Slideshow prepared for a series of lectures on political theory and ideologies for PS 240 Introduction to Political Theory (Fall 2007) at the University of Kentucky. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Lecturer.
PowerPoint developed for lectures on Political Theory and Ideology and delivered to PS 240 Introduction to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007 by Dr. Christopher s. Rice, Instructor.
The second presentation in the series called "Simply Politics". Political Ideologies - Left-Centre-Right is suitable for History and International Relations from Year 9 to university level. It contains the following: ideology, liberal, conservatives, socialist, fascists, ecologists and religious perspectives. Examples of countries, political ideas and ideologies.
PowerPoint developed for lectures on Political Theory and Ideology and delivered to PS 240 Introduction to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007 by Dr. Christopher s. Rice, Instructor.
The second presentation in the series called "Simply Politics". Political Ideologies - Left-Centre-Right is suitable for History and International Relations from Year 9 to university level. It contains the following: ideology, liberal, conservatives, socialist, fascists, ecologists and religious perspectives. Examples of countries, political ideas and ideologies.
1. Communism
2. Socialism
3. Liberalism
4. Conservatism
5. Fascism
6. Feminism
** Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
First presentation in the series called "Simply Politics". Political Ideologies - The Socialism is suitable for History and International Relations from Year 9 to university level. It contains the following: developing of socialism, revolutionary socialists vs. Bolsheviks, elements of socialism: community, fraternity, social equality, need, social class and common ownership.
Presentation prepared for lectures on Anarchism for PS 240 Introduction to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Legitimacy maintains political stability because it establishes a regime's right to rule, and so underpins the regime's authority over its people. Legitimacy may be based on traditional, charismatic or legal–rational authority. Nevertheless, structural imbalances in modern society may make it increasingly difficult to maintain legitimacy. Legitimation crises may arise from the conflict between the pressure for social and economic interventionism generated by democracy on the one hand, and the pressure generated by market economy on the other.
There is considerable controversy about how liberal-democratic systems work in practice. Pluralists praise the system's capacity to guarantee popular responsiveness and public accountability. Elitists highlight the tendency for political power to be concentrated in the hands of a privileged minority. Corporatists draw attention to the incorporation of groups into government. The New Right focuses on the dangers of 'democratic overload'. And Marxists point to tensions between democracy and capitalism.There are a number of rival models of democracy, each offering its own version of popular rule. Classical democracy, which is based on the political system of Ancient Athens, is defended on the grounds that it alone guarantees government by the people. Protective democracy gives citizens the greatest scope to live their lives as they choose. Developmental democracy has the virtue that, in extending participation, it widens liberty and fosters personal growth. People's democracy aims to achieve economic emancipation, rather than merely the extension of political rights.
The Philippine judicial and legal system, including its legal education system, blends elements of civil law inherited from the Spaniards and American common law. For instance, civil code procedures on family and property matters, among others, and the absence of jury trials are attributable to the Spanish civil law influences. However, most of the more significant laws governing trade and commerce, taxation, labor relations, and governmental operations, as well as the principle of judicial precedents are an American derivation. In the hierarchy of laws, the Constitution has the highest legal force, followed by domestic statutes. In addition, generally accepted principles of international law and judicial precedents (i.e., decisions of the Supreme Court) also form part of the laws of the land.
1. Communism
2. Socialism
3. Liberalism
4. Conservatism
5. Fascism
6. Feminism
** Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
First presentation in the series called "Simply Politics". Political Ideologies - The Socialism is suitable for History and International Relations from Year 9 to university level. It contains the following: developing of socialism, revolutionary socialists vs. Bolsheviks, elements of socialism: community, fraternity, social equality, need, social class and common ownership.
Presentation prepared for lectures on Anarchism for PS 240 Introduction to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Legitimacy maintains political stability because it establishes a regime's right to rule, and so underpins the regime's authority over its people. Legitimacy may be based on traditional, charismatic or legal–rational authority. Nevertheless, structural imbalances in modern society may make it increasingly difficult to maintain legitimacy. Legitimation crises may arise from the conflict between the pressure for social and economic interventionism generated by democracy on the one hand, and the pressure generated by market economy on the other.
