Rapid urbanization in poorer parts of the world can cause significant environmental problems related to air and water pollution if not properly managed. As cities expand rapidly, large amounts of air pollution and waste are produced which can end up in rivers, harming water quality. This can involve building sewage treatment plants, passing laws to control factory wastewater discharge, and limiting pollution levels. However, population growth sometimes outpaces these efforts, and water quality deteriorates. Air pollution from industry and traffic also increases health and environmental risks if emissions are not regulated and alternative energy sources adopted. Effective management strategies are needed to monitor pollution levels and reduce them through technology, fuel switching, and transportation policies.