This document provides an overview of environmental pollution across various media, including air, water, and land. It discusses key air pollutants like criteria air pollutants and their trends over time. It also summarizes water pollution sources from both point sources like sewage plants and non-point sources like agricultural and urban runoff. Additionally, the document outlines the US EPA Toxics Release Inventory and trends in industrial and municipal solid waste generation.
This document provides an overview of environmental pollution issues related to air, water, and land in the United States. It discusses key air pollutants like ozone, particulate matter, and their health impacts. Trend data shows improvements in air quality since 1970 due to emissions reductions. Water pollution sources include industrial discharges, agricultural and urban runoff. The Toxics Release Inventory tracks toxic chemical releases reported by industries. Additional resources for further information are also provided.
This document provides an overview of environmental pollution issues related to air, water, and land in the United States. It discusses key air pollutants like ozone, particulate matter, and their health impacts. Trend data shows improvements in air quality but many still live in nonattainment areas. Water pollution sources include point sources like wastewater and nonpoint sources like agricultural and urban runoff. The Toxics Release Inventory tracks industrial chemical releases and transfers. Additional resources for further information are provided.
This document covers various topics relating to environmental sustainability including air pollution, water pollution, toxic release inventory, and solid waste. It provides data on national emissions of air pollutants from 1970-1999 and trends over time. It also discusses sources of point source and nonpoint source water pollution, and pollutants impairing water quality. Statistics are given on toxic chemicals reported through the Toxics Release Inventory and amounts released on-site, transferred off-site, and in total waste. The document concludes with additional resources on these topics from the EPA website.
The document summarizes the key findings of the fourth assessment of the state of the pan-European environment conducted by the European Environment Agency. It discusses environmental challenges in areas like air quality, water, climate change, biodiversity, marine and coastal environments, sustainable consumption and production, and sectoral drivers of change. The assessment covers 53 countries in Europe and presents the current environmental state and trends since the previous assessment in Kiev in 2003. It also provides options for future action to address ongoing problems.
This document discusses improving integrated solid waste management in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam to support climate change mitigation. It notes that HCMC produces 7,500 tons of solid waste daily, of which only 6,200 tons are collected. The proposed program includes separating waste at source, increasing recycling through composting, and improving landfill gas capture. This would reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the waste sector and support sustainable development through increased community involvement in waste sorting and recycling.
Study of the impact of Oum Azza landfill leachates on the environment of Raba...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The problem of solid household waste has arisen with great sharpness in recent decades. In particular, the management of leachates and the neutralization of their environmental impacts. The need for Morocco to meet the environmental challenge and put itself in logic of sustainable development has led to an awareness of this issue and the promulgation of the new law 28-00 on waste management and their elimination.
The objective of this research work is the characterization of the organic and mineral load of leachate from the Oum Azza landfill and the evaluation of its environmental impacts on the city of Rabat. For this a campaign of 24 samples was undertaken in 2011.
The physicochemical characterization of leachates has revealed that these liquid discharges are:
• Very high in organic matter with mean MES = 470mg / L; Average BOD5 = 5522 mg of O2 / L and COD = 12626 mg / L;
• Very charged in mineral matter expressed in terms of electrical Conductivity (mean = 33969 μs / cm);
• Have an average temperature of 24.5 ° C and a pH of 8;
• A chloride concentration of 4289 mg / L;
• Average sodium levels in the order of 3049 mg / L;
• Average total nitrogen levels of 4090 mg / L and ammonia in the order of 3207 mg / L;
• Average level of phosphates of the order of 35 mg / L;
• Average sulphates levels of 35 mg / L.
The Rabat landfill represents a real nuisance for health and the environment because of the toxic characteristics of pollutants and bad odors. It is therefore essential to treat these liquid discharges and install a WWTP to mitigate the environmental impact of leachate.
Keywords— Oum Azza discharge, leachates, physicochemistry, Pollution, Impacts, Odors, Rabat, Morocco
The document summarizes a presentation given at the 2008 Eco City World Summit about using geospatial information systems to analyze pollution abatement efforts in southern Mississippi. It outlines the objectives, background, methodology, study area, environmental analysis findings, and conclusions. Key points included analyzing pollution sources and impacts, identifying remediation opportunities, and designing a geospatial method to assess pollutant extent and locations.
This document provides an overview of environmental pollution issues related to air, water, and land in the United States. It discusses key air pollutants like ozone, particulate matter, and their health impacts. Trend data shows improvements in air quality since 1970 due to emissions reductions. Water pollution sources include industrial discharges, agricultural and urban runoff. The Toxics Release Inventory tracks toxic chemical releases reported by industries. Additional resources for further information are also provided.
This document provides an overview of environmental pollution issues related to air, water, and land in the United States. It discusses key air pollutants like ozone, particulate matter, and their health impacts. Trend data shows improvements in air quality but many still live in nonattainment areas. Water pollution sources include point sources like wastewater and nonpoint sources like agricultural and urban runoff. The Toxics Release Inventory tracks industrial chemical releases and transfers. Additional resources for further information are provided.
This document covers various topics relating to environmental sustainability including air pollution, water pollution, toxic release inventory, and solid waste. It provides data on national emissions of air pollutants from 1970-1999 and trends over time. It also discusses sources of point source and nonpoint source water pollution, and pollutants impairing water quality. Statistics are given on toxic chemicals reported through the Toxics Release Inventory and amounts released on-site, transferred off-site, and in total waste. The document concludes with additional resources on these topics from the EPA website.
The document summarizes the key findings of the fourth assessment of the state of the pan-European environment conducted by the European Environment Agency. It discusses environmental challenges in areas like air quality, water, climate change, biodiversity, marine and coastal environments, sustainable consumption and production, and sectoral drivers of change. The assessment covers 53 countries in Europe and presents the current environmental state and trends since the previous assessment in Kiev in 2003. It also provides options for future action to address ongoing problems.
This document discusses improving integrated solid waste management in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam to support climate change mitigation. It notes that HCMC produces 7,500 tons of solid waste daily, of which only 6,200 tons are collected. The proposed program includes separating waste at source, increasing recycling through composting, and improving landfill gas capture. This would reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the waste sector and support sustainable development through increased community involvement in waste sorting and recycling.
Study of the impact of Oum Azza landfill leachates on the environment of Raba...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The problem of solid household waste has arisen with great sharpness in recent decades. In particular, the management of leachates and the neutralization of their environmental impacts. The need for Morocco to meet the environmental challenge and put itself in logic of sustainable development has led to an awareness of this issue and the promulgation of the new law 28-00 on waste management and their elimination.
The objective of this research work is the characterization of the organic and mineral load of leachate from the Oum Azza landfill and the evaluation of its environmental impacts on the city of Rabat. For this a campaign of 24 samples was undertaken in 2011.
The physicochemical characterization of leachates has revealed that these liquid discharges are:
• Very high in organic matter with mean MES = 470mg / L; Average BOD5 = 5522 mg of O2 / L and COD = 12626 mg / L;
• Very charged in mineral matter expressed in terms of electrical Conductivity (mean = 33969 μs / cm);
• Have an average temperature of 24.5 ° C and a pH of 8;
• A chloride concentration of 4289 mg / L;
• Average sodium levels in the order of 3049 mg / L;
• Average total nitrogen levels of 4090 mg / L and ammonia in the order of 3207 mg / L;
• Average level of phosphates of the order of 35 mg / L;
• Average sulphates levels of 35 mg / L.
The Rabat landfill represents a real nuisance for health and the environment because of the toxic characteristics of pollutants and bad odors. It is therefore essential to treat these liquid discharges and install a WWTP to mitigate the environmental impact of leachate.
