This document outlines a policy for Sudan's private health sector. It establishes values of quality healthcare, consumer satisfaction, and prioritizing patient care. The policy aims to regulate the for-profit private sector to ensure standards while also complementing public services. It recognizes national and international health commitments and envisions private sector expansion to increase coverage and quality care at competitive costs through public-private cooperation.
The document provides an overview of India's healthcare system, including its various components and the roles of the public and private sectors. Some key points:
- The healthcare system comprises sectors like hospitals, insurance, pharmaceuticals, medical tourism, diagnostics, and equipment/supplies.
- The private sector accounts for around 80% of healthcare delivery and has grown significantly due to various factors like reduced government funding and policies encouraging privatization.
- Medical tourism in India is a growing market valued at $3 billion in 2012 due to lower costs compared to other countries.
- The diagnostics sector is highly fragmented but growing at 20% annually with increased healthcare spending and insurance penetration.
- Foreign direct investment
The document discusses the private health sector in developing countries. It notes that the private sector is a large and diverse group comprising formal providers like private clinics and hospitals as well as informal providers like traditional healers and drug shops. The private sector delivers a significant portion of healthcare, even for the poor. Ministries of health are increasingly recognizing the importance of partnering with the private sector to improve healthcare access and achieve health goals. Some benefits of public-private partnerships include leveraging private sector resources and expertise, expanding access to underserved groups, and improving efficiency. The document discusses various partnership models like contracting and discusses strategies for improving quality of care in the private sector through regulatory frameworks and certification programs.
The document provides an overview of different frameworks for conceptualizing health systems. It describes the World Health Organization's definition of a health system as including all organizations, people, and actions aimed at promoting, restoring, or maintaining health. It also outlines WHO's six building blocks of a health system: service delivery, health workforce, information, medical products/vaccines/technology, financing, and governance. Additionally, it summarizes key components of health systems from the perspectives of the World Bank, including financing, payment, organization of service delivery, regulation, persuasion, politics, ethics, and values.
Public Healthcare vs Private Healthcare in India A Systematic Review Unnati Kalwani
Today the healthcare system stands at the crossroads. Nevertheless, the last decade has seen a bloom in the healthcare industry especially in areas like telemedicine, medical tourism.
The delivery system, both private and public remains elusive to the sections of society requiring healthcare
This presentation reflects on the current state of the Indian healthcare system.
An Introduction to Health Systems; An Overview of the Philippine Health Care ...Paolo Victor Medina
The document provides an overview of the Philippine health care system and health systems thinking using the WHO health systems framework. It introduces concepts of health systems, leadership and governance in the Philippines, health financing sources and challenges, and human resources for health. The Department of Health is the lead agency for health care and aims to ensure accessibility and quality, but the system faces issues of inequitable financing that relies heavily on out-of-pocket costs and a lack of incentives and uneven distribution of human resources for health.
This document provides an overview of Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs), also known as Community Health Centers. It describes their key characteristics such as being nonprofit, providing comprehensive services, and having community involvement in governance. It also summarizes the populations FQHCs serve, including many low-income, uninsured, or Medicaid beneficiaries. The document outlines the program requirements FQHCs must meet around patient need, services, management, and governance. It briefly discusses partner organizations that support FQHCs like NACHC, HRSA, PCAs, and PCOs.
India’s health care system is one of the most privatised in the world. Thanks to policy of the government to encourage the growth of the private sector, especially since the 1990s, the share of private sector in various components of health care in India is very high. There's still hope if we care to promote private practitioners without weakening public sector.
India's public health system includes over 5,000 hospitals, 8.7 million hospital beds, 500,000 doctors, and 737,000 nurses. The system is managed by state and central governments. Major public hospitals in urban areas include specialized hospitals like AIIMS with 1,500-2,000 beds, cancer and TB hospitals with 500-1,000 beds, and medical college and district hospitals with 500 beds. Rural public health services are generally poor due to lack of resources, overburdening, corruption, and lack of planning. Private urban health systems are more advanced but also more expensive, catering primarily to rich and middle-income groups through insurance. They integrate pharmacy, testing, and inpatient/out
The document provides an overview of India's healthcare system, including its various components and the roles of the public and private sectors. Some key points:
- The healthcare system comprises sectors like hospitals, insurance, pharmaceuticals, medical tourism, diagnostics, and equipment/supplies.
- The private sector accounts for around 80% of healthcare delivery and has grown significantly due to various factors like reduced government funding and policies encouraging privatization.
- Medical tourism in India is a growing market valued at $3 billion in 2012 due to lower costs compared to other countries.
