800 tons Fish Kill inTaal Lake
June 2011
Caused by:
Upwelling
Overstocking
Lowering Dissolved Oxygen
Eutrophication
23.
24. • Acclimitization • Temperature shock
• Salinity shockAcclimatization
• If equal or less than 5ppt salinity diff can
stock in awhile
• If more than 5ppt gradually add up pond
water until desired parameter is attained.
Takes 30mins to 1hour.
Time Span
• Compute target density in
nursery pond or HAPA
• Partially submerged the plastic
then allow the fry to swim out
Proper Release
STEPS ON PROPER STOCKING
25. Steps in Acclimatization Process
• Open the fry plastic bags
• Let the bags float
• Add water gradually using
hand/sprinkler
• Check salinity and
temperature
• If salinity in the plastic bags
is equal to that of the
receiving pond submerged
the plastic bags and allow fry
to swim out
26. Milkfish Farming Basic
Regular monitoring
and take action promptly
Establish good ecosystem
And animal welfare
Predator Elimination &
Proper Acclimatization
Determine
the system
Management
Pond/Water preparation
Fry Collection & Stocking
Site Selection
30. mati.n@cpf.co.th
OXIDIZE SOIL.
HELPS IN THE EVAPORATION OF HYDROGEN
SULFIDE AND OTHER TOXIC GASES.
AERATES THE SOIL PARTICLES AND FAVORS
AEROBIC ORGANIC MATTER DECOMPOSITION
AND MINERALIZATION.
ENSURES KILLING OF FISH AND PREDATORS
31.
32. Review on Pond Dynamics: Daytime
High Dissolved Oxygen
High pH
HighTemp.
Algae
Waste Milkfish
Bacteria
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
33. Review on Pond Dynamics:
Night time
Low Dissolved Oxygen
Low pH
LowTemp.
Algae
Bacte
ria
Milk
fish
Waste
Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen
Aerator
Wind
Pumps/Water exchnge
39. What is Feed Rate?
Example:
Stock: 10,000
Fry ABW (Ave BodyWeight): 2gms
Feed rate: 4%
Feed/Day: ? Kgs
Computation:
Biomass: 10,000 x 2gms = 20Kgs
1,000
Feed/day= Biomass x Feedrate
= 2okgs x 4%
= 0.8kgs = 800gms
Remember Fry Can
Consume Benthic Algae
at 60% of BodyWeight:
Feed/day= 20Kgs x 60%
= 12kgs of “Lablab”
Juvenile can consume 25 %
of body weight
40. How to feed in the HAPA?
Feeding by
satiation
Monitor fry closely
when feeding
Normally 5-% feed
by body weight
Protein 24%
Check predators
always
41. Feeding Method
Feeding by Satiation
Milkfish Satiation last
for 2-3hours
Digestion 5hours
Suggested Feeding
Time 7am, 11am, 3pm
51. Water Replenishment
• Reduce sedimentation
• Water dilution
• Waste reduction
• 30% volume 4times every spring tide
Fertilization
• Replenish nutrients
• Application rate:
-Combination of
5 g./m2 16-20-00 and
1.5 g./m2 46-00-00 or 30 g/m2 of chicken manure
51
52. Gradual water
increase
• Tendency to float
Scoop if floating/die-
off
May result to
overgrazing
• Supplement
feeding using rice
bran, dried fish
meal or bread
crumbs
56. 1) Lag phase
2) Exponential phase : Mass
3) Retardation phase : Harvest
4) Stationary phase
5) Death phaseAge of culture
Biomass
1
2
3
4
5
56
B. Replenish water before die-off.