There is considerable controversy about how liberal-democratic systems work in practice. Pluralists praise the system's capacity to guarantee popular responsiveness and public accountability. Elitists highlight the tendency for political power to be concentrated in the hands of a privileged minority. Corporatists draw attention to the incorporation of groups into government. The New Right focuses on the dangers of 'democratic overload'. And Marxists point to tensions between democracy and capitalism.There are a number of rival models of democracy, each offering its own version of popular rule. Classical democracy, which is based on the political system of Ancient Athens, is defended on the grounds that it alone guarantees government by the people. Protective democracy gives citizens the greatest scope to live their lives as they choose. Developmental democracy has the virtue that, in extending participation, it widens liberty and fosters personal growth. People's democracy aims to achieve economic emancipation, rather than merely the extension of political rights.
The Philippine judicial and legal system, including its legal education system, blends elements of civil law inherited from the Spaniards and American common law. For instance, civil code procedures on family and property matters, among others, and the absence of jury trials are attributable to the Spanish civil law influences. However, most of the more significant laws governing trade and commerce, taxation, labor relations, and governmental operations, as well as the principle of judicial precedents are an American derivation. In the hierarchy of laws, the Constitution has the highest legal force, followed by domestic statutes. In addition, generally accepted principles of international law and judicial precedents (i.e., decisions of the Supreme Court) also form part of the laws of the land.
Political Ideologies: Fascism. Presentation suitable for Cambridge History students, level 11, 12 and 13 (IGCSE, AS, A2). It contains a comprehensive presentation of fascism.
Slideshow prepared for a series of lectures on Fascism for PS 240 Intro to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Fall 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Lecturer.
Ang Komisyon sa mga Pilipino sa Ibayong Dagat ay kaisa ng bayan sa pagdiriwang ng Buwan ng Wikang Pambansa ngayong Agosto 2021 na may temang “Filipino at mga Wikang Katutubo sa Dekolonisasyon ng Pag-iisip ng mga Pilipino.”
Lubos na kinikilala ng Komisyon ang mga programa ng Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF) upang maipalaganap sa higit na nakararaming mamamayan ang kamalayan sa pagdiriwang at kahalagahan ng Wikang Filipino, gayundin bilang pakikiisa sa 2021 Quincentennial Commemorations in the Philippines (2021 QCP) na nakatuón sa mahahalagang pangyayari sa bansa sa nakalipas na 500 taón.
Ang pagdiriwang ay alinsunod sa itinakda ng Proklamasyon Bilang 1041, taong 1997, na nagpapahayag ng taunang Buwan ng Wikang Pambasa tuwing Agosto 1-31.Ang Komisyon sa mga Pilipino sa Ibayong Dagat ay kaisa ng bayan sa pagdiriwang ng Buwan ng Wikang Pambansa ngayong Agosto 2021 na may temang “Filipino at mga Wikang Katutubo sa Dekolonisasyon ng Pag-iisip ng mga Pilipino.”
Lubos na kinikilala ng Komisyon ang mga programa ng Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF) upang maipalaganap sa higit na nakararaming mamamayan ang kamalayan sa pagdiriwang at kahalagahan ng Wikang Filipino, gayundin bilang pakikiisa sa 2021 Quincentennial Commemorations in the Philippines (2021 QCP) na nakatuón sa mahahalagang pangyayari sa bansa sa nakalipas na 500 taón.
Ang pagdiriwang ay alinsunod sa itinakda ng Proklamasyon Bilang 1041, taong 1997, na nagpapahayag ng taunang Buwan ng Wikang Pambasa tuwing Agosto 1-31.Ang Komisyon sa mga Pilipino sa Ibayong Dagat ay kaisa ng bayan sa pagdiriwang ng Buwan ng Wikang Pambansa ngayong Agosto 2021 na may temang “Filipino at mga Wikang Katutubo sa Dekolonisasyon ng Pag-iisip ng mga Pilipino.”
Lubos na kinikilala ng Komisyon ang mga programa ng Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF) upang maipalaganap sa higit na nakararaming mamamayan ang kamalayan sa pagdiriwang at kahalagahan ng Wikang Filipino, gayundin bilang pakikiisa sa 2021 Quincentennial Commemorations in the Philippines (2021 QCP) na nakatuón sa mahahalagang pangyayari sa bansa sa nakalipas na 500 taón.