Keywords— Oum Azza discharge, leachates, physicochemistry, Pollution, Impacts, Odors, Rabat, Morocco
The document summarizes a presentation given at the 2008 Eco City World Summit about using geospatial information systems to analyze pollution abatement efforts in southern Mississippi. It outlines the objectives, background, methodology, study area, environmental analysis findings, and conclusions. Key points included analyzing pollution sources and impacts, identifying remediation opportunities, and designing a geospatial method to assess pollutant extent and locations.
River basin management plans and results of public consultation in LithuaniaPomcert
The document summarizes river basin management plans and public consultation efforts in Lithuania. It discusses the 4 river basin districts and classification of water bodies. Many water bodies are at risk due to pollution from agriculture, wastewater, and hydromorphological alterations. Measures were developed to address these issues and public consultation included seminars, information campaigns, and making preliminary plans available online. However, public interest remains low due to lack of responsibility felt by the public, technical language used, and lack of participation culture. Continued consultation is needed to improve participation and awareness.
The challenges of overcoming boundaries in managing the Danube River Basin.
The Danube River Basin covers 800,000 km2 across 19 countries, making international cooperation critical. The Danube River Protection Convention established the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River to coordinate management. Two key plans were developed to address water quality, flooding, and sustainable development. Monitoring data showed progress reducing pollution and restoring habitats, though continued efforts are needed. Success relies on cooperation across levels of government and engagement with stakeholders.
Ambient air pollution levels in many Eastern Mediterranean countries exceed WHO guidelines. Air pollution is estimated to cause 400,000 annual deaths in the region, with particulate matter being the main pollutant of concern. Indoor air pollution from solid fuel use also causes around 200,000 annual deaths. Key sources of air pollution include transportation, power generation, industry, and household fuel burning. Addressing air pollution requires improved monitoring, research on health impacts, raising public awareness, and multi-sectoral cooperation between health and other sectors. WHO plans to work with countries in the region to develop a tailored action plan to reduce air pollution and its health effects.
Environmental impacts of coronavirus crisis, challenges aheadAnup Bajracharya
The document summarizes the environmental impacts of the coronavirus crisis and lockdowns. It notes that air pollution decreased in many cities around the world as emissions from vehicles and industry declined. Studies found significant reductions in particulate matter levels. However, issues with improper disposal of pandemic waste including used masks and gloves emerged, and threats to ecosystems increased as environmental protection workers were unable to monitor protected areas. Overall, lockdowns provided evidence that air quality can improve with reduced activity, but long-term change requires ongoing efforts.
Huaihe river water system:covers 189 thousand square kilometers, which account for 70 percent of the Huaihe River basin. The main
-streem is 1000 kilometers long.
This document discusses various types of pollution including air, water, noise, land, radioactive and light pollution. It defines each type of pollution, identifies their causes and effects, and provides some methods to control and prevent pollution. The key types of pollution covered are air (from industries, vehicles, etc.), water (from municipal, industrial and agricultural waste), noise (from transportation, construction), land (from waste dumping, mining, deforestation) and radioactive pollution (from nuclear power/waste). Global warming and the greenhouse effect are also briefly discussed.
The document discusses different types of pollution including air, water, land, noise, radioactive, and thermal pollution. It provides details on the main sources and causes of air, water, and land pollution. For air pollution, major sources listed are motor vehicles, industry, agriculture, and fires. Water pollution sources include petroleum products, chemicals, metals, waste and excess organic matter. Land pollution results from solid waste accumulation, non-biodegradable materials, chemical contamination and imbalance, and is exacerbated by mining, industry, sewage and construction.
A small project on pollution . This might be helpful for u . In this one u may be able to know what is pollution, about its types , effects of pollution on humans ; environment ; global warming etc . so i think this project may help u all ......
This Project is on environmental studies which topic is Pollution.
In this Project includes Air, Water, Noise, and Soil Pollution. This Project is also shows some creativity work on Project.
Urban areas face many environmental problems due to high population density and lack of proper urban planning. Some of the key issues discussed are the development of slums due to migration of rural populations, improper management of solid waste leading to pollution, overexploitation of natural resources, lack of open spaces, and various types of pollution including air, noise, water pollution. Other problems discussed are violation of urban planning rules, water logging and drainage issues, high traffic problems, and increased temperatures due to urban heat island effect. The document uses Mumbai as a case study to highlight specific environmental issues affecting the city like shrinking mangroves, toxic air, pollution of lakes like Powai Lake, deaths of sea creatures, opposition to urban development plans,
This document discusses various types and sources of environmental pollution. It defines pollution as the introduction of substances or energy into the environment by human activity that has harmful effects. The major forms of pollution are described as air, water, soil, radioactive contamination, noise, light, and thermal pollution. Key sources of air pollution include emissions from vehicles, industries, and biomass burning. Water pollution arises from sewage, industrial effluents, and agricultural runoff. Soil contamination is caused by acid rain, excessive fertilizer use, and waste dumping. The impacts of different types of pollution and case studies of polluted areas are also presented.
The document discusses environmental pollution. It defines environmental pollution as the presence of harmful agents or substances in the environment that can negatively impact human health, wildlife, or property. It identifies three main types of environmental pollution: water contamination, soil contamination, and air pollution. Various causes of pollution are outlined, including domestic and industrial waste, excessive fertilizers and chemicals, tree cutting, burning, trash, and vehicle emissions. The document concludes with recommendations for preventing further environmental pollution, such as proper waste disposal, limiting fertilizer and pesticide use, controlling industries' discharges, and increasing environmental awareness.
Phyto cover for Sanitary Landfill Sites: A brief reviewIJERA Editor
Landfill gases (LFG) are produced due to biodegradation of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) when water comes in contact with buried wastes. The conventional clay cover is still practiced to mitigate the percolation of water in landfills in India. Gas extraction systems in landfill for gas collection are used but are much expensive. Thus, “Phytocapping” technique can be one of the alternatives to mitigate landfill gases and to minimize percolation of water into the landfill. Indian plants with locally available soil and municipal solid waste can be tested for the purpose of methane mitigation, heavy metals remediation from leachate. Methane oxidation due to vegetation can be observed compared to non-vegetated landfill. Root zone methane concentrations can be monitored for the plant species
The document discusses an environmental impact assessment of the 2016 Simhastha festival in Ujjain, India. It analyzes the city's current solid waste management system and sewage infrastructure, and assesses water quality. The objectives are to effectively manage increased waste from visitors, study environmental effects, propose waste processing methods, and suggest technologies to minimize risks. Analysis found high turbidity and biochemical oxygen demand in water samples, indicating pollution. The city generates over 50 million liters of sewage daily but infrastructure is insufficient. Solid waste management needs improvement as most waste currently ends up uncollected.
Pollution is an undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of
air, water and soil that may harmfully affect the life or create potential health hazard of any
living organism. Pollution is thus direct or indirect change in any component of the biosphere
that is harmful to the living components and in particular undesirable for man, affecting
adversely the industrial progress, cultural and natural assets or general environment of living
society .