- The diagnostics sector is highly fragmented but growing at 20% annually with increased healthcare spending and insurance penetration.
- Foreign direct investment
The document discusses the private health sector in developing countries. It notes that the private sector is a large and diverse group comprising formal providers like private clinics and hospitals as well as informal providers like traditional healers and drug shops. The private sector delivers a significant portion of healthcare, even for the poor. Ministries of health are increasingly recognizing the importance of partnering with the private sector to improve healthcare access and achieve health goals. Some benefits of public-private partnerships include leveraging private sector resources and expertise, expanding access to underserved groups, and improving efficiency. The document discusses various partnership models like contracting and discusses strategies for improving quality of care in the private sector through regulatory frameworks and certification programs.
The document provides an overview of different frameworks for conceptualizing health systems. It describes the World Health Organization's definition of a health system as including all organizations, people, and actions aimed at promoting, restoring, or maintaining health. It also outlines WHO's six building blocks of a health system: service delivery, health workforce, information, medical products/vaccines/technology, financing, and governance. Additionally, it summarizes key components of health systems from the perspectives of the World Bank, including financing, payment, organization of service delivery, regulation, persuasion, politics, ethics, and values.
Public Healthcare vs Private Healthcare in India A Systematic Review Unnati Kalwani
Today the healthcare system stands at the crossroads. Nevertheless, the last decade has seen a bloom in the healthcare industry especially in areas like telemedicine, medical tourism.
The delivery system, both private and public remains elusive to the sections of society requiring healthcare
This presentation reflects on the current state of the Indian healthcare system.
An Introduction to Health Systems; An Overview of the Philippine Health Care ...Paolo Victor Medina
The document provides an overview of the Philippine health care system and health systems thinking using the WHO health systems framework. It introduces concepts of health systems, leadership and governance in the Philippines, health financing sources and challenges, and human resources for health. The Department of Health is the lead agency for health care and aims to ensure accessibility and quality, but the system faces issues of inequitable financing that relies heavily on out-of-pocket costs and a lack of incentives and uneven distribution of human resources for health.
This document provides an overview of Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs), also known as Community Health Centers. It describes their key characteristics such as being nonprofit, providing comprehensive services, and having community involvement in governance. It also summarizes the populations FQHCs serve, including many low-income, uninsured, or Medicaid beneficiaries. The document outlines the program requirements FQHCs must meet around patient need, services, management, and governance. It briefly discusses partner organizations that support FQHCs like NACHC, HRSA, PCAs, and PCOs.
India’s health care system is one of the most privatised in the world. Thanks to policy of the government to encourage the growth of the private sector, especially since the 1990s, the share of private sector in various components of health care in India is very high. There's still hope if we care to promote private practitioners without weakening public sector.
India's public health system includes over 5,000 hospitals, 8.7 million hospital beds, 500,000 doctors, and 737,000 nurses. The system is managed by state and central governments. Major public hospitals in urban areas include specialized hospitals like AIIMS with 1,500-2,000 beds, cancer and TB hospitals with 500-1,000 beds, and medical college and district hospitals with 500 beds. Rural public health services are generally poor due to lack of resources, overburdening, corruption, and lack of planning. Private urban health systems are more advanced but also more expensive, catering primarily to rich and middle-income groups through insurance. They integrate pharmacy, testing, and inpatient/out
Global health care challenges and trends_ bestyBesty Varghese
GLOBAL HEALTH CARE CHALLENGES AND TRENDS: Analyses the global healthcare trends and challenges.
Healthcare providers have a unique window of opportunity to embrace efficient new technologies that directly support better healthcare and patient experiences at a lower cost.
New healthcare systems will be:
Evidence- and prevention-based
Interdisciplinary and coordinated
Transparent, accessible, accurate, and understandable
Focused on improving patient outcomes and experience
Based on partnerships among stakeholders
Visionary in their long-term thinking
And in total International health + Global public health + Collective health + Global health diplomacy = LIFE’S RIGHT
Swoc analysis of health care delivery systemalka mishra
This document discusses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges of India's healthcare delivery system. It notes that while India has made progress in developing healthcare infrastructure over the past decades, it still faces major challenges like a lack of access to care in rural areas, low government spending on health, and overburdened public services. Opportunities exist in areas like innovative business models and partnerships to expand access, but privatization and drain of medical professionals pose ongoing challenges.