Ang pagdiriwang ay alinsunod sa itinakda ng Proklamasyon Bilang 1041, taong 1997, na nagpapahayag ng taunang Buwan ng Wikang Pambasa tuwing Agosto 1-31.Ang Komisyon sa mga Pilipino sa Ibayong Dagat ay kaisa ng bayan sa pagdiriwang ng Buwan ng Wikang Pambansa ngayong Agosto 2021 na may temang “Filipino at mga Wikang Katutubo sa Dekolonisasyon ng Pag-iisip ng mga Pilipino.”
Lubos na kinikilala ng Komisyon ang mga programa ng Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF) upang maipalaganap sa higit na nakararaming mamamayan ang kamalayan sa pagdiriwang at kahalagahan ng Wikang Filipino, gayundin bilang pakikiisa sa 2021 Quincentennial Commemorations in the Philippines (2021 QCP) na nakatuón sa mahahalagang pangyayari sa bansa sa nakalipas na 500 taón.
Ang pagdiriwang ay alinsunod sa itinakda ng Proklamasyon Bilang 1041, taong 1997, na nagpapahayag ng taunang Buwan ng Wikang Pambasa tuwing Agosto 1-31.Ang
1 S o c i a l T h e o r i e s Social Theories .docxjeremylockett77
1 | S o c i a l T h e o r i e s
Social Theories
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
x Explain the major assumptions of each of the three major theoretical perspectives.
x Compare and contrast the three major theoretical perspectives.
x Apply the three major theoretical perspectives to everyday life.
MAKING SENSE OF ABSTRACT THEORIES
Sociological theories are the core and underlying strength of the discipline. They guide
researchers in their studies; they also guide practitioners in their intervention strategies.
And they will provide you with a basic understanding of how to see the larger social picture
in your own personal life. A sociological theory is a set of interrelated concepts used to
describe, explain, and predict how society and its parts are related to each other. Let’s use
binoculars as a metaphor to illustrate the usefulness of a theory. Binoculars serve to
magnify, enlarge, clarify, and expand our view of the thing we are looking at. Unlike
binoculars, you can’t see or touch a theory, but it is a framework to help you “see” the
world sociologically. Some things you want to look at need 20x80 strength binoculars
while you might see other things better with 8x40 or 10x30 lenses. It’s the same with
society. Some things need the lens of Conflict Theory, while others need a Structural
Functionalist or Symbolic Interactionist lenses. Some social phenomena can be viewed
using each of the three frameworks, although each will give you a slightly different view of
the topic under investigation.
Theories are sets of interrelated concepts and ideas that have been scientifically tested and
combined to magnify, enlarge, clarify, and expand our understanding of people, their
behaviors, and their societies. Without theories, science would be a futile exercise in
statistics. In the diagram below, you can see the process by which a theory leads
sociologists to perform a certain type of study with certain types of questions that can test
the assumptions of the theory. Once the study is administered, the findings and
generalizations can be considered to see if they support the theory. If they do, similar
studies will be performed to repeat and fine-tune the process. If the findings and
generalizations do not support the theory, the sociologist rethinks and revisits the
assumptions they made.
Here’s a real-life scientific example: In the 1960s, two researchers named Cumming and
Henry studied the processes of aging. They devised a theory on aging that had assumptions
built into it. These were, simply put, that all elderly people realize the inevitability of death
and begin to systematically disengage from their previous youthful roles while at the same
time society prepares to disengage from them.1 Cumming and Henry tested their theory on
a large number of elderly persons. Findings and generalization consistently yielded a “no”
in terms of sup ...
1 S o c i a l T h e o r i e s Social Theories .docxcroftsshanon
1 | S o c i a l T h e o r i e s
Social Theories
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
x Explain the major assumptions of each of the three major theoretical perspectives.
x Compare and contrast the three major theoretical perspectives.
x Apply the three major theoretical perspectives to everyday life.
MAKING SENSE OF ABSTRACT THEORIES
Sociological theories are the core and underlying strength of the discipline. They guide
researchers in their studies; they also guide practitioners in their intervention strategies.