Phyto cover for Sanitary Landfill Sites: A brief reviewIJERA Editor
Landfill gases (LFG) are produced due to biodegradation of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) when water comes in contact with buried wastes. The conventional clay cover is still practiced to mitigate the percolation of water in landfills in India. Gas extraction systems in landfill for gas collection are used but are much expensive. Thus, “Phytocapping” technique can be one of the alternatives to mitigate landfill gases and to minimize percolation of water into the landfill. Indian plants with locally available soil and municipal solid waste can be tested for the purpose of methane mitigation, heavy metals remediation from leachate. Methane oxidation due to vegetation can be observed compared to non-vegetated landfill. Root zone methane concentrations can be monitored for the plant species
Environmental pollution and solutions in Bangladesh.Ankan Saha
The document discusses different types of pollution that affect the Paltan area, including noise, visual, and air pollution. It provides details on the sources and effects of each type of pollution. Potential solutions are outlined such as reducing construction work, enforcing anti-pollution laws, managing garbage properly, limiting billboards and debris, completing infrastructure projects quickly, educating the public, and requiring vehicles to have emissions control devices. The overall document examines the various forms of pollution impacting the local environment and community and suggests actions that can be taken to reduce pollution in the Paltan area.
Environmental law aims to protect the environment and regulate businesses that impact the environment. It deals with environmental problems and seeks a balance between human and natural needs. Key laws include the Environmental Protection Act, Forest Act, Merchant Shipping Act, Air Act and others. These establish statutory controls and are passed by legislators. Environmental impact assessments must be conducted for certain projects under regulations like the Town and Country Planning Act.
1) The document discusses Ms. Jagmohini's training program from August 12 to September 7, 2002. The training covered defining mountains and lakes, the five highest mountains by region, and the five largest fresh water lakes. It also covered trigonometry.
2) The document then provides information on mountains, including their definition and how elevation is measured. It also discusses the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India.
3) Further information is given on some specific mountains - Mount Everest, K2, and Annapurna. Details on the Himalayan Range and Karakorum Range are also included.
SoMe Porin yliopistokeskuksessa 26.2.2013Mira Metsälä
Lyhyt info-koulutus Porin yliopistokeskuksen henkilökunnalle; miten viestiä yliopistokeskuksen sosiaalisen median kanavilla ja millaisia erityispiirteitä eri palveluilla on.
River basin management plans and results of public consultation in LithuaniaPomcert
The document summarizes river basin management plans and public consultation efforts in Lithuania. It discusses the 4 river basin districts and classification of water bodies. Many water bodies are at risk due to pollution from agriculture, wastewater, and hydromorphological alterations. Measures were developed to address these issues and public consultation included seminars, information campaigns, and making preliminary plans available online. However, public interest remains low due to lack of responsibility felt by the public, technical language used, and lack of participation culture. Continued consultation is needed to improve participation and awareness.
The challenges of overcoming boundaries in managing the Danube River Basin.
The Danube River Basin covers 800,000 km2 across 19 countries, making international cooperation critical. The Danube River Protection Convention established the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River to coordinate management. Two key plans were developed to address water quality, flooding, and sustainable development. Monitoring data showed progress reducing pollution and restoring habitats, though continued efforts are needed. Success relies on cooperation across levels of government and engagement with stakeholders.
Ambient air pollution levels in many Eastern Mediterranean countries exceed WHO guidelines. Air pollution is estimated to cause 400,000 annual deaths in the region, with particulate matter being the main pollutant of concern. Indoor air pollution from solid fuel use also causes around 200,000 annual deaths. Key sources of air pollution include transportation, power generation, industry, and household fuel burning. Addressing air pollution requires improved monitoring, research on health impacts, raising public awareness, and multi-sectoral cooperation between health and other sectors. WHO plans to work with countries in the region to develop a tailored action plan to reduce air pollution and its health effects.
Environmental impacts of coronavirus crisis, challenges aheadAnup Bajracharya
The document summarizes the environmental impacts of the coronavirus crisis and lockdowns. It notes that air pollution decreased in many cities around the world as emissions from vehicles and industry declined. Studies found significant reductions in particulate matter levels. However, issues with improper disposal of pandemic waste including used masks and gloves emerged, and threats to ecosystems increased as environmental protection workers were unable to monitor protected areas. Overall, lockdowns provided evidence that air quality can improve with reduced activity, but long-term change requires ongoing efforts.
Huaihe river water system:covers 189 thousand square kilometers, which account for 70 percent of the Huaihe River basin. The main
-streem is 1000 kilometers long.
This document discusses various types of pollution including air, water, noise, land, radioactive and light pollution. It defines each type of pollution, identifies their causes and effects, and provides some methods to control and prevent pollution. The key types of pollution covered are air (from industries, vehicles, etc.), water (from municipal, industrial and agricultural waste), noise (from transportation, construction), land (from waste dumping, mining, deforestation) and radioactive pollution (from nuclear power/waste). Global warming and the greenhouse effect are also briefly discussed.
The document discusses different types of pollution including air, water, land, noise, radioactive, and thermal pollution. It provides details on the main sources and causes of air, water, and land pollution. For air pollution, major sources listed are motor vehicles, industry, agriculture, and fires. Water pollution sources include petroleum products, chemicals, metals, waste and excess organic matter. Land pollution results from solid waste accumulation, non-biodegradable materials, chemical contamination and imbalance, and is exacerbated by mining, industry, sewage and construction.
A small project on pollution . This might be helpful for u . In this one u may be able to know what is pollution, about its types , effects of pollution on humans ; environment ; global warming etc . so i think this project may help u all ......
This Project is on environmental studies which topic is Pollution.
In this Project includes Air, Water, Noise, and Soil Pollution. This Project is also shows some creativity work on Project.
Urban areas face many environmental problems due to high population density and lack of proper urban planning. Some of the key issues discussed are the development of slums due to migration of rural populations, improper management of solid waste leading to pollution, overexploitation of natural resources, lack of open spaces, and various types of pollution including air, noise, water pollution. Other problems discussed are violation of urban planning rules, water logging and drainage issues, high traffic problems, and increased temperatures due to urban heat island effect. The document uses Mumbai as a case study to highlight specific environmental issues affecting the city like shrinking mangroves, toxic air, pollution of lakes like Powai Lake, deaths of sea creatures, opposition to urban development plans,
This document discusses various types and sources of environmental pollution. It defines pollution as the introduction of substances or energy into the environment by human activity that has harmful effects. The major forms of pollution are described as air, water, soil, radioactive contamination, noise, light, and thermal pollution. Key sources of air pollution include emissions from vehicles, industries, and biomass burning. Water pollution arises from sewage, industrial effluents, and agricultural runoff. Soil contamination is caused by acid rain, excessive fertilizer use, and waste dumping. The impacts of different types of pollution and case studies of polluted areas are also presented.
The document discusses environmental pollution. It defines environmental pollution as the presence of harmful agents or substances in the environment that can negatively impact human health, wildlife, or property. It identifies three main types of environmental pollution: water contamination, soil contamination, and air pollution. Various causes of pollution are outlined, including domestic and industrial waste, excessive fertilizers and chemicals, tree cutting, burning, trash, and vehicle emissions. The document concludes with recommendations for preventing further environmental pollution, such as proper waste disposal, limiting fertilizer and pesticide use, controlling industries' discharges, and increasing environmental awareness.
Phyto cover for Sanitary Landfill Sites: A brief reviewIJERA Editor
Landfill gases (LFG) are produced due to biodegradation of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) when water comes in contact with buried wastes. The conventional clay cover is still practiced to mitigate the percolation of water in landfills in India. Gas extraction systems in landfill for gas collection are used but are much expensive. Thus, “Phytocapping” technique can be one of the alternatives to mitigate landfill gases and to minimize percolation of water into the landfill. Indian plants with locally available soil and municipal solid waste can be tested for the purpose of methane mitigation, heavy metals remediation from leachate. Methane oxidation due to vegetation can be observed compared to non-vegetated landfill. Root zone methane concentrations can be monitored for the plant species
The document discusses an environmental impact assessment of the 2016 Simhastha festival in Ujjain, India. It analyzes the city's current solid waste management system and sewage infrastructure, and assesses water quality. The objectives are to effectively manage increased waste from visitors, study environmental effects, propose waste processing methods, and suggest technologies to minimize risks. Analysis found high turbidity and biochemical oxygen demand in water samples, indicating pollution. The city generates over 50 million liters of sewage daily but infrastructure is insufficient. Solid waste management needs improvement as most waste currently ends up uncollected.