The document discusses the Indian healthcare system and its key challenges. It notes that the system faces substantial challenges in providing quality healthcare due to factors such as a fast growing population, changing disease profiles, a multilayered healthcare landscape, lack of infrastructure, shortage of manpower, low public expenditure on health, and inaccessibility of services - especially in rural areas. It also examines the disease burden in India and initiatives by the government to improve the system. However, it concludes that India still lags in key healthcare indicators and there is need for improved healthcare planning, resources, and financing to address the country's growing healthcare challenges.
ROLE OF PRIVATE SECTORS IN HEALTH SERVICES AND MANAGEMENT.pptxPrasharamBC
The private sector plays a major role in delivering healthcare services in Nepal. Private sectors provide direct health services, medicines, medical products, training, and support activities. Local health programs provide essential services like immunization, family planning and maternal/child health, nutrition, and HIV/AIDS programs through primary health centers, health posts, and other local facilities. The involvement of private sectors in healthcare delivery has increased over time due to policies encouraging private sector participation in health development.
The document discusses healthcare in India, including the current state and future outlook. It notes that healthcare spending is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, reaching 7-8% of GDP by 2012. Both public and private sectors are discussed, with most healthcare currently provided privately and out-of-pocket. Rural healthcare access significantly trails urban areas. The market is seen as highly promising but still very underdeveloped and unorganized compared to other countries.
Basic health issues and role of private healthcare System in PakistanDr Abdul Ghafoor
The document summarizes the structure of Pakistan's health care system and identifies basic health issues in the country. It notes that Pakistan has a poorly organized health structure without clearly defined roles for primary, secondary and tertiary care. It also highlights issues like the high cost of care, lack of health education, uncontrolled quackery, and the large role of the private sector in healthcare delivery, especially in urban areas of Sindh province. The private health sector in Sindh is described as varied without strong regulation, ranging from well-equipped hospitals to informal providers like general stores. The roles and responsibilities of both the government and private sectors are discussed to address gaps and improve healthcare access and quality in Pakistan.
lessons on best practices for govt hospitals from private hospitals in indiaHarsha dhulipalla
the ppt consists of present indian health care delivery system and differences between govt & private hospitals,tragedies in govt hospitals,lessons for better improvement
The document discusses India's health care system and delivery models at primary level. It begins by defining health care and outlining India's constitutional mandate to improve public health. It then describes the primary health care model comprising multiple tiers from village to district levels. Key functions at village level include village health guides, dais/traditional birth attendants, anganwadi workers, and ASHAs. The roles and training of these frontline workers are explained. The document also outlines the national health policy and goals to achieve 'Health for All' through primary healthcare approach.
This document provides an overview of conceptual frameworks for understanding health systems. It defines a health system as all organizations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore or maintain health. It discusses several frameworks developed by the WHO and others to conceptualize the different components, actors and relationships within health systems. It acknowledges that health systems are complex and dynamic, with unpredictable paths of implementation for interventions. The document emphasizes that health systems should be viewed holistically as interconnected systems centered around people.
The document discusses health care reforms and the evolution of health care systems. It covers objectives of health care reforms such as expanding coverage and access to care. A major goal is providing better health care protection for more people at lower cost. Issues discussed include unequal distribution of health care resources between rural and urban areas, difficulties accessing care due to geographic, socioeconomic and gender factors, and how economic inequality affects health outcomes. The growth of the private health care sector is also addressed as adding to social inequities in access to affordable, quality care.
Public private partnerships final report 2004apblair
1) The public sector dominates health financing in Nepal, receiving 22% of total funds, but the private sector finances 78% through out-of-pocket payments and donations.
2) Provision of health services is split between the public, private not-for-profit, and private for-profit sectors, though estimates vary significantly. The private for-profit sector appears to dominate pharmaceutical supply and may provide the majority of hospital beds.
3) Reforms aim to better utilize limited resources through public-private partnerships, with each sector focusing on areas of strength, but implementation has lagged ambitions.
Health care delivery system in the philippinessharina11
The document discusses the Philippine health care system, factors affecting it, and the application of nursing informatics. It defines key terms like health care delivery and describes models of health systems. The Philippine system is complex with public, private, and social security components. Health facilities are divided into primary, secondary and tertiary levels. Nursing informatics uses technology to support clinical practice, administration, education and research. It gives examples like electronic medical records, scheduling, and distance learning.
2.doh transition plan to achieve mdg 4 5 032510 lzl_dohpsecp
The document summarizes the Philippines' health financing system and outlines strategies to improve principles of solidarity, equity, quality, and cost containment. It discusses how PhilHealth aims to provide universal coverage but faces challenges of weak social solidarity and inequity. A new Health Care Financing Strategy 2010-2020 is introduced with goals like increasing resources, sustaining universal membership, allocating resources efficiently, shifting payment methods, and securing facility autonomy. Initial outputs include a new administrative order, consideration of strategic expenditure estimates, and ongoing work to strengthen various programs.