And they will provide you with a basic understanding of how to see the larger social picture
in your own personal life. A sociological theory is a set of interrelated concepts used to
describe, explain, and predict how society and its parts are related to each other. Let’s use
binoculars as a metaphor to illustrate the usefulness of a theory. Binoculars serve to
magnify, enlarge, clarify, and expand our view of the thing we are looking at. Unlike
binoculars, you can’t see or touch a theory, but it is a framework to help you “see” the
world sociologically. Some things you want to look at need 20x80 strength binoculars
while you might see other things better with 8x40 or 10x30 lenses. It’s the same with
society. Some things need the lens of Conflict Theory, while others need a Structural
Functionalist or Symbolic Interactionist lenses. Some social phenomena can be viewed
using each of the three frameworks, although each will give you a slightly different view of
the topic under investigation.
Theories are sets of interrelated concepts and ideas that have been scientifically tested and
combined to magnify, enlarge, clarify, and expand our understanding of people, their
behaviors, and their societies. Without theories, science would be a futile exercise in
statistics. In the diagram below, you can see the process by which a theory leads
sociologists to perform a certain type of study with certain types of questions that can test
the assumptions of the theory. Once the study is administered, the findings and
generalizations can be considered to see if they support the theory. If they do, similar
studies will be performed to repeat and fine-tune the process. If the findings and
generalizations do not support the theory, the sociologist rethinks and revisits the
assumptions they made.
Here’s a real-life scientific example: In the 1960s, two researchers named Cumming and
Henry studied the processes of aging. They devised a theory on aging that had assumptions
built into it. These were, simply put, that all elderly people realize the inevitability of death
and begin to systematically disengage from their previous youthful roles while at the same
time society prepares to disengage from them.1 Cumming and Henry tested their theory on
a large number of elderly persons. Findings and generalization consistently yielded a “no”
in terms of sup.
This presentation postulates that violence and conflict are no more natural to human beings and their society than compassion and cooperation, and that their apparent ‘naturalness’ is because they are part of a cultural construct that is prevalent in today’s world. It proposes that this view of humanity came to be put forward as part of the myth developed to justify the European conquest and colonization of the rest of the world. It analyzes its modern–day reproduction as a hegemonic imaginary, who stands to gain and lose from it, how it is propagated, and whether or not one could speak of a conspiracy.
What is Sociology? Essays
My Career As A Sociology
Reflective Sociology Essay
What is Sociology?
Essay on Groups in a Society
Essay on Why Should We Study Sociology?
Reflection In Sociology
Sociological Theories Essay
Sociology In Sociology
Sociology
Collective MemoryNature of Collective MemoryMemory is WilheminaRossi174
Collective Memory
Nature of Collective Memory
Memory is lodged in a number of kinds of groups.
Nature of Collective Memory
Memory is lodged in a number of groups
Memory can be a communal phenomenon (not just an individual phenomenon).
American Identity
Collective memory of an American identity is not a neutral activity.
Groups seek to position themselves in relation to one another.
Social Identity Theory—May be done by demeaning specific groups.
Museum at Little Big Horn in Montana
Decades ago, the museum at LBH initially displayed only Sioux artifacts that portrayed them as uncivilized.
Whites were memorialized as civilized and victims of the brutality of “savages.”
Now Custer is portrayed as a symbol of racism.
LBH
Changes came from decades of protests (sometimes violent) and lobbying on the part of the Sioux. Ongoing battle of LBH?
Rhea makes the point that changes that recognized minority rights came from resistance to oppression.
American Identity
There has never been change that came from a cultural drift towards pluralism.
Actions required in:
Civil Rights Movement
Women’s Movement
Changes in treatment of Latinas/Latinos
Changes enforced by law
Principles
Past is not simply there in memory, it must be articulated to become memory.
Collective Memory serves the present.
Memory is a function of messages that configure and refigure what has gone before.
Principles
One participates in a collective memory by acting in ways that support or challenge that memory.
Deborah Rudolph quote
A Look at Oklahoma City Memorial Museum
The Bomb
A Look at the Oklahoma City Memorial Museum: Places Involving Search and Rescue
Gates of Time
Reflection Pool
Field of Empty Chairs
Survivor’s Wall
Survivor Tree
Rescuer’s Orchard
Children’s Area
Fence
What is the memorial attempting to commit to memory?
Difference, Discourse, Stereotyping, and Prejudice
1. Difference is new/novel
What is Challenging About Difference?
1. Difference is new
2. New ideas challenge the status quo
What is Challenging About Difference?
1. Difference is new
2. New ideas challenge the status quo
3. Changes in SQ disrupt the social order
What is Challenging About Difference?