Pollution is an undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of
air, water and soil that may harmfully affect the life or create potential health hazard of any
living organism. Pollution is thus direct or indirect change in any component of the biosphere
that is harmful to the living components and in particular undesirable for man, affecting
adversely the industrial progress, cultural and natural assets or general environment of living
society .
Phyto cover for Sanitary Landfill Sites: A brief reviewIJERA Editor
Landfill gases (LFG) are produced due to biodegradation of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) when water comes in contact with buried wastes. The conventional clay cover is still practiced to mitigate the percolation of water in landfills in India. Gas extraction systems in landfill for gas collection are used but are much expensive. Thus, “Phytocapping” technique can be one of the alternatives to mitigate landfill gases and to minimize percolation of water into the landfill. Indian plants with locally available soil and municipal solid waste can be tested for the purpose of methane mitigation, heavy metals remediation from leachate. Methane oxidation due to vegetation can be observed compared to non-vegetated landfill. Root zone methane concentrations can be monitored for the plant species
Environmental pollution and solutions in Bangladesh.Ankan Saha
The document discusses different types of pollution that affect the Paltan area, including noise, visual, and air pollution. It provides details on the sources and effects of each type of pollution. Potential solutions are outlined such as reducing construction work, enforcing anti-pollution laws, managing garbage properly, limiting billboards and debris, completing infrastructure projects quickly, educating the public, and requiring vehicles to have emissions control devices. The overall document examines the various forms of pollution impacting the local environment and community and suggests actions that can be taken to reduce pollution in the Paltan area.
Environmental law aims to protect the environment and regulate businesses that impact the environment. It deals with environmental problems and seeks a balance between human and natural needs. Key laws include the Environmental Protection Act, Forest Act, Merchant Shipping Act, Air Act and others. These establish statutory controls and are passed by legislators. Environmental impact assessments must be conducted for certain projects under regulations like the Town and Country Planning Act.
1) The document discusses Ms. Jagmohini's training program from August 12 to September 7, 2002. The training covered defining mountains and lakes, the five highest mountains by region, and the five largest fresh water lakes. It also covered trigonometry.
2) The document then provides information on mountains, including their definition and how elevation is measured. It also discusses the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India.
3) Further information is given on some specific mountains - Mount Everest, K2, and Annapurna. Details on the Himalayan Range and Karakorum Range are also included.
SoMe Porin yliopistokeskuksessa 26.2.2013Mira Metsälä
Lyhyt info-koulutus Porin yliopistokeskuksen henkilökunnalle; miten viestiä yliopistokeskuksen sosiaalisen median kanavilla ja millaisia erityispiirteitä eri palveluilla on.
I’m Ahmed Abdel Rahman, aka Ahmed Barkhia, and my personal aim is to help people understanding how to be confident with their virtual identity. In this workshop I’ll show you why is important to have and setup correctly your LinkedIn account.
This document does not contain any meaningful information to summarize. It consists of random letters and symbols with no context or identifiable topics, people, places, events or other elements that could be coherently summarized.
Asthma is a chronic disease that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, resulting in wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing, especially at night or in the morning. An asthma attack occurs when the bronchial tubes swell and close, preventing enough air from reaching the body. Most asthma cases are hereditary and caused by genes, though exposure to tobacco smoke or a low-income environment can also increase children's risk. Asthma affects 300 million people worldwide and causes 255,000 deaths each year.
The document provides an overview of environmental pollution across different media (air, water, land) in the United States. It discusses key air pollutants like criteria air pollutants and their trends over time. It also summarizes water pollution sources from point and nonpoint discharges, as well as trends in water quality. The document further outlines the US EPA Toxics Release Inventory and reporting requirements, and touches on industrial and municipal solid waste generation and management.
The document provides an overview of environmental pollution across various media such as air, water, and land. It discusses key topics like criteria air pollutants, trends in national emissions, water pollution sources from point and nonpoint discharge, assessments of water quality, the toxic release inventory for reporting industrial chemicals, and classifications of industrial and municipal solid waste. Additional EPA resources are also referenced for further information.
The document provides an overview of environmental pollution across different media (air, water, land) in the United States. It discusses the main air pollutants and trends in national emissions of criteria air pollutants from 1970 to 1999. It also summarizes water pollution sources, pollutants impairing water quality, and toxic release inventory data reporting. Finally, it briefly outlines industrial waste generation and the definition of municipal solid waste.
The document provides an overview of environmental pollution across various media such as air, water, and land. It discusses key topics like criteria air pollutants, trends in national emissions, water pollution sources from point and nonpoint discharge, assessments of water quality, the toxic release inventory for reporting industrial chemicals, and classifications of industrial and municipal solid waste. Additional EPA resources are also referenced for further information.
This document provides an overview of various types of air, water, and solid waste pollution. It discusses the key criteria air pollutants regulated by the EPA and trends in emissions reductions. It also examines water pollution sources like agricultural and urban runoff. The document outlines the US EPA Toxics Release Inventory program and reports data on industrial toxic chemical releases and transfers. Finally, it briefly discusses industrial waste and municipal solid waste generation.
This document discusses sustainable development and the environment. It defines sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." It also defines key environmental terms like "environment" and "environmental aspect." The document notes that an environmental management system is part of an organization's management system used to manage environmental aspects, natural resources, compliance obligations, and risks/opportunities. It emphasizes the importance of following procedures to prevent pollution, waste of resources, noncompliance, and leaving a degraded environment for future generations.
Fracking by the numbers: key impact of dirty drilling at the state and nati...Dr Lendy Spires
Fracking poses significant threats to the environment and public health according to this report. It produces enormous volumes of toxic wastewater containing cancer-causing and radioactive materials, uses huge quantities of water, releases thousands of tons of air pollutants, and produces substantial greenhouse gas emissions. Fracking infrastructure has damaged over 360,000 acres of land across the United States. The report argues that given the scale and severity of these impacts, states should prohibit fracking to protect the environment and public health.
Fracking by the numbers key impact of dirty drilling at the state and natio...Dr Lendy Spires
Fracking poses significant threats to the environment and public health according to this report. It produces enormous volumes of toxic wastewater containing cancer-causing and radioactive materials, uses huge quantities of water, and releases large amounts of air and global warming pollution. The infrastructure of fracking also damages land by industrializing rural areas and forests. With over 80,000 wells drilled since 2005 across 17 states, the cumulative impacts of fracking on water, air, land, and public health have grown to alarming levels according to the analysis in this report.
Rapid urbanization in poorer parts of the world can cause significant environmental problems related to air and water pollution if not properly managed. As cities expand rapidly, large amounts of air pollution and waste are produced which can end up in rivers, harming water quality. This can involve building sewage treatment plants, passing laws to control factory wastewater discharge, and limiting pollution levels. However, population growth sometimes outpaces these efforts, and water quality deteriorates. Air pollution from industry and traffic also increases health and environmental risks if emissions are not regulated and alternative energy sources adopted. Effective management strategies are needed to monitor pollution levels and reduce them through technology, fuel switching, and transportation policies.
