The SlideShare introduces the concept Political system, giving the futures of African political systems and different types of African political system.
The SlideShare introduces the concept Political system, giving the futures of African political systems and different types of African political system.
American Exceptionalism Abstract This portfolio se.docxgalerussel59292
American Exceptionalism
Abstract
This portfolio seeks to define the concepts and underlying assumptions of American
Exceptionalism (AE), and it seeks to illustrate why these concepts are so successful when
applied nation-wide. The major challenges facing America in regards to faith and
political action, education, social issues, racism, and foreign policy are discussed, as well
as their solutions. The primary goal behind these discussions is to prove that even though
AE is being cast aside by the current administration and by the media, it is absolutely
vital and possible to regain it and preserve the liberty that is given to us by God.
American Exceptionalism
Defining American Exceptionalism (AE)
• The key ideas of AE are recorded in the Declaration of Independence,
though the beliefs were already deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.
• These beliefs resulted in a nation and way of government that was more
successful and freer than any other.
• The key assumptions that were written into the Declaration and that are
foundational to AE include the following:
o God is the Creator of mankind, and all men are created equally.
o God reigns supremely over the universe.
o Man is responsible to obey God’s way of justice He has ordered.
o Sovereignty rests in the citizen and not in the government.
o Because God created all men equal, every person has the
inalienable right to life, liberty, and property. 1
• The Founding Fathers gleaned the principles of AE from the following:
o The English tradition of law gave the Founders a framework to
work with, and they drew heavily from the English common law,
the Magna Carta, and the English Bill of Rights. 2
o The deep religious convictions of the Protestant Reformation and
the Great Awakening were ingrained in the hearts of the colonists
and the Founding Fathers, who wanted a nation of religious liberty
and freedom of conscience. 3
o Enlightenment thinkers, especially the Christian ones, greatly
influenced the Founders towards the ideas of natural law, personal
sovereignty, and the separation of powers. John Locke,
Montesquieu, Thomas Aquinas, and William Blackstone are some
of these thinkers. 4
• The Founding Fathers intended the Constitution only for a moral people,
an exceptional people who knew that liberty and virtue do not exist apart
1 Gingrich, Newt. A Nation Like No Other, 17-21.
2 McClellan, James. Liberty, Order, and Justice, 22.
3 Akers, Dr. Shawn. “Presentation: Religious Foundations and Core Beliefs.”
4 Akers, Dr. Shawn. “Biblical Foundations of Exceptionalism.”
American Exceptionalism
from each other. Gingrich gives the following virtues that this country was
built upon and that have characterized the ideological descendants of the
Founders: 5
o Faith and Family
� The Founders knew that the family is the cornerstone of
.
Slide 3 WestCal Political Science 5 Western Political Thought 2016WestCal Academy
Political Science 5 - Western Political Thought provides an overall perspective of major political movements of history from the rising of Egyptian, Greek and Roman Empires to Fascism and Communism as seen by great political thinkers from Plato, Aristotle, and St. Augustine, Machiavelli, Marx, and Lenin. Students will analyze the most important ideas and theories that have been developed from the time of the ancient Greeks to the present day. Students will learn that the American Founding Fathers designed a viable representative government by first dedicating themselves to careful study of the political philosophy of Europeans, with particular attention given to British political thinkers from the 16th and 17th century. The founding fathers focused primarily on the natural rights of man, which in turn varied according to the individual philosopher studied. Over the course of their study, the founding fathers openly discussed their opinions with one another so as to properly bring forth differing views in order to prudently construct a government that would protect individual liberty, as well as determine what was required of government to protect civil liberties. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals with knowledge of how classical and modern political continues to influence American government. Students will learn of multiple career options relating to the field of political science.
PS 1010, American Government 1 Course Learning Out.docxadkinspaige22
PS 1010, American Government 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Summarize the origins of American political thought.
1.1 Identify how the Enlightenment and philosophers such as John Locke influenced the Founding
Fathers.
