The different ideologies that created the history

2. • POLITICS involves making common decisions for a
group of people.
• It is the activity by which differing interests within a given
unit of rule are conciliated by giving them a share in
power in proportion to their importance to the welfare
and survival of the whole community.

3. • “Politics is who gets what, when, how.” Harold Lasswell (American
political scientist). When staking a position is the “how” that
helps you get something, it certainly would count as politics by
Lasswell's definition (which is arguably the most commonly
accepted one in the discipline).
• This means that politics determines what policies and goals the
political system will pursue.

4. • Whether you like it or not, politics is to a great extent about money. In
the 1930s, Harold Lasswell reputably defined politics as a competition
about who gets what, when, and how. The core of politics in developed
democratic countries rivets around the money – around the rate of
taxation and utilization of collected money. Since the Second World War,
we have witnessed a steady rise in the volume of resources countries
collect from their citizens through the levied taxes. Nowadays, almost
40% of economic value created in developed countries thus passes –
one way or another - through taxes and state budgets. Politics resolves
how such resources will be used.

5. •Politics arises because of
the need to make decision,
in the face of diversity and
in the context of
complexity
HAROLD LASSWEL-1930

6. • David Easton is renowned for his
application of systems theory to
political science, and for his definition
of politics as the "authoritative
allocation of value" in A Framework for
Political Analysis and A Systems
Analysis of Political Life, both
published in 1965.

8. • “MAN is by nature a political animal.”
• He meant that it is only within a political
community that human beings can live
the good life thus, politics is not only
prevalent in our lives, but inevitable.
• It is an ethical activity concerned with
creating a just society so, one must
understand politics to meaningfully
participate in it.

9. Henry Miller described politics as “one
has to be a lowbrow, a bit of a
murderer, to be a politician, ready and
willing to see people sacrificed,
slaughtered, for the sake of an idea,
whether a good or a bad one.”

10. • William Rogers on the other hand,
describes politics as “the more you
read and observe about this so called
political thing, you got to admit that
each party is worse than the other.
The one that’s out always looks the
best.”

11. This conception of politics as something positive
and public activity was firmly endorsed by Hannah
Arendt.
She argued that politics is the most important form
of human activity because it involves human
interaction amongst free and equal citizens.
It thus gives meaning to life and affirms the
uniqueness of each individual.

12. •The purpose of politics is to enable the members
of a society to collectively achieve important
human goals they cannot otherwise achieve
individually. Through negotiation, debate,
legislation and other political structures, politics
procures safety, order and general welfare within
the state.

14. • This is a state –centered view of politics.
• Politics is what governments or states do.
• It means that most people, most institutions and most social
activities can be regarded as being OUTSIDE politics.
• Business, schools, and other educational institutions, community
groups, families and so on are in this sense nonpolitical.

15. • A second and broader conception of politics moves beyond the
narrow realm of government.
• Politics is thought of as PUBLIC LIFE or PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
• The distinction between the political and nonpolitical
corresponds with the division between an essentially public
sphere of life and what can be thought of as private sphere.

18. • The third conception of politics relates to the way in which
decision are made.
• Politics is seen as a particular means of resolving conflict that is,
by compromise, conciliation and negotiation.
• It becomes the process of “conflict resolution.”
• In this view, the key to politics is a wide dispersal of power.

19. • POLITICS AS POWER:
• The fourth definition of politics is both the broadest and the most radical.
• Rather than confining politics to a particular sphere, ---this view sees
politics at work in all social activities and in every corner of human
existence.
• In this sense, politics takes place at every level of social interaction.

20. •Politics is important because it determines what
governance means. Far beyond the role of
government, at any level, politics determines how
we manage our own world and the world around
us.
• Politics is trying to make meaning out of the
confusion of living.

21. • The essence of politics is to empower the welfare of every individuals.
• Many people wonder what is the true nature of politics but most don't
really understand that politics is every where from the class setting to, to
family, and even the local grocery store. Therefore with politics
impacting every component of our lives, this will hopefully help others
become more aware of the issues that are important to the political
arena and in turn start a chain reaction of more citizens becoming
involved in the political process on all levels.

23. • It is a coherent set of ideas on how people should live together.
• Ideologies are the sets of basic beliefs about the political,
economic, social and cultural affairs held by the majority of
people within as society.