The document discusses healthcare systems and financing in Bangladesh. It provides an overview of Bangladesh's healthcare system, which is led by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and delivers services through two branches - the Directorate General of Health Services and the Directorate General of Family Planning. Non-governmental organizations also play an important role in service delivery. The system includes various types of public health facilities at the national, divisional, district, upazila, union and ward levels. It also discusses urban health systems managed by city corporations, and describes the main organizations responsible for health financing in Bangladesh, including the Ministry of Health, social security organizations, and private health insurance funds.
As a hospital administrator, their roles include planning, organizing, staffing, directing, controlling, and coordinating hospital management functions. The goal of all administrators is to maximize output through productivity and efficiency. Productivity is measured as output over input, and can be increased by boosting output while maintaining or decreasing inputs. Effectiveness means achieving objectives by focusing on outputs and outcomes. Efficiency means achieving objectives with the least amount of resources. Hospital administrators must balance roles related to patients, the hospital organization, and the surrounding community.
The document summarizes opportunities for India in exporting health services. It notes that India has a large skilled English-speaking workforce at a lower cost compared to Western countries. Various health services that can be outsourced to India include medical transcription, claims processing, teleradiology and clinical trials. India also has the potential to become a major medical tourism destination due to world-class healthcare and facilities at a lower cost. Quality control accreditation is important to ensure high standards for patients seeking healthcare in India.
Healthcare is a major part of every country's development platform. By healthcare we are in fact protecting the most important driver of development. Healthcare systems are primarily safe guarding the development core engine and are the best means of sustainable development.
The document provides a health system review of the Philippines that includes 3 sections. It begins with an introduction that describes the country's geography, demographics, economy, politics, and health status. Secondly, it examines the organization and governance of the health system, including its history, decentralization, planning, information management, and regulation. Finally, it analyzes the system's financing through sources of revenue, expenditures, and payment mechanisms. The review aims to describe the key components of the Philippines' health system and reforms.
Global health care challenges and trends_ bestyBesty Varghese
GLOBAL HEALTH CARE CHALLENGES AND TRENDS: Analyses the global healthcare trends and challenges.
Healthcare providers have a unique window of opportunity to embrace efficient new technologies that directly support better healthcare and patient experiences at a lower cost.
New healthcare systems will be:
Evidence- and prevention-based
Interdisciplinary and coordinated
Transparent, accessible, accurate, and understandable
Focused on improving patient outcomes and experience
Based on partnerships among stakeholders
Visionary in their long-term thinking
And in total International health + Global public health + Collective health + Global health diplomacy = LIFE’S RIGHT
Swoc analysis of health care delivery systemalka mishra
This document discusses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges of India's healthcare delivery system. It notes that while India has made progress in developing healthcare infrastructure over the past decades, it still faces major challenges like a lack of access to care in rural areas, low government spending on health, and overburdened public services. Opportunities exist in areas like innovative business models and partnerships to expand access, but privatization and drain of medical professionals pose ongoing challenges.
The document discusses the Indian healthcare system and its key challenges. It notes that the system faces substantial challenges in providing quality healthcare due to factors such as a fast growing population, changing disease profiles, a multilayered healthcare landscape, lack of infrastructure, shortage of manpower, low public expenditure on health, and inaccessibility of services - especially in rural areas. It also examines the disease burden in India and initiatives by the government to improve the system. However, it concludes that India still lags in key healthcare indicators and there is need for improved healthcare planning, resources, and financing to address the country's growing healthcare challenges.
ROLE OF PRIVATE SECTORS IN HEALTH SERVICES AND MANAGEMENT.pptxPrasharamBC
The private sector plays a major role in delivering healthcare services in Nepal. Private sectors provide direct health services, medicines, medical products, training, and support activities. Local health programs provide essential services like immunization, family planning and maternal/child health, nutrition, and HIV/AIDS programs through primary health centers, health posts, and other local facilities. The involvement of private sectors in healthcare delivery has increased over time due to policies encouraging private sector participation in health development.
The document discusses healthcare in India, including the current state and future outlook. It notes that healthcare spending is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, reaching 7-8% of GDP by 2012. Both public and private sectors are discussed, with most healthcare currently provided privately and out-of-pocket. Rural healthcare access significantly trails urban areas. The market is seen as highly promising but still very underdeveloped and unorganized compared to other countries.