2013 TRI National Analysis_Public_Webinar_BriefingSWitkin
Total production-related waste and disposal or other releases in the US increased from 2012-2013 according to a TRI National Analysis. Total waste managed increased 4% to 25.6 billion pounds, while total releases increased 15% to 4.1 billion pounds primarily due to increases in metal mining. Air releases increased slightly while land disposal rose significantly for certain industries like metal mining. The report also included new expanded analyses on risk, greenhouse gas emissions, and community impacts.
Clean Air Strategy: Reducing Emissions of Air Pollution by Rebecca DangerfieldIES / IAQM
Rebecca Dangerfield
Joint Head of Local Air Quality with Susie Willows | Air Quality and Industrial Emissions | Environmental Quality Directorate | Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
IAQM Discussion Meeting: London 6 January 2018
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – A CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL Arvind Kumar
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – A CRITICAL
ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL by DR. I.D. MALLDepartment of Chemical Engg.Indian Institute of Technology, RoorkeeRoorkee- 247667
This document provides an overview of environmental impacts and how to identify them. It defines an environmental impact as a change to the environment resulting from an organization's activities. Examples of impacts include vehicle exhaust, water depletion, and air pollution. The document encourages organizations to build an inventory of their environmental aspects and impacts to help develop an effective environmental management system. Graphs of national pollution and resource use data over time are presented to demonstrate how impacts can be measured and tracked.
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HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAU
Pollution
1. Environmental Pollution and
Waste: Air, Water, and Land
Media
Environmental Sustainability Educational Resources
prepared by
Gregory A. Keoleian
Associate Research Scientist,
School of Natural Resources and Environment
Co-Director, Center for Sustainable Systems
University of Michigan
1
2. Contents
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Air Pollution Impacts
[slide 4]
Sources of Air Toxics
[slide 5-6]
Criteria Air Pollutants
[slide 7-9]
Trends in National Emissions of Criteria Pollutants
[slide 10]
Comparison of 1970 and 1999 Emissions
[slide 11-12]
Comparison of Growth in Population, VMT, GNP with
Emissions
[slide 13]
Percent Change in Air Quality
[slide 14]
Number of People Living in Nonattainment Areas[slide 15]
2
3. •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Trends in Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
[slides 16]
Water Pollution
[slides 17- 18]
Sources of Point and Nonpoint Source Pollution [slide 19-22]
Water Quality of Assessed Rivers, Lakes and Estuaries
[slide 23]
Pollutants and Sources Causing Impairments of Assessed Rivers,
Lakes and Estuaries
[slide 24]
Toxic Release Inventory
[slide 25-28]
TRI data
[slides 29-31]
Industrial Waste
[slides 32-33]
Municipal Solid Waste
[slide 34-35]
Additional Resources
[slide 36-37]
3
7. Criteria Air Pollutants
• EPA uses six "criteria pollutants" as
indicators of air quality
• EPA established for each of them a
maximum concentration above which
adverse effects on human health may occur.
7
8. Criteria air pollutants
• Nitrogen Dioxide: NO2
– brownish gas irritates the respiratory system originates from
combustion (N2 in air is oxidized); NOx sum of NO, NO2, other
oxides of N
• Ozone: ground level O3
– primary constituent of urban smog
– reaction of VOC + NOx in presence of heat +sun light
• Carbon monoxide: CO
– reduces bloods ability to carry O2
– product of incomplete combustion
8
9. • Lead: Pb
– cause learning disabilities in children , toxic to liver,
kidney, blood forming organs
– tetraethyl lead – anti knock agent in gasoline
• leaded gasoline has been phased out
• Particulate Matter: PM10 (PM 2.5)
– respiratory disorders
• Sulfur Dioxide: SO2
– formed when fuel (coal, oil) containing S is burned
and metal smelting
– precursor to acid rain along with NOx
9
15. Number of People Living in Counties with
Air Quality Concentrations Above the Level
of the NAAQS in 1999
15
16. Trends in Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Following
Implementation of Phase I of the Acid Rain Program:
Total State-level Utility SO2 (1980, 1990, 1999)
16
17. Water Pollution
• Based on current water quality standards, over
70 percent of our rivers, 68 percent of our
estuaries and 60 percent of our lakes now meet
legislatively mandated goals.
• Some of the risks include
– pollutant runoff from agricultural lands
– stormwater flows from cities
• About 40,000 times each year, sanitary sewers overflow and
release raw sewage to streets and waterbodies.
17
18. Water Pollution
– seepage into ground water from nonpoint
sources
– the loss of habitats such as wetlands.
– we cannot always eat what we catch because
fish flesh is contaminated by the remaining
discharges and sources of toxic substances.
– Microbial contamination of drinking water still
presents problems in many communities.
18
19. Pollution Sources
• Point sources are direct discharges to a
single point;
– examples include discharges from sewage
treatment plants, injection wells,and some
industrial sources.
19
20. Pollution Sources
• Non-point sources are diffused across a
broad area and their contamination cannot
be traced to a single discharge point.
– Examples include runoff of excess fertilizers,
herbicides, and insecticides from agricultural
lands and residential areas; oil, grease, and
toxic chemicals from urban runoff and energy
production; and sediment from improperly
managed construction sites, crop and forest
lands, and eroding stream banks.
20
25. US EPA Toxic Release Inventory
• Certain industrial facilities are mandated to
annually report to US EPA specified toxic
chemicals
– mandated under Emergency Planning &
Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) in
1986 and enacted under Superfund
Amendments & Reauthorization Act in 1987
– response to Bhopal (1984) and other accidents
25
26. Who reports
• Specified SIC (Standard Industrial
Classification) codes,
• Have 10 or more equivalent full-time
employees, and
• Exceed established thresholds for any
chemical on the TRI list
– 25,000 lb/yr if chemical is manufactured and/or
processed
– 10,000 lb/yr if chemical is otherwise used
26
28. Limitations of TRI
1) TRI does not cover all toxic chemicals that have the
potential to adversely affect human health or the
environment.
2) TRI does not require reporting from many major sources
of pollution releases.
3) TRI does not require companies to report the quantities of
toxic chemicals used or the amounts that remain in
products.
4) TRI does not provide information about the exposures
people may experience as a consequence of chemical use.
28
29. 1998 TRI Data
• On-site releases
– 6.9 billion pounds
• Off-site releases
– 0.4 billion pounds
• Transfers off-site for further waste management
– 3.0 billion pounds
• Total TRI chemicals in waste
– 30.5 billion pounds
29
32. Industrial Waste
• Industrial waste is process waste associated
with manufacturing.
– This waste usually is not classified as either
municipal waste or hazardous waste by federal
or state laws.
– Regulatory programs for managing industrial
waste vary widely among state, tribal, and some
local governments.
• Each year, industrial facilities generate and
manage 7.6 billion tons of nonhazardous
industrial waste in land application units.
32
34. Municipal Solid Waste
• EPA definition
– includes wastes such as durable goods,
nondurable goods, containers and packaging,
food scraps, yard trimmings, and miscellaneous
inorganic wastes from residential, commercial,
institutional, and industrial sources.
• Examples of waste from these categories include
appliances, automobile tires, newspapers, clothing,
boxes, disposable tableware, office and classroom
paper, wood pallets, and cafeteria wastes.
34
36. Additional Resources
• Air pollution
– US EPA
• http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/
• http://www.epa.gov/air/
• Water pollution
– US EPA
• http://www.epa.gov/water/
36
37. • Toxics Release Inventory
– US EPA
• http://www.epa.gov/tri/
• Solid waste
– US EPA
• http://www.epa.gov/solidwaste/
37
Editor's Notes
Air pollution can cause a variety of impacts.