1.2 Indicate the major goals of the Founding Fathers.
1.3 List the events preceding the creation of the Articles of Confederation and the weaknesses that
led to the Articles' demise.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
1.1
Unit I Lesson
Reading: “2. Foundations of American Government”
Unit I Assignment
1.2
Unit I Lesson
Unit I Assignment
1.3
Unit I Lesson
Reading: “2a. The Colonial Experience”
Reading: “2b. Independence and the Articles of Confederation”
Unit I Assignment
Reading Assignment
To access the following resources, click the links below.
Independence Hall Association. (n.d.). 2. Foundations of American government. Retrieved from
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2.asp
Independence Hall Association. (n.d.). 2a. The colonial experience. Retrieved from
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2a.asp
Independence Hall Association. (n.d.). 2b. Independence and the Articles of Confederation. Retrieved from
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2b.asp
UNIT I STUDY GUIDE
Foundations of American Government
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2.asp
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2a.asp
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2b.asp
PS 1010, American Government 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Unit Lesson
Many of us have a general concept and
understanding of the leadership of the Founding
Fathers working to establish a government with more
democratic principles and ideals. While the term
Founding Fathers is used a great deal, one must note
that there was a general sense of agreement on the
need for a new government and country, but there
were differences in their political ideologies. Some
Founding Fathers were for a more powerful federal
government, while others were more focused on state
powers. The point to be made here is that the
Founding Fathers were not an ideologically unified
group of people. The Founding Fathers had a vision
of making America a melting pot, but the path of
setting up a different style of government had many
trials and tribulations. After many obstacles were
overcome, the United States was formed under the
political structure of a democratic republic, which is
mentioned in the Pledge of Allegiance. In this unit, the
thoughts and strategies behind the founding of the
United States and the ideas and principles utilized to
create the Constitution will be examined.
In the Beginning
What is politics? What part do citizens have in the political process? The United States has a political culture
that began during Colonial times and was refined during the Revolutionary War. When the colonists declared
their independence from Great Britain, the Founding Fathers declared.
PS 1010, American Government 1 Course Learning Out.docxShiraPrater50
PS 1010, American Government 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Summarize the origins of American political thought.
1.1 Identify how the Enlightenment and philosophers such as John Locke influenced the Founding
Fathers.
1.2 Indicate the major goals of the Founding Fathers.
1.3 List the events preceding the creation of the Articles of Confederation and the weaknesses that
led to the Articles' demise.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
1.1
Unit I Lesson
Reading: “2. Foundations of American Government”
Unit I Assignment
1.2
Unit I Lesson
Unit I Assignment
1.3
Unit I Lesson
Reading: “2a. The Colonial Experience”
Reading: “2b. Independence and the Articles of Confederation”
Unit I Assignment
Reading Assignment
To access the following resources, click the links below.
Independence Hall Association. (n.d.). 2. Foundations of American government. Retrieved from
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2.asp
Independence Hall Association. (n.d.). 2a. The colonial experience. Retrieved from
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2a.asp
Independence Hall Association. (n.d.). 2b. Independence and the Articles of Confederation. Retrieved from
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2b.asp
UNIT I STUDY GUIDE
Foundations of American Government
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2.asp
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2a.asp
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2b.asp
PS 1010, American Government 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Unit Lesson
Many of us have a general concept and
understanding of the leadership of the Founding
Fathers working to establish a government with more
democratic principles and ideals. While the term
Founding Fathers is used a great deal, one must note
that there was a general sense of agreement on the
need for a new government and country, but there
were differences in their political ideologies. Some
Founding Fathers were for a more powerful federal
government, while others were more focused on state
powers. The point to be made here is that the
Founding Fathers were not an ideologically unified
group of people. The Founding Fathers had a vision
of making America a melting pot, but the path of
setting up a different style of government had many
trials and tribulations. After many obstacles were
overcome, the United States was formed under the
political structure of a democratic republic, which is
mentioned in the Pledge of Allegiance. In this unit, the
thoughts and strategies behind the founding of the
United States and the ideas and principles utilized to
create the Constitution will be examined.
In the Beginning
What is politics? What part do citizens have in the political process? The United States has a political culture
that began during Colonial times and was refined during the Revolutionary War. When the colonists declared
their independence from Great Britain, the Founding Fathers declared ...