Basic health issues and role of private healthcare System in PakistanDr Abdul Ghafoor
The document summarizes the structure of Pakistan's health care system and identifies basic health issues in the country. It notes that Pakistan has a poorly organized health structure without clearly defined roles for primary, secondary and tertiary care. It also highlights issues like the high cost of care, lack of health education, uncontrolled quackery, and the large role of the private sector in healthcare delivery, especially in urban areas of Sindh province. The private health sector in Sindh is described as varied without strong regulation, ranging from well-equipped hospitals to informal providers like general stores. The roles and responsibilities of both the government and private sectors are discussed to address gaps and improve healthcare access and quality in Pakistan.
lessons on best practices for govt hospitals from private hospitals in indiaHarsha dhulipalla
the ppt consists of present indian health care delivery system and differences between govt & private hospitals,tragedies in govt hospitals,lessons for better improvement
The document discusses India's health care system and delivery models at primary level. It begins by defining health care and outlining India's constitutional mandate to improve public health. It then describes the primary health care model comprising multiple tiers from village to district levels. Key functions at village level include village health guides, dais/traditional birth attendants, anganwadi workers, and ASHAs. The roles and training of these frontline workers are explained. The document also outlines the national health policy and goals to achieve 'Health for All' through primary healthcare approach.
This document provides an overview of conceptual frameworks for understanding health systems. It defines a health system as all organizations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore or maintain health. It discusses several frameworks developed by the WHO and others to conceptualize the different components, actors and relationships within health systems. It acknowledges that health systems are complex and dynamic, with unpredictable paths of implementation for interventions. The document emphasizes that health systems should be viewed holistically as interconnected systems centered around people.
The document discusses health care reforms and the evolution of health care systems. It covers objectives of health care reforms such as expanding coverage and access to care. A major goal is providing better health care protection for more people at lower cost. Issues discussed include unequal distribution of health care resources between rural and urban areas, difficulties accessing care due to geographic, socioeconomic and gender factors, and how economic inequality affects health outcomes. The growth of the private health care sector is also addressed as adding to social inequities in access to affordable, quality care.
Public private partnerships final report 2004apblair
1) The public sector dominates health financing in Nepal, receiving 22% of total funds, but the private sector finances 78% through out-of-pocket payments and donations.
2) Provision of health services is split between the public, private not-for-profit, and private for-profit sectors, though estimates vary significantly. The private for-profit sector appears to dominate pharmaceutical supply and may provide the majority of hospital beds.
3) Reforms aim to better utilize limited resources through public-private partnerships, with each sector focusing on areas of strength, but implementation has lagged ambitions.
Health care delivery system in the philippinessharina11
The document discusses the Philippine health care system, factors affecting it, and the application of nursing informatics. It defines key terms like health care delivery and describes models of health systems. The Philippine system is complex with public, private, and social security components. Health facilities are divided into primary, secondary and tertiary levels. Nursing informatics uses technology to support clinical practice, administration, education and research. It gives examples like electronic medical records, scheduling, and distance learning.
2.doh transition plan to achieve mdg 4 5 032510 lzl_dohpsecp
The document summarizes the Philippines' health financing system and outlines strategies to improve principles of solidarity, equity, quality, and cost containment. It discusses how PhilHealth aims to provide universal coverage but faces challenges of weak social solidarity and inequity. A new Health Care Financing Strategy 2010-2020 is introduced with goals like increasing resources, sustaining universal membership, allocating resources efficiently, shifting payment methods, and securing facility autonomy. Initial outputs include a new administrative order, consideration of strategic expenditure estimates, and ongoing work to strengthen various programs.
The document discusses healthcare systems and financing in Bangladesh. It provides an overview of Bangladesh's healthcare system, which is led by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and delivers services through two branches - the Directorate General of Health Services and the Directorate General of Family Planning. Non-governmental organizations also play an important role in service delivery. The system includes various types of public health facilities at the national, divisional, district, upazila, union and ward levels. It also discusses urban health systems managed by city corporations, and describes the main organizations responsible for health financing in Bangladesh, including the Ministry of Health, social security organizations, and private health insurance funds.
As a hospital administrator, their roles include planning, organizing, staffing, directing, controlling, and coordinating hospital management functions. The goal of all administrators is to maximize output through productivity and efficiency. Productivity is measured as output over input, and can be increased by boosting output while maintaining or decreasing inputs. Effectiveness means achieving objectives by focusing on outputs and outcomes. Efficiency means achieving objectives with the least amount of resources. Hospital administrators must balance roles related to patients, the hospital organization, and the surrounding community.