Greenhouse effect: described in a previous module
Ozone depletion: described in a previous module
Acidification: described here
Smog formation: described here
Eutrophication: a condition in an aquatic ecosystem where high nutrient concentrations stimulate blooms of algae (e.g., phytoplankton).
Human and ecological health effects: All of the above + other toxic pollutant releases have human and ecological health effects.
Source: http://www.epa.gov/air/oaqps/takingtoxics/p1.html#1
Scientists estimate that millions of tons of toxic pollutants are released into the air each year. Most air toxics originate from manmade sources, including both mobile sources (e.g., cars, buses, trucks) and stationary sources (e.g., factories, refineries, power plants). However, some are released in major amounts from natural sources such as forest fires. Routine emissions from stationary sources constitute almost one-half of all manmade air toxics emissions.
Source: http://www.epa.gov/air/oaqps/takingtoxics/p1.html#1
There are two types of stationary sources that generate routine emissions of air toxics:
"Major" sources are defined as sources that emit 10 tons per year of any of the listed toxic air pollutants, or 25 tons per year of a mixture of air toxics. Examples include chemical plants, steel mills, oil refineries, and hazardous waste incinerators. These sources may release air toxics from equipment leaks, when materials are transferred from one location to another, or during discharge through emissions stacks or vents. One key public health concern regarding major sources is the health effects on populations located downwind from them.
"Area" sources consist of smaller sources, each releasing smaller amounts of toxic pollutants into the air. Area sources are defined as sources that emit less than 10 tons per year of a single air toxic, or less than 25 tons per year of a mixture of air toxics. Examples include neighborhood dry cleaners and gas stations. Though emissions from individual area sources are often relatively small, collectively their emissions can be of concern—particularly where large numbers of sources are located in heavily populated areas.
EPA’s published list of "source categories" now contains 175 categories of industrial and sources that emit one or more toxic air pollutants. For each of these source categories, EPA indicated whether the sources are considered to be "major" sources or "area" sources. The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments direct EPA to set standards requiring all major sources of air toxics (and some area sources that are of particular concern) to significantly reduce their air toxics emissions.
Source: http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/greenbk/o3co.html#Ozone
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a brownish, highly reactive gas that is present in all urban atmospheres. NO2 can irritate the lungs, cause bronchitis and pneumonia, and lower resistance to respiratory infections. Nitrogen oxides are an important precursor both to ozone (O3) and acid rain, and may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The major mechanism for the formation of NO2 in the atmosphere is the oxidation of the primary air pollutant nitric oxide (NO). NOx plays a major role, together with VOCs, in the atmospheric reactions that produce O3. NOx forms when fuel is burned at high temperatures. The two major emissions sources are transportation and stationary fuel combustion sources such as electric utility and industrial boilers.
Ozone (O3) is a photochemical oxidant and the major component of smog. While O3 in the upper atmosphere is beneficial to life by shielding the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun, high concentrations of O3 at ground level are a major health and environmental concern. O3 is not emitted directly into the air but is formed through complex chemical reactions between precursor emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the presence of sunlight. These reactions are stimulated by sunlight and temperature so that peak O3 levels occur typically during the warmer times of the year. Both VOCs and NOx are emitted by transportation and industrial sources. VOCs are emitted from sources as diverse as autos, chemical manufacturing, dry cleaners, paint shops and other sources using solvents. The reactivity of O3 causes health problems because it damages lung tissue, reduces lung function and sensitizes the lungs to other irritants.
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless and poisonous gas produced by incomplete burning of carbon in fuels. When CO enters the bloodstream, it reduces the delivery of oxygen to the body's organs and tissues. Health threats are most serious for those who suffer from cardiovascular disease, particularly those with angina or peripheral vascular disease. Exposure to elevated CO levels can cause impairment of visual perception, manual dexterity, learning ability and performance of complex tasks. 77% of the nationwide CO emissions are from transportation sources.
Source: http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/greenbk/o3co.html#Ozone
High concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) affect breathing and may aggravate existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease. Sensitive populations include asthmatics, individuals with bronchitis or emphysema, children and the elderly. SO2 is also a primary contributor to acid deposition, or acid rain, which causes acidification of lakes and streams and can damage trees, crops, historic buildings and statues. In addition, sulfur compounds in the air contribute to visibility impairment in large parts of the country. This is especially noticeable in national parks. Ambient SO2 results largely from stationary sources such as coal and oil combustion, steel mills, refineries, pulp and paper mills and from nonferrous smelters.
Particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter is referred to as "fine” particles. (In comparison, a human hair is about 70 microns in diameter.) Fine particles result from many different sources including industrial and residential combustion and vehicle exhaust so their composition varies widely. Fine particles can also be formed when combustion gases are chemically transformed into particles. Particulate matter larger than 2.5 microns in diameter is referred to as coarse particles. Coarse particles have many sources, including wind-blown dust, vehicles traveling on unpaved roads, materials handling, and crushing and grinding operations. Air pollutants called particulate matter include dust, dirt, soot, smoke and liquid droplets directly emitted into the air by sources such as factories, power plants, cars, construction activity, fires and natural windblown dust. Particles formed in the atmosphere by condensation or the transformation of emitted gases such as SO2 and VOCs are also considered particulate matter.
Based on studies of human populations exposed to high concentrations of particles (sometimes in the presence of SO2) and laboratory studies of animals and humans, there are major effects of concern for human health. These include effects on breathing and respiratory symptoms, aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease, alterations in the body's defense systems against foreign materials, damage to lung tissue, carcinogenesis and premature death. The major subgroups of the populationcthat appear to be most sensitive to the effects of particulate matter include individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary or cardiovascular disease or influenza, asthmatics, the elderly and children. Particulate matter also soils and damages materials, and is a major cause of visibility impairment in the United States.
Exposure to lead (Pb) can occur through multiple pathways, including inhalation of air and ingestion of Pb in food, water, soil or dust. Excessive Pb exposure can cause seizures, mental retardation and/or behavioral disorders. A recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey reported a 78% decrease in blood lead levels from 12.8 to 2.8 ug/dL between 1976 and 1980 and from 1988 to 1991. This dramatic decline can be attributed to the reduction of leaded gasoline and to the removal of lead from soldered cans. Although this study shows great progress, infants and young children are especially susceptible to low doses of Pb, and this age group still shows the highest levels. Low doses of Pb can lead to central nervous system damage. Recent studies have also shown that Pb may be a factor in high blood pressure and in subsequent heart disease in middle-aged males.
Lead gasoline additives, non-ferrous smelters, and battery plants are the most significant contributors to atmospheric Pb emissions. In 1993 transportation sources contributed 33% of the annual emissions, down substantially from 81% in 1985. Total Pb emissions from all sources dropped from 20,100 tons in 1985 to 4,900 tons in 1993. The decrease in Pb emissions from highway vehicles accounts for essentially all of this decline. The reasons for the decrease are noted below.
Source: NATIONAL AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION TRENDS,
1900 - 1998 United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards EPA-454/R-00-002
March 2000
Source: Latest Findings on National Air Quality: 1999 Status and Trends EPA EPA-454/F-00-002
Since the 1970 Clean Air Act was signed into law, emissions of each of the six
pollutants decreased, with the exception of NOx . Between 1970 and 1999,
emissions of NOx increased 17 percent. The majority of this increase can be
attributed to heavy-duty diesel vehicles and coal-fired power plants. EPA has
major initiatives to reduce emissions of NOx considerably from these sources.
Emissions of NOx contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone (smog),
acid rain, and other environmental problems, even after being carried by the
wind hundreds of miles from their original source.