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. WELCOME TO THE FIRST WEEK!
New semesters bring various hiccups for
everyone. This also goes for your
instructor. We are all adjusting to new
situations, course schedule conflicts and
other adjustments. This course utilizes
various methods to deliver information.
Many of our materials are media driven.
You will find many to be humorous,
thought provoking , or even interesting.
This first clip is presented merely for fun.
It is titled “Welcome To School”.
3. COURSE LECTURE: WEEK #1
Today’s Lecture Covers The Following:
• Introduction To Course
• Syllabus Review
• Classical Political Thought
• Modern Political Thought
• Organic Roots Of The United States
• Early Elite Influence In American History
• American Persona
• Transparency
• Minor Paper Assignment #1
• Final-Major Paper
4. PLAGIARISM POLICY
Students are advised that plagiarism will not be tolerated. Your
instructor has adopted the following definition of plagiarism that is
followed by Cleveland Chiropractic College: “Plagiarism is defined
as the act of appropriating the literary composition of another, or
parts or passages of writings of another, or the ideas or language of
the same, and passing them off as the product of one’s own mind.
To be liable for ‘plagiarism’ it is not necessary to exactly duplicate
another’s writing; it is sufficient if unfair use of such work is made by
lifting of a substantial portion of the work, including material from the
internet. If plagiarism is detected in the final draft of a student’s
work, he/she will be given a final grade of F.” My personal advice to
all students is the same that one of my graduate professors offered
to my class, “When in doubt, cite!”
5. CLASSICAL POLITICAL THOUGHT
Aristotle states that inherent within man’s natural state of being,
there exist different roles that are designated according to the need
of any community. Special virtues are rewarded to those who accept
their roles without question, beginning with those terms identified by
Aristotle in the household, where the roles of husbands, wives,
children and slaves are defined. Roles are assigned, for no man is
able to exercise the same talents while producing exact levels of
quality in their finished work (Politics, Book 1, Chapter 4, 1253b1).
As the polis consists of citizens with enough leisure time to
participate in government functions, it is the citizenry that
determines those roles to be filled. Government itself has no
emotions, or soul. Rather, it is the political activism of a few elites
according to Aristotle that makes all government decisions.
6. MODERN POLITICAL THOUGHT
Classical liberalism refers to the beginning in terms of a
historical rendition of the periods capable of being identified in
which man existed. John Locke is recognized as being one of
the first to anticipate the rise of liberal thought in his time.
American political thought has been heavily influenced by
Lockean principle. Simply put, liberalism derived comes from
the straightforward ideology of capitalism, as one cannot have
one without the other. Locke justifies capitalism by utilizing
liberalism to criticize inequality, shaping everything around the
premises of liberty and equality, thus coming to the conclusion
that society cannot have one without the other.
7. ORGANIC ROOTS OF THE UNITED STATES (1)
In their quest for designing a viable representative
government, the founding fathers dedicated themselves to
careful study of the political philosophy of Europeans.
Focusing primarily on British political thinkers from the 16th
and 17th century, the founding fathers focused primarily on the
natural rights of man, which in turn varied according to the
individual philosopher studied. Over the course of their study,
the founding fathers openly discussed their opinions with one
another so as to properly bring forth differing views in order to
prudently construct a government that would protect individual
liberty, as well as determine what was required of government
to protect civil liberties.
8. ORGANIC ROOTS OF THE UNITED STATES (2)
The theory of singular government deeply influenced founding
fathers Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton
and even later political leaders like Abraham Lincoln, to present
leaders of today. John Locke’s articulation of human nature, in
turn relating the law of nature, which is reason, emphasized that
a state of inconvenience results in a state of war (Second
Treatise, Locke). The most acceptable alternative to a state of
nature is a civil society or government, as long as the
established authority protects equality. As the fundamental
desire of mankind is life itself, government’s foremost priority is
to protect property. Alexander Hamilton further propounded this
position in that government is indeed a reflection on human
nature (Federalist Paper #51).