The document summarizes opportunities for India in exporting health services. It notes that India has a large skilled English-speaking workforce at a lower cost compared to Western countries. Various health services that can be outsourced to India include medical transcription, claims processing, teleradiology and clinical trials. India also has the potential to become a major medical tourism destination due to world-class healthcare and facilities at a lower cost. Quality control accreditation is important to ensure high standards for patients seeking healthcare in India.
Healthcare is a major part of every country's development platform. By healthcare we are in fact protecting the most important driver of development. Healthcare systems are primarily safe guarding the development core engine and are the best means of sustainable development.
The document provides a health system review of the Philippines that includes 3 sections. It begins with an introduction that describes the country's geography, demographics, economy, politics, and health status. Secondly, it examines the organization and governance of the health system, including its history, decentralization, planning, information management, and regulation. Finally, it analyzes the system's financing through sources of revenue, expenditures, and payment mechanisms. The review aims to describe the key components of the Philippines' health system and reforms.
The document discusses the State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) in Kerala and the Kerala Curriculum Framework (KCF) of 2007. It provides an overview of SCERT's role in developing syllabi for schools in Kerala and conducting teacher training programs. It also summarizes the key aspects of KCF-2007, including its aims, pillars, and stages of education. The KCF of 2007 aimed to strengthen primary, secondary and higher secondary education in Kerala based on principles of social justice, environmental awareness, citizenship, and more.
برنامج ماى كلينيك للمراكز الطبية والعيادات يوفر لك ادارة نظام عيادتك بطريقة بسيطة وسهلة مما يوفر وقتك ويضمن لك نتائج دقيقة حول ما يدور بعيادتك وذلك كله من خلال جهازك الخاص.
!فالآن يمكنك ادارة عيادتك بشكل بسيط ومختلف
The document discusses implementing advanced security and privacy in the Nationwide Health Information Network (NHIN). It outlines an agenda that includes introductions, foundations, implementation, and demonstrations. Under foundations, it discusses leveraging standards organizations and conducting interoperability demonstrations to validate the approach. The goal is to allow authorized healthcare providers to access service members' and veterans' health records across different systems in a secure manner.
برنامج ادارة العيادات و المراكز الطبية ماي كلينك - MyClinic Clinic Managemen...Amadeus Petra
برنامج ماى كلينيك للمراكز الطبية والعيادات يوفر لك ادارة نظام عيادتك بطريقة بسيطة وسهلة مما يوفر وقتك ويضمن لك نتائج دقيقة حول ما يدور بعيادتك وذلك كله من خلال جهازك الخاص.
فهو يتيح لك تسجيل مجموعة من العيادات معا وتسجيل بيانات كل عيادة على حدة والاطباء الموجودين فى كل منها ومواعيد تواجدهم وسعر الكشف لكل طبيب , وتسجيل مواعيد حجز المرضى وبيانات كل مريض وتشخيص مرضه وكتابة الروشتة وعمل ملف كامل له ,وتسجيل الادوية المستخدمة والجرعة المخصصة لكل دواء.. يمكنك ايضا طباعة كل ذلك التقارير(من بيانات الاطباء – المرضى- الشكاوى - الوصف الطبى- الروشتات الخاصة بكل مريض...)
بالاضافة الى قسم عمل الحسابات من صادرات و واردات وعمل الخصومات الخاصة بكل طبيب مما يسهل لك الادارة المالية يوما ب يوم....
ويمكنك ايضا ادارة عيادتك ووضع صلاحيات لمستخدمين البرنامج مما يوفر لك بعض الخصوصية.
كما يتيح لك الاحتفاظ بالبيانات القديمة مما يسهل استرجاعها فأى وقت تريد استخدامها.. ويوفر لك عمل نسخة احتياطية من برنامجك لتفادى فقد البيانات اذا حدث عطل مفاجئ للجهاز.
فالآن يمكنك ادارة عيادتك بشكل بسيط ومختلف!
The document discusses patients' rights in Saudi Arabia. It outlines the ethical basis for patients' rights and defines key rights such as the right to treatment, access to care, choice of care, participation in decision making, privacy and confidentiality, seeking second opinions, and end-of-life care. It discusses these rights in the context of Islamic guidance and Saudi law. Specific patient rights addressed include consent to treatment, privacy, safety, participation in research studies, complaints procedures, and additional considerations for special groups like children, the elderly, and those with psychiatric or special needs. The document emphasizes informing both patients and healthcare providers about patients' rights.