Between 1970 and 1999, U.S. population increased 33 percent, vehicle miles traveled increased 140 percent, and gross domestic product increased 147 percent. At the same time, total emissions of the six principal air pollutants decreased 31 percent.
EPA tracks trends in air quality based on actual measurements of
pollutant concentrations in the ambient (outside) air at monitoring
sites across the country. Monitoring stations are operated by state,
tribal, and local government agencies as well as some federal
agencies, including EPA. Trends are derived by averaging direct
measurements from these monitoring stations on a yearly basis. The
chart at above shows that the air quality based on concentrations of
the principal pollutants has improved nationally over the last 20
years (1980–1999). The most notable improvements are seen for Pb,
CO, and SO2 with 94-, 57- and 50-percent reductions, respectively.
Despite great progress in air quality improvement, approximately 62 million people nationwide still lived in counties with pollution levels above the national air quality standards in 1999. This number does not take into consideration the 8-hour ozone standard.
Blue bars represent 8-hour standard for ozone.
http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/cmap/mg_so2_before_and_aft.html
This set of maps illustrates the geographic and temporal trends in state-level utility sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions before and during implementation of Phase I of the Acid Rain Program. The maps illustrate total state-level utility SO2 emissions in 1980, 1990, and 1999.
Total sulfur dioxide emissions were significantly reduced during Phase I of the Acid Rain Program. In the first five years of the program, Phase I sources reduced SO2 emissions by more than 50% from 1980 levels; total utility SO2 emissions (Phase I and II sources) were reduced almost 30% nationwide. Although most SO2 emissions occur in the Midwestern U.S., it is important to note that over time, this same region has also seen the most significant decrease in SO2 emissions in the country. The highest SO2 emitting states in 1980 (Ohio, Indiana, and Pennsylvania), have achieved an average reduction of about 40%, from 1980 levels.
Acid rain causes acidification of lakes and streams and contributes to damage of trees at high elevations (for example, red spruce trees above 2,000 feet) and many sensitive forest soils. In addition, acid rain accelerates the decay of building materials and paints, including irreplaceable buildings, statues,and sculptures that are part of our nation's cultural heritage. Prior to falling to the earth, SO2 and NOx gases and their particulate matter derivatives, sulfates and nitrates, contribute to visibility degradation and harm public health.
Source: http://www.epa.gov/watertrain/agents/agents21.html
Earth, as photographs taken from space clearly show, is the Water Planet. Water covers two-thirds of the planet's surface, and some of its subsurface too. It is essential to all forms of life and plays a vital role in the processes and functioning of the Earth's ecosystems.
Water is the common element that links ecosystems. It links forest ecosystems of the interior mountains with the bays and estuaries along the coasts. It transports food, nutrients and other biologically important materials and organisms. It dilutes, moves and removes wastes; it cools organisms and the land, maintaining the climactic conditions that support and sustain life. Finally, water supplies energy to ecosystems because, through cooling and its motion, water saves energy that organisms and ecosystems would otherwise need to expend.
People all over the planet are dependent on water to grow food, generate power, cool the machines of industry, carry wastes and much more. People use water in their personal lives for bathing and cleaning, recreating, drinking, cooking, gardening, and just for the pleasure of watching it. Water also provides habitat for fresh and salt water living resources.
More than 97 percent of the Earth's water is saltwater in our oceans and salt lakes; water in icecaps/glaciers adds about 2.O percent more. Therefore, fresh water is very limited - water in lakes, streams and rivers makes up less than 0.01 percent of the Earth's water. Ground water - fresh water under the planet's surface-makes up another O.6 percent. In the United States over 250 million people depend on the freshwater in our rivers, lakes, streams and ground water supplies for their drinking water.
Sources of point and nonpoint chemical inputs to lakes, rivers, and oceans recognized by statutes.
Pollutant discharges from point sources tend to be continuous and therefore relatively simple to identify and monitor.
Nonpoint sources, however, arise from a suite of activities across large areas and are much more difficult to control.
Issues in Ecology Number 3 Summer 1998
Nonpoint Pollution of Surface Waters with Phosphorus and Nitrogen
Source: http://www.epa.gov/watertrain/modeling/
Urban runoff
The dominant characteristic of urban land areas is a high percentage of impervious land cover. Precipitation runs off directly from impervious surfaces, rather than percolating into the soil, and can often transport significant pollutant loads. A more sophisticated, yet still simple, approach to estimating pollutant loads generated by urban areas is the use of buildup-washoff models, for which there is a well-developed literature (Novotny and Olem, Water Quality: Prevention, Identification, and Management of Diffuse Pollution). This approach is based on the observation that almost all runoff from urban areas comes from the paved or impervious area, and that most of the polluting material carried in runoff accumulates within 1 meter of curbs. Thus, between precipitation events, the model estimates the buildup or amount of material that accumulates per curb length. In addition to an increase with time, buildup may be correlated with other variables such as time of year, curb height, street width, traffic speed, atmospheric deposition rate, traffic emission rate, and frequency of street cleaning. The model then estimates the amount of washoff of material that occurs in response to a precipitation event. Washoff is correlated with rainfall intensity, and the amount of available accumulated solids.
Buildup-washoff calculations can be implemented with simple equations, but require additional data, including estimates of buildup rates and the intensity and inter-event timing of precipitation. The buildup-washoff formulation is also used within more complex simulation models, such as EPA's SWMM.
Note that a buildup-washoff formulation is, at least in part, a representation of the actual process of pollutant load generation, rather than simply an empirical average. Such a process-based modeling technique is inherently time-variable, because it depends on the time available for buildup, and the timing and characteristics of storms which drive washoff.
Non-urban runoff
Non-urban sources of runoff and pollution include agriculture, forestry, and other rural land uses. Non-urban areas are generally characterized by pervious surfaces, into which water may infiltrate. Pollutant loading is often separated into a dissolved component, which moves with the flow of water, and a sediment-attached component, which moves with the erosion of sediment. A simple process-based approach is to calculate the amount of runoff volume and the amount of erosion, the apply a concentration factor to estimate pollutant loads.
Overland runoff is often estimated with the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) Curve Number method (Ogrosky and Mockus, 1964). This method relates runoff volume to precipitation volume, antecedent soil moisture conditions, and a so-called "curve number" (CN). CN is taken from tables compiled by NRCS and depends on land use, land cover, and hydrologic soil group.
Erosion from non-urban pervious areas is often estimated using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) or one of its modifications (Wischmeier and Smith, 1978). The USLE includes factors for rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, slope length and steepness, and land cover and management. Depending on the units used for erosivity, the USLE may be expressed on an annual or event basis. The USLE is designed to predict long-term average rates of soil losses from fields and other land uses. The rate of soil loss is not, however, the same as the yield of eroded sediment, as a substantial amount of the eroded soil may be trapped or redeposited before reaching a water body. Therefore, in watershed models the USLE is usually coupled with an estimate of fraction of sediment delivery ("delivery ratio").
In many watersheds, delivery of dissolved nutrients via ground water flux is also significant, particularly for nitrogen. At the simple process-model level, simple mass balance models of precipitation infiltration and ground water delivery to streams are often used to account for ground water loading.
Use of process-based models
In an attempt to reduce uncertainty in model predictions, we have moved to process-based models, albeit simple ones. These use mathematical relationships to convert data on land use, land cover, and time series of precipitation into estimates of time series of pollutant loads to a waterbody. With a process-based model of loading in hand, we can begin to examine specific management questions, such as the following:
What effects can be expected from increasing development and impervious area?
How much can increased street sweeping reduce loading from urban areas?
What is the effect of various agricultural and erosion control practices on sediment and nutrient loads?
What areas of the watershed generate the highest loads of pollutants?