24. 1. Liberalism
2. Conservatism
3. Socialism
4. Communism
5. Absolutism
6. Anarchism
7. Aristocracy
8. Autocracy
9. Capitalism
10. Conservatism
11. Democracy

25. • is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality.
• It supports ideas and programs such as freedom of speech, freedom of the
press, freedom of religion, free markets, civil rights, democratic societies, secular
governments, gender equality, and international cooperation.
• The 17th-century philosopher John Locke is often credited with founding
liberalism as a distinct philosophical tradition. He argued that each man has a
natural right to life, liberty and property, while adding that governments must
not violate these rights based on the social contract. Liberals opposed traditional
conservatism and sought to replace absolutism in government with
representative democracy and the rule of law.

26. • Voltaire (real name François-Marie Arouet) (1694 -
1778) was a French philosopher and writer of the Age
of Enlightenment.
• He was an outspoken supporter of social reform
(including the defence of civil liberties, freedom of
religion and free trade), despite the strict censorship
laws and harsh penalties of the period, and made use
of his satirical works to criticize Catholic dogma and
the French institutions of his day.
• argued on intellectual grounds for the establishment of
a constitutional monarchy in France

27. • David Hume (1711 - 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, economist
and historian of the Age of Enlightenment.
• one of the three main figureheads of the influential British
Empiricism movement. (John Locke and Bishop George Berkeley)
• a fierce opponent of
the Rationalism of Descartes, Leibniz and Spinoza, as well as
an atheist and a skeptic.
• most important contribution to Liberalism was his assertion that
the fundamental rules of human behaviour would eventually
overwhelm any attempts to restrict or regulate them (which also
influenced Immanuel Kant's formulation of his categorical
imperative theory)

28. • Adam Smith (1723 - 1790) was a Scottish philosopher
and political economist of the Age of Enlightenment
and a key figures in the Scottish Enlightenment.
• The father of modern economics, and sometimes as
the father of modern Capitalism.
• Expounded the theory that individuals could structure
both moral and economic life without direction from
the state, and that nations would be strongest when
their citizens were free to follow their own initiative.

29. • Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804) was a German philosopher
of the Age of Enlightenment. He is regarded as one of
the most important thinkers of modern Europe, and his
influence on Western thought is immeasurable. He was
the starting point and inspiration for the German
Idealism movement in the late 18th and early 19th
Centuries, and more specifically for the Kantianism
which grew up around him in his own lifetime.
• formulate categorical imperative theory (a way of
evaluating motivations for action)

30. • is a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social
institutions in the context of culture and civilization.
• It sought to preserve institutions including religion, monarchy, parliamentary
government, property rights and the social hierarchy, emphasizing stability
and continuity, while the more extreme elements called reactionaries oppose
modernism and seek a return to "the way things were“
• There is no single set of policies that are universally regarded as conservative,
because the meaning of conservatism depends on what is considered
traditional in a given place and time.

31. •As a general ideology, Conservatism is opposed
to the ideals of Liberalism and Socialism.
Conservatism generally refers to right-wing
politics which advocate the preservation of
personal wealth and private ownership
(Capitalism) and emphasize self-reliance and
Individualism.

32. •1. The inclination, especially in politics, to maintain
the existing or traditional order.
•2. A political philosophy or attitude that
emphasizes respect for traditional institutions and
opposes the attempt to achieve social change
though legislation or publicly funded programs.

33. • A social conservative wants to preserve traditional
morality and social mores, often by opposing what they
consider radical policies or social engineering. Social
change is generally regarded as suspect.
• A second meaning of the term social conservatism
developed in the Nordic countries and continental
Europe.

34. • Edmund Burke: “the principles of true politics are
those of morality enlarged” makes his politics a
branch of ethics and thus separates him completely
from Machiavelli and the whole modern political
tradition that makes power supreme. His basic
political principles are based on the ancient classical
and Christian moral natural law, derived from God
and perceived by all uncorrupted men through
“right reason.”