The document discusses HIPAA regulations regarding patient privacy. It explains that HIPAA was passed in 1996 to set national standards for protecting patients' medical records and personal health information. Key aspects of HIPAA include defining protected health information, requiring facilities to implement privacy policies and provide privacy training, and giving patients rights over their health information including access and confidentiality. Facilities and individuals can face penalties for HIPAA violations.
Powerpoint on electronic health record lab 1nephrology193
This presentation provides an overview of electronic health records (EHR). It defines EHR as a digital format for documenting a patient's medical history maintained by healthcare providers. EHR files contain sections for different types of health information. The presentation outlines benefits of EHR such as reducing medical errors, improving quality of care through better disease management and education, and decreasing healthcare costs. It also discusses how EHR protects patient privacy through security measures and restrictions on who can access records.
The document provides an overview of the New Zealand health care system. It begins by outlining the role of the government in providing health care and the responsibilities of district health boards. It then discusses coverage and financing, including public and private insurance. Services covered include preventative, primary, specialist, and long-term care. Quality is ensured through targets and performance monitoring of district health boards and primary care organizations. Efforts are being made to reduce health disparities experienced by indigenous Maori and Pacific Islander populations.
The document discusses primary health care and different types of health insurance. It states that primary health care is essential health care that is accessible to communities based on their needs and affordable costs. The document also outlines different types of health insurance plans including HMOs, PPOs, HDHPs, and catastrophic plans. HMOs and EPOs provide coverage only within their networks while PPOs and POS plans allow for some out-of-network coverage at a higher cost. HDHPs have lower premiums but higher deductibles while catastrophic plans only cover major medical expenses.
The document discusses the healthcare industry and provides context for analyzing delays in patient discharge processes at a hospital from May to July 2015. It describes the objectives of studying delays, the sample size, tools used, and limitations. It then provides an overview of the global healthcare industry, key segments including hospitals, providers and professionals, models for healthcare delivery, and the market size of the industry in different regions. Porter's five forces model is applied to analyze competition in the healthcare industry.
1Running Head CRITICAL THINKING NEW HOSPITAL PROPOSALCR.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Running Head: CRITICAL THINKING: NEW HOSPITAL PROPOSAL
CRITICAL THINKING: NEW HOSPITAL PROPOSAL 2
Introduction
The system of healthcare in most of the countries is national based healthcare system whereby the government offers health care services to the public using governmental agencies. In Saudi Arabia for example, there are some growing private healthcare facilities. The government of many nations remains the full controller of the healthcare sectors both private and public. The private hospitals are both non-profit and profit for example in Saudi Arabia, most of these private hospital attracts several expats. Both the standards of both private and government hospitals are of more similarity. Some of the private healthcare facilities are of the world class but with poor health service delivery (Penm,2015).
Comparing and Contrasting the Legal Structure and Governance of the Profit and Non-profit international entities
Differences
The selected international entities include the Joint Commission International (non-profit), International Hospital Federation (non-profit) and the Kaiser Permanente (non-profit and profit). The legal structure of the Joint Commission International (JCI) follows the certification and accreditation of the hospital. The hospital must be evaluated first to see if the hospital complies with the standards and meets the activities needed by this entity. There are accreditation programs that any hospital must go through. This is then followed by the certification which can either be based on associated health care organization (Joint Commission, 2016). On the other hand, the International Hospital Federation requires a formal and documented request addressed to the Chief Executive Officer for one to be a member. The legal structure of Kaiser Permanente is consisting of two or three independent legal entities in each region of California (Finz, 2012). The applying employee must have been hired as a new Kaiser Permanente for an award-eligible post.
The governance of the International Hospital Federation is consisting of three organs i.e. the general assembly, governing council, and the executive committee. There are also the designated positions which consist of the president, chairman designate, immediate past president, treasurer, and the chief executive officer (International Hospital Federation, 2015). On the other hand, Kaiser Permanente is consisting of entities with each entity having its management and governance structure. There are regional entities and twelve Permanente Medical groups which were created by the Permanente Federation. The role of the Permanente is to standardized patient care as well as the performance (Finz, 2012). The governing of JCI is under the leadership of the President and the chief executive officer (Matt, 2011).
Advantages of the Entities
Join Commission International provides a wide variety of health care programs l ...