9. TECHNOLOGICAL MEANS OF DISTRIBUTION
Culture is influenced through various
means that include print, radio and
television. We will also examine how the
common individual may use technology
to distribute ideas in a cost effective
manner. This video is just one example of
how technology allows practically anyone
the ability to influence their fellow man.
Technological advancements have
empowered common citizens with
creative minds to produce their own
propaganda. “The War On Terror”
sparked a great deal of media distributed
via the Internet. Elites no longer maintain
total control over distribution.
10. ELITES AND MASSES IN EARLY AMERICA
THE LAYERS
ELITE
DOMINATED SOCIAL, CULTURAL, ECONOMIC, & POLITICAL LIFE
MIDDLE CLASS
SUCCESSFUL BODY OF INDIVDUALS
FARMERS
GREAT MASS OF WHITE AMERICANS
WHO HAD LITTLE INTEREST IN PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
11. ELITE PREFERENCES:
INSPIRATION FOR A NEW CONSTITUTION
• Government Under The Articles Of Confederation
• Established A “Firm League Of Friendship”
• Identified Powers Belonging To The National
Government
• Reassured Each State Of Its
• Sovereignty
• Freedom
• Independence
• Repayment Of Loans Made To Congress
• Investors Who Backed The American War Effort
Had Difficulty Securing Their Loans
• Without The Power To Ta, The Future Of The
American Government Looked Bleak
12. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
Though the American Revolution was that of ideas, it was a full
out war. Victorious, the thirteen colonies established and lived
under the Articles of Confederation until the adoption of the
Constitution of 1787. Revolutionary itself, the Articles of
Confederation provided little assistance for a nation absent of
leaders who possessed experience in governing the whole
country. The Articles of Confederation linked the thirteen colonies
in mainly defensive guarantees. Though a congress with typical
authority associated with a central government was established
with normal duties including the right to declare war, engage in
treaties and coin money, there lacked an executive branch to
enforce decisions. Congress was state directed, with each state
having a single vote. Nine out of thirteen states had to agree if
anything were to be passed.
13. ELITE PREFERENCES:
INSPIRATION FOR A NEW CONSTITUTION
• Protection Of Bankers And Creditors
• State-Issued Paper Money Permitted Debtors To Pay
Off Creditors With Money Worth Less Than They
Originally Owned
• Opening Western Land To Speculation
• Need A Strong Central Government
• With Enough Military Power To Oust The British
From The Northwest
• To Protect Settlers Against Indian Attacks
• The Protection And Settlement
• Cause Land Values To Increase
• Make Land Speculators Rich
14. ELITE PREFERENCES:
INSPIRATION FOR A NEW CONSTITUTION
Protection Of Shipping And Manufacturing
Strong Navy Important To American Commercial
Interests
Tariff Barriers Not Adequate Against Foreign Goods
Ensuring The Return Of Runaway Slaves
Protection Of Human “Property” Sought
In 1787, Slavery Was Lawful Everywhere Except In
Massachusetts
Nation’s Founders Prepared To Protect Slavery
Southern Economy Highly Dependent On Slaves
Exercising Powers In World Affairs
Confederation Held In Contempt By Britain And
Barbary States
Elite Wanted To Assume Role In The International
Community And Exercise Power In World Affairs
15. FORMATION OF A NATIONAL ELITE
• An Annapolis Convention
• Report That Outlined Defects In The Articles Of
Confederation
• Called Upon States To Send Delegates To New
Convention To Suggest Remedies
• George Washington’s Prestige
• 55 Men Chose George Washington In The
Summer Of 1787
• Stood At The Apex Of American Elite Structure
16. FORMATION OF A NATIONAL ELITE
• Founders’ Governing Experience—Wealthy
Individuals
• Wealth Assumed A Variety Of Forms:
• Land, Ships, Business Inventories, Slaves,
• Credit, Bonds, Paper Money
• Founders’ “ Continental” View
• Cosmopolitanism Distinguished The Men Of
Philadelphia From The Masses
• “Continental” Point Of View For Political,
Economic, & Military Issues
• Members Of The Elite Extended Their Loyalties