35. • Quintin Hogg, the chairman of the British
Conservative Party in 1959—
• "Conservatism is not so much a philosophy as an
attitude, a constant force, performing a timeless
function in the development of a free society, and
corresponding to a deep and permanent requirement
of human nature itself"

36. • CONFUCIUS (551-479 BC)-promoted social stability
and family values along with humility, honesty,
modesty, studiousness and social duty.
• The Golden Rule of “do unto others as you would
have them do unto you” also appears in his great
work, “The Analects”.
• Believed that a woman’s allegiance should pass from
father to husband to son.

37. • Marcus Porcius Cato, foe of Julius Caesar and
defender of the republican principles of civic
virtue, was renowned for his strong opposition
to luxury, believing that Hellenic (Greek)
culture threatened Rome. Like his fellow
Roman, the great orator Cicero, Cato believed
one should both know and restrain oneself.

38. • (1749–1832)--Germany’s supreme dramatist and
poet, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe reinvented
himself, reigning in his youthful romantic,
revolutionary spirit and remoulding himself as a
conservative and classicist. As he expressed it:
“Everything that liberates the spirit without a
corresponding growth in self-mastery is
pernicious, ” and “The classical I call the healthy
and the romantic the diseased.”

39. • John Locke (1632–1704)—”People must knowingly agree
to live and work together.”
• Liberals believe Locke is the Father of Liberalism because
he laid the foundation for liberal epistemology (how we
know what we know).
• To Locke, property is acquired by exercising one’s labor
over it. His conception of government is one of limits, with
the rule of law dampening the impulse to tyranny.
However, though the individual in Locke’s worldview has
rights, those rights are also bound by social duties and
responsibilities.

40. • Alexander Hamilton (1757–1804)
• Among America’s Founding Fathers, Hamilton was perhaps
the most conservative and nationalistic. One of New York’s
leading attorneys, he wrote half of the Federalist Papers
and put America on a sound financial footing with a
Treasury that assumed state debts as well as debts owed by
the national government.
• He set up the Bank of the United States to make liquidity
in financial markets possible, and founded the Federalist
Party, to boot.

41. • Irving Babbitt (1865–1933)
• A Harvard French literature scholar and eccentric genius,
Babbitt was heavily influenced by Edmund Burke. In the
1890s he and Paul Elmer More formulated what became
The New Humanism, opposing the emotional, intuitive
tenets of Naturalism and Romanticism.
• For Babbitt, the world was not a series of accidents, but had
a transcendental purpose. Individuals are born with certain
natural rights, which the government should protect,
particularly property rights. Morals are not relative but
absolute in his world.

42. • Whittaker Chambers (1901–1961)
• An American writer and editor who was a confessed
courier for Russian spies, Whittaker Chambers is seen here
testifying before a Senate Judiciary Internal Security
Subcommittee, in New York, Aug. 16, 1951, about Red
infiltration in America.
• His final book, "Cold Friday," was published posthumously
in 1964. A strangely prophetic work, it correctly predicted
that the Soviet Union’s Eastern European satellite states
would revolt and eventually bring down the communist
system.

43. • Edmund Burke (1729–1797)-the Irish philosopher and
statesman.
• considered the father of modern conservatism — saw
limits to human reason.
• was perfectly at ease with the idea of a monarchy and
classed society. Moreover, he felt that both Church and
State draw their inspiration from the same divine source
and are in a sense inseparable.
• He hated injustice and any abuse of great power and
rejected military adventurism and argued for the phasing
out of slavery.

44. • Eric Hoffer (1902–1983)
• The jovial “longshoreman philosopher” and author, delivered a
memorable, scathing attack on the anti-individualist aspects of
Socialism and Liberalism in his first, most famous work, "First
Things, Last Things" (1951). Hoffer continued the diatribe in his
"The Ordeal of Change" (1963).
• he was fascinated by how people adopted political ideologies
and came under the spell of mass movements and fanaticism.
He thought that a lack of personal self-esteem was responsible
and that an adherent of one strong ideology could easily switch
to another, such as Trotskyites becoming neo conservatists.

45. • Milton Friedman (1912–2006)
• Dr. Milton Friedman, seen here shortly after winning
the 1976 Nobel Prize for economics, taught for 30
years at the University of Chicago and had the ear of
several U.S. presidents. Friedman revealed weak
points in the previously sacrosanct economic
theories of John Maynard Keynes, popularized
“supply-side economics,” created the doctrine known
as monetarism, and in general championed an
unfettered free market.