It should be cautioned that even the most sophisticated process-based models of nutrient loading contain many empirical parameters which cannot be measured directly. To increase confidence in model predictions, it will be necessary to go through a process of model calibration, in which model parameters are adjusted to provide a better fit to observations.
Source: Water Quality Conditions in the United States: A Profile from the 1998
National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress
States, tribes, territories and interstate commissions report that, in 1998, about 40% of U.S. streams, lakes and estuaries that were assessed were not clean enough to support uses such as fishing and swimming. About 32% of U.S. waters were assessed for this national inventory of water quality. Leading pollutants in impaired waters include siltation, bacteria, nutrients and metals. Runoff from agricultural lands and urban areas are the primary sources of these pollutants. Although the U.S. has made significant progress in cleaning up polluted waters over the past 30 years, much remains to be done to restore and protect the Nation's waters.
Findings
Recent water quality data finds that more than 291,000 miles of assessed rivers and streams do not meet water quality standards. Across all types of waterbodies, states, territories, tribes and other jurisdictions report that poor water quality affects aquatic life, fish consumption, swimming, and drinking water. In their 1998 reports, states assessed 840,000 miles of rivers and 17.4 million acres of lakes, including 150,000 more river miles and 600,000 more lake acres than in their previous reports in 1996.
After comparing water quality data to standards, states, tribes, and jurisdictions classify their waters into the following general categories:
Attaining Water Quality Standards
Good/Fully Supporting: These waters meet applicable water quality standards, both criteria and designated uses.
Good/Threatened: These waters currently meet water quality standards, but water quality may degrade in the near future.
Not Attaining Water Quality Standards/Impaired
Fair/Partially Supporting: These waters meet waterquality standards most of the time but exhibit occasional exceedances.
Poor/Not Supporting: These waters do not meet water quality standards.
Water Quality Standards Not Attainable
Not Attainable: The state has performed a use-attainability analysis and demonstrated that support of one or more designated uses is not attainable due to specific biological, chemical, physical, or economic/social conditions.
Bhopal 2000 people dead and 100,000 injured methyl isocyanate released from Union Carbide.
21000 facilities were subject to TRI reporting for the 1997 reporting year
This figure illustrates on-site and off-site releases, on-site waste management activities, and transfers off-site for further waste management, reportable to TRI.
Source: http://www.epa.gov/tri/tri98/pdr/chapter_1.pdf
Source: http://www.epa.gov/tri/tri98/data/datasum.htm
In 1998, facilities reported a total of 7.3 billion pounds of releases to air, land, water and underground injection. The original industries reported approximately 2.4 billion pounds, or 32.6%, of the 7.3 billion pounds. Facilities in the new sectors reported almost 4.9 billion pounds, or 67.4%, of the 7.3 billion pounds.
On-site releases were 93.9 % (6.9 billion pounds) of the total releases in 1998. Of these on-site releases, 62.8 % were to land, 29.9 % were to air, 3.9 % were to underground injection, and 3.4 % were to surface water. Reporting from the new industries accounted for 91.7 % of the land releases on-site, 38.8% of the air releases, 21.2 % of the releases to underground injection wells, and 3.5% of the discharges to surface water.
Off-site releases were 6.1% (444 million pounds) of the total releases in 1998. Off-site releases result when a facility sends quantities of a toxic chemical to another facility, where they are then released. Of these off-site releases, 65.6 % (292 million pounds) were to landfills/surface impoundments.
Of the seven new sectors, two sectors (metal mining and electric utilities) accounted for 93.9% of the 4.9 billion pounds of total releases from these newly reporting industry sectors. The metal mining sector reported 3.5 billion pounds, or 71.2 %, of the 4.9 billion pounds. On-site releases were 99.97 % of the metal mining sector’s total releases and 98.9% of these on-site releases were to land.
Source: http://www.epa.gov/tri/tri98/data/datasum.htm
The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) is a publicly available database that contains information on specific toxic chemical releases and other waste management activities reported annually by certain covered industries as well as by federal facilities. This inventory was established under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA), which requires facilities to use their best readily available data to calculate their releases and waste management estimates. If facilities do not have actual monitoring data, submitted values are derived from various estimation techniques. There are now nearly 650 toxic chemicals and chemical compounds on the list of chemicals that must be reported to EPA and the States under the EPCRA/TRI Program.
A facility must report to TRI if it meets the following three criteria:
• Conducts manufacturing operations within Standard Industry Classification (SIC) codes 20 through 39 and, beginning in the 1998 reporting year, if it is in one of the following industry categories: metal mining, coal mining, electrical utilities, RCRA Subtitle C hazardous waste treatment and disposal facilities, chemicals distributors, petroleum terminals, and solvent recovery services; (Also, federal facilities must report to TRI regardless of their SIC code classification.)
• Employs 10 or more full-time equivalent employees;
• Manufactures or processes more than 25,000 pounds or otherwise uses more than 10,000 pounds of any listed chemical during the reporting year.
About 7.6 billion tons of industrial solid waste are generated and managed on-site at industrial facilities each year. Almost 97 percent is wastewater managed in surface impoundments; the remainder is managed in landfills, waste piles, and land application units. Most of these wastewaters are treated and ultimately discharged into surface waters under Clean Water Act permits issued by EPA or state governments (National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System or NPDES permits). These wastes come from the broad spectrum of American industries. This guidance is not designed to address municipal wastes or wastes defined as hazardous under federal or state laws.
Source: Guide for Industrial Waste Management EPA530-R-99-001
Source: Green Products by Design: Choices for a Cleaner Environment
Much of the solid waste produced in the United States is not directly generated by consumers. Municipal solid waste, the focus of much public concern, represents less than 2 percent of all solid waste regulated under RCRA. in contrast, Industrial activities produce about 700 million tons of hazardous waste (a) and about 11 billion tons of non-hazardous wastes (b).
NOTE: All numbers are estimates. The non-hazardous waste total has been rounded to reflect uncertainty. Much of the “solid” waste defined under RCRA, perhaps as much as 70 percent, consists of wastewater. The terms hazardous and non-hazardous refer to statutory definitions of Subtitles C and D of RCRA, respectively. The mining wastes shown in (b) exclude mineral processing wastes; the oil/gas wastes in (b) exclude produced waters used for enhanced oil recovery; the “other" category in (b) includes wastes from utility coal combustion.
Figure: Adapted from U.S. Congress, office of Technology Assessment, Managing Industrial Solid Wastes From Manufacturing, Mining, Oil and Gas
MSW does not include wastes from other sources, such as construction and demolition debris, automobile bodies, municipal sludges, combustion ash, and industrial process wastes that might also be disposed in municipal waste landfills or incinerators.
Source: CHARACTERIZATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN THE UNITED STATES: 1997 UPDATE
Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Division, Office of Solid Wast, Report No. EPA530-R-98-007
Source: Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 1998 EPA530-F-00-024
In the United States, we generated approximately 220 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) in 1998--an increase of 4 million tons from 1997. The recovery rate for recycling (including composting) continued to grow but at a slower rate. In 1998, the nation’s overall recycling rate was 28.2 percent. This is up 0.8 percent from the previous year. MSW generation in 1998 remained relatively stable, at 4.46 pounds per person per day.
Over the last few decades, the generation, recycling, and disposal of MSW have changed substantially. MSW generation has increased steadily from 1960, when it was 88 million tons per year. The generation rate per person, just 2.7 pounds per person per day in 1960, grew to 3.7 pounds per person per day in 1980; reached 4.5 pounds per person per day in 1990; and is now 4.46 pounds per person per day.
Figure is from the Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States 1997 Edition