Beyond Their States
17. ELITE CONSENSUS IN 1787
• Goal Of Government Is To Protect Liberty And
Property
• Origin Of Government Is Implied Contract Among
People
• Elites Believed In
• A Republican Government
• Limited Government Could Not Threaten Liberty
Or Property
• A Strong National Government Could
• “Establish Justice,
• Insure Domestic Tranquility,
• Provide For The Common Defense,
• Promote The General Welfare, And
• Secure The Blessings Of Liberty”
18. AN ELITE IN OPERATION:
CONCILIATION AND COMPROMISE
• Representation Compromise
• Addressed Representation In The National Legislature
• Slavery Compromise –The Three-fifths Compromise
• For Tax And Representation Purposes: Slaves Counted
As Three-fifths of A Person
• Export Tax Compromise –Between Planters And Merchants
• Articles Exported From Any State Should Not Bear Tax
Or Duty
• Imports Could Only Be Taxed By The National
Government
• Voter Qualification Compromise
• Concerned Qualifications For Voting And Holding Office
• Electors In States Should Qualify For Electors Of The
Most Numerous Branch Of The State Legislatures
• Women Could Not Participate In Government
19. THE CONSTITUTION AS ELITIST DOCUMENT
• Elites Benefited More Directly And Immediately Than
Did Nonelites
• Levying Taxes
• Congress Given Power To Tariff
• Regulating Commerce –The Interstate Commerce
Clause & The Provision In Article I, Section 9
• Created Free Trade Area Over The Thirteen
States
• The Arrangement Was Beneficial For American
Merchants.
• Protecting Money And Property
• Congress Gains Control Over Currency And
Credit
20. THE CONSTITUTION AS ELITIST DOCUMENT
• Creating The Military –Two Purposes
• Army and Navy Promote Commercial and
Territorial Ambitions
• Protection From Invasion
• Protecting Against Revolution
• Protect The Government From Revolution By
Providing Military
• Protect Slaveholders From Slave Revolt
• Protecting Slavery
• Congress Outlawed The Import Of Slaves After
1808
• Protect Existing Property And Slaves
21. THE CONSTITUTION AS ELITIST DOCUMENT
• Limiting States In Business Affairs
• Prevents States “Impairing The Obligation Of
Contracts”
• Limiting States In Monetary Affairs
• Provided Protection To Elite
• States Could Not
• Coin Money
• Issue Paper Money
• Make Money Other Than Gold Or Silver Coin
Legal Tender In Payment Of Debt
22. ELITISM AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
• Structure Reflects Desire To Protect Liberty And
Property
• Elite Control Government and Policy Decisions
• National Supremacy – Congressional Control Of
Decisions
• Republicanism – Representative Government
• Separated Powers In The National Government
• Bulwark Against Majoritarianism
• Additional Safeguard For Elite Liberty & Property
• Divides Responsibilities
• Difficult To Hold Government Accountable For
Public Policy
23. RATIFICATION: AN EXERCISE IN ELITE
POLITICAL SKILLS
• Ratification Rules Designed To Give Clear Advantage
To Supporters Of Constitution
• Special Ratifying Conventions Called
• Extraordinary Ratification Procedure
• Minority Of Population Participated In Ratifying The
Constitution
• Emergence Of Anti-federalist Opposition
• Feared A Strong Federal Government’s Control
• Confidence In Ability To Control State Government
• The Bill Of Rights An An Afterthought
• Most Effective Criticism Centered On The Absence
Of Bill Of Rights
24. AMERICAN PERSONA (1)
America has enjoyed a comparable advantage in terms of its
continental location. It has been insulated from major powers
by the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and bordered between two
friendly neighbors, Canada and Mexico, who are heavily
dependent on the well-being of its neighbor. Over the course
of the early federalist period of the U.S., realism remained the
prevalent form of political thinking among American
statesmen. The basic underpinnings of the early nation
sensed the apparent dangers of the great European powers
reigning at the time, including an outright acceptance over the
fact that the young republic was in constant danger of attack,
never to escape the crosshairs of foreign politics.