46. • Ludwig von Mises (1881–1973
• Uncompromising philosopher, founder of the Classical Liberal movement (today
called libertarianism) and central figure of the Austrian School of Economics who
mentored the Nobel Prize winner Friederich Hayek, Ludwig von Mises was an
implacable foe of authoritarian governments in all its forms: Nazism, Marxist
Socialism, and so forth. He also opposed overwhelming coercive regulation and
antiquated tax codes.
• Mises influenced many economists, along with novelist Ayn Rand, who
popularized classical liberal economic ideas with her best-selling writings.

47. • Central to the meaning of socialism is common ownership. This
means the resources of the world being owned in common by
the entire global population.
• In practice, common ownership will mean everybody having the
right to participate in decisions on how global resources will be
used. It means nobody being able to take personal control of
resources, beyond their own personal possessions.

48. • Democratic Socialism
• Revolutionary Socialism
• Libertarian Socialism
• Market Socialism

49. • The factors of production are managed
by a democratically-elected
government. Central planning
distributes common goods, such as
mass transit, housing, and energy, while
the free market is allowed to distribute
consumer goods. (Source: Democratic
Socialists of America.)

52. • Socialism will emerge only after
capitalism has been destroyed. "There is
no peaceful road to socialism." The
factors of production are owned by the
workers and managed by them through
central planning. (Source: Humanist
Workers for Revolutionary Socialism.)

53. • Socialism and communism are alike and that both are systems of
production for use based on public ownership of the means of
production and centralized planning. Socialism grows directly
out of capitalism; it is the first form of the new society.
Communism is a further development or "higher stage" of
socialism.

54. • is a term used to define the first currents of modern socialist thought
as exemplified by the work of Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier,
and Robert Owen, which inspired Karl Marx and other early socialists
• often described as the presentation of visions and outlines for
imaginary or futuristic ideal societies, with positive ideals being the
main reason for moving society in such a direction.
• Later socialists and critics of utopian socialism viewed "utopian
socialism" as not being grounded in actual material conditions of
existing society, and in some cases, as reactionary. These visions of
ideal societies competed with Marxist-inspired revolutionary social
democratic movements.
Charles Fourier, influential
French early socialist

55. • refers to classless, stateless social organization based upon
common ownership of the means of production and to a variety
of movements acting in the name of this goal which are
influenced by the thought of KARL MARX.
• In general, the classless forms of social organisation are not
capitalised, while movements associated with official Communist
parties and Communist states usually are.
• A communist economy, in the classic Marxist definition (Pure
communism), refers to a system that has achieved a
superabundance of goods and services due to an increase in
technological capability and advances in the productive forces
and therefore has transcended socialism.
Karl Marx (1818–1883)

56. • VLADIMIR ILYICH ULYANOV, a Russian communist
revolutionary, politician, and political theorist, is the
founder of Leninism.
• is the political theory for the organisation of a
revolutionary vanguard party and the achievement of
a dictatorship of the proletariat, as political prelude to the
establishment of socialism.
• Under his administration, Russia and then the wider
Soviet Union became a one-party communist state
governed by the Russian Communist Party. Ideologically a
Marxist, he developed political theories known as
Leninism.
Chairman of the Council of
People's Commissars of the Soviet
Union

57. • or “socialist libertarianism” is a group of anti-authoritarian political philosophies
inside the socialist movement that rejects socialism as centralized state ownership
and control of the economy, as well as the state itself.
• It criticizes wage labour relationships within the workplace, instead
emphasizing workers' self-management of the workplace and decentralized
structures of political organization.
• It asserts that a society based on freedom and justice can be achieved through
abolishing authoritarian institutions that control certain means of production and
subordinate the majority to an owning class or political and economic elite.

58. • The dominant form of anarchism is a form of socialism. It
is an historical tendency in socialism, the libertarian form
of socialism.
• Socialism is for replacing capitalism with social or
collective ownership of the means of production and
democratic popular control over social production &
social governance.

59. • is an economic system in which the means of production
are owned either by the state or by the workers in each
company (meaning in general that "profits" in each
company are distributed between them: profit sharing)
and the production is not centrally planned but
mediated through the market .

60. THANK YOU FOR READING!
CHELDHAYE