1. Difference is new
2. New ideas challenge the status quo
3. Changes in SQ disrupt the social order
4. Disruptions to social order challenge authority
What is Challenging About Difference?
1. Difference is new
2. New ideas challenge the status quo
3. Changes in SQ disrupt the social order
4. Disruptions to social order challenge authority
5. Challenges to authority disrupt the social hierarchy
What is Challenging About Difference?
1. Difference is new
2. New ideas challenge the status quo
3. Changes in SQ disrupt the social order
4. Disruptions to social order challenge authority
5. Challenges to authority disrupt the social hierarchy
6. This threat to hierarchy requires policing
What is Challengin ...
Using the Business Model Canvas and Gamestorming for Hybrid and Online Course...Christopher Rice
Presentation for EDUCAUSE 2015 conference, Indianapolis, IN. Discusses how I have used design thinking tools like the Business Model Canvas, Value Proposition Canvas and Gamestorming activities to work with faculty and staff to develop innovative online and hybrid courses and programs.
From the archives (2010): A look at using the Big Blue Network online community for incoming freshmen at the University of Kentucky to drive increased student retention and success.
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
5. Advocates (and criticizes) certain ideals and values about how humans ought to live in community with others and prescribes methods for attaining (or avoiding) these ideas and values
14. They provide ideas reflecting people’s private interests rather than more universal, public interests. More specifically, ideologies are the “weapons of the ruling class” – ideas that allow the most powerful members of society to maintain their dominant status.
21. They are based on paranoia, or irrational fears about the motivations and powers of some “evil” opponents, leading to (a) simplistic evaluations contrasting the forces of evil (“them”, the other) against the forces of good (“us”), (b) intolerance of everyone who does not believe precisely as “we” do, and (c) an unwillingness to bargain and compromise with “them”.
22. They assert a moral and political absolutism, dogmatically insisting on certain principles and behaviors and demanding conformity to their “truths”.
23. They are extremist in that they reject the established political, social and economic institutions and the stable benefits provided by these institutions.
31. The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i.e., the class which is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time its ruling intellectual force. The class which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production, so that thereby, generally speaking, the ideas of those who lack the means of mental production are subject to it.
32. A set or system of ideas whose function is to justify and legitimize the rule of a dominant class in society
33. the “legal, political, religious, aesthetic or philosophic” principles which reinforce capitalist society
54. a relatively coherent set of empirical and normative beliefs and thought, focusing on the problems of human nature, the process of history, and socio-political arrangements
60. The Triadic Model of Freedom (from Ball and Dagger, Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal ) B. OBSTACLE A. AGENT C. GOAL
61. Sin – i.e., oppression or indifference to suffering. Equal dignity and respect for all. Christians Liberation Theology Racist beliefs and attitudes. Black pride, power, and dignity. Black People “ Black Power” Homophobia. Gay power, pride, and dignity. Gay men and women Gay Liberation Sexist beliefs, attitudes, and stereotypes. Power and respect for differences. Women Feminism (Women’s Liberation) Legal and institutional discrimination. Equality of Opportunity. Women Feminism (Liberal) “ Inferior races,” humanitarian ideas, class divisions. Racial Supremacy; “1000 Year Reich.” The Aryan Race Fascism (Nazism) Individualism, independent groups, class divisions. The power and glory of the state. The Nation-State Fascism (Italian) Class divisions, economic inequalities, unequal life chances, “false consciousness.” Fulfillment of human needs, e.g. satisfying work, fair share of product. The common/ working people Marxism Radical ideas, innovation, passions, desires, lack of restraint. Order, stability, harmony, continuity. Interconnected Individuals Conservatism Laws, customs, or conditions which block individual choice. To live his or her own way, without undue interference from others. The Individual Liberalism OBSTACLES GOAL(S) AGENT(S) IDEOLOGY
64. LEFT RIGHT LIBERTY AUTHORITY Neo-conservatism Free-market Liberalism Fascism Libertarianism Democratic Socialism Social Anarchism Welfare-state Liberalism Communism
67. “ The left/right continuum…is itself ideological. It serves the purpose of bestowing a moderate or, respectively, radical or even dangerous aura on an ideology. It suggests that to move among ideologies can be a gradual process, and it indicates that ideologies are mutually exclusive and hence offer clear-cut alternatives.” - Michael Freeden