25. AMERICAN PERSONA (2)
Over the course of the early federalist period of the U.S.,
realism remained the prevalent form of political thinking among
American statesmen. The basic underpinnings of the early
nation sensed the apparent dangers of the great European
powers reigning at the time, including an outright acceptance
over the fact that the young republic was in constant danger of
attack, never to escape the crosshairs of foreign politics.
America’s leaders from past to present have maintained a
cosmopolitan belief system. This entails viewing the power
position of the United States from the eyes of foreign powers.
public policy makers for the most part maintain a cosmopolitan
belief system.
26. AMERICAN PERSONA (3)
Embedded within the American persona is a belief that the
U.S. was not solely an experiment in republican government,
but a nation blessed with superior principles and institutions,
which in time would be adopted throughout the world.
American policy makers have maintained an idealist ideology
in order to formulate foreign, as well as domestic policy,
though its foreign policy is based inherently on realist dogma.
U.S. foreign policy is thus utilized as an avenue in which to
promote American ideals, combining practical capacity for
realizing the evils of man, yet continuing to remain devoted to
the idealistic notions of the American success story.
27. AMERICAN PERSONA (4)
America’s political wisdom grew rapidly following its inception as an
independent nation. The country never lost sight of its political
insight, historic perspective and the common sense approach of the
American spirit in relation to its standing among other nations.
Maintaining a quest for simplistic solutions in disregard of
concurrent external forces is a trait of the American persona.
Relations among neighbors in the international system are focused
on an unbridled philanthropy through apparent selfish inward
improvement, as a training method for world improvement.
Accordingly, it is idealism that promotes unbounded philosophical
philanthropy as a selfish desire of American policy. In more extreme
terms, idealism promotes the notion that the U.S., through its
coaching of nation states, serves as the premiere example that if
followed, will produce unbridled prosperity for all.
28. TRANSPARENCY (1)
America has grown from the days of a colony to major power,
superpower, and hegemon, to its present empire status.
American power is felt throughout the international community.
Playing poker requires one to adopt what is commonly known
as a “poker face”. Players will hide their true emotions, even
faking their true intentions to catch other players off guard.
Some have even taken to wearing sunglasses. The exact
opposite tactic that the United States has adopted is
“Transparency”. This involves disclosing all routes the nation-
state will undertake with regards to all forms of public policy
pertaining to its political, economic and military strategies.
29. TRANSPARENCY (2)
Alexander Hamilton initiated this
policy as the chief financial
philosopher of the United States
even if he did not coin the term.
Hamilton is regarded as the chief
architect of our economic policy,
which in turn was developed in
order to win the confidence of
domestic US business and
financial elites as well as gaining
the confidence of international
business.
30. TRANSPARENCY EXAMPLE #1
America possesses the most
technologically advanced
military hardware. This video
demonstrates one of the first
deployable force fields for
light armored vehicles
(LAVs). Welcome to the 21st
Century.
31. TRANSPARENCY EXAMPLE #2
America is not the only
nation that utilizes
Transparency. This video
shows the Israeli Defense
Force demonstrating a new
type of gun that can shoot
around corners. A brief
interview with the inventor
of this amazing weapon
follows the demonstration.
32. TRANSPARENCY EXAMPLE (3)
Some forms of transparency are
both political and military in
nature. The military sponsored
the development of the Massive
Ordinance Aerial Burst (MOAB). It
is commonly referred to as “The
Mother Of All Bombs”. It is the
largest conventional bomb in our
arsenal. There is a psychological
component to this bomb. A
mushroom cloud forms following
successful detonation. It looks
somewhat like a nuclear device
being detonated.
33. TRANSPARENCY EXAMPLE (4)
Javelin is a fire-and-forget
missile with lock-on before
launch and automatic self-
guidance. The system takes a
top-attack flight profile against
armored vehicles (attacking the
top armor which is generally
thinner) but can also take a
direct-attack mode for use
against buildings or fortifications.
This missile also has the ability
to engage helicopters. Javelin is
supplied by Raytheon/Lockheed
Martin's JAVELIN Joint Venture.