The document discusses several aspects of healthcare administration including the roles and responsibilities of healthcare administrators. It describes how healthcare administrators work to evaluate health problems, acquire health resources, and implement information technology systems and clinical functions to manage day-to-day operations within the healthcare industry. The goal is to improve individual wellbeing and community health by following best practices, collecting problems, providing solutions, and involving the community. Healthcare administration aims to improve processes, standards of care, and protect medical records through leadership and management.
The document introduces a Manual of Standards for Primary Care Facilities that is being issued by the Department of Health to guide primary care facilities and healthcare provider networks. The manual was developed in support of the Universal Healthcare Law and the department's strategic framework to achieve universal healthcare through a primary care-focused health system. It contains standards, guidelines and best practices for primary care facilities related to service capabilities, staffing, infrastructure, equipment, health information systems, and operational activities to help improve primary care delivery and ensure equitable access to quality healthcare for all Filipinos.
Patients’ priorities in assessing organisational aspects of a general dental ...Axex Dental
This study aimed to identify the organizational aspects of dental practices that are most important to patients in the Netherlands. Researchers developed a questionnaire with 41 organizational aspects and distributed it to 5,000 dental patients. The response rate was 63%. Six aspects were identified as most important by at least 50% of respondents: accessibility by telephone, continuing education for dentists, Dutch-speaking dentists, in-office waiting times, information about treatments offered, and waiting lists. Patients' preferences for some of these aspects varied based on their age and education level. The findings can help dental practices provide information focused on the aspects patients value most when choosing a provider.
http://www.wpro.who.int/asia_pacific_observatory/hits/myanmar_pns1_en.pdf
What are the challenges facing Myanmar in progressing towards Universal Health Coverage?
https://www.irrawaddy.com/specials/challenges-impede-development-of-myanmars-public-health.html
Challenges Impede Development of Myanmar’s Public Health
https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/capacity-building-in-public-health-for-development/document/health-sector-reforms-myanmar-giving-more-space-public-health-interventions-ncds
Health Sector Reforms in Myanmar, giving more space for public health interventions for NCDs
The National Consumers League supports policies that ensure access to safe, effective, and affordable prescription drugs for all Americans while supporting continued innovation. They advocate for robust FDA funding to review new drugs and ensure generics approval. The League also supports vigilant post-market drug surveillance, enforcement of pharmaceutical oversight, and transparency in drug advertising. The needs of patients should be central to the pharmaceutical system.
Health economics is concerned with efficiency, effectiveness, value and behavior in health and healthcare. It studies the use and allocation of resources in health services, and the costs and benefits of health policies and programs. Factors influencing health economics in India include population size, disease burden, government policies, and the pharmaceutical industry. Health insurance plays a key role by pooling financial risk, improving access to care, and influencing utilization of services.
Discover Why Maxwell Hospital is the Best in Varanasi - Healthcare in VaranasiMaxwellHospital
Are you looking for top-quality healthcare in Varanasi? Look no further than Maxwell Hospital. In this video, we take a tour of the hospital and showcase its state-of-the-art facilities and equipment. From advanced diagnostic services to cutting-edge treatments, Maxwell Hospital has it all. We also introduce you to the dedicated team of doctors and nurses who work tirelessly to provide the best care possible. From general medicine to specialized care, Maxwell Hospital is committed to providing the highest level of service. Join us as we explore why this hospital is the best in Varanasi and how it's impacting the lives of the community.
https://www.maxwellhospital.in/
Essential Package of Health Services and Health Benefit Plans Mapping BriefHFG Project
Many governments are scaling up health benefit plans, such as social health insurance, to increase population health coverage. This brief presents findings from a mapping between the services covered under the country’s prominent health benefit plan(s) to the country’s Essential Package of Health Services. The mapping analyzes the extent to which the plan(s) cover essential services.
The document discusses harm reduction interventions for people who use drugs. It recommends including a package of nine evidence-based interventions in Global Fund proposals, with a focus on needle and syringe programs, opioid substitution therapy, and antiretroviral therapy. Successful proposals should involve people who use drugs in planning, ensure accessibility of services, and address gender equity through gender-sensitive programming.
The document discusses harm reduction interventions for people who use drugs. It recommends including a package of nine evidence-based interventions in Global Fund proposals, with a focus on needle and syringe programs, opioid substitution therapy, and antiretroviral therapy. Successful proposals should involve people who use drugs in planning, ensure accessibility of services, and address gender equity through gender-sensitive programming.
The health care delivery system in India is comprised of five major sectors - public, private, indigenous systems of medicine, voluntary agencies, and national health programmes. At the central level, the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare oversees the country's health administration along with the Directorate General of Health Services and Central Council of Health. The health system is organized at three levels - central, state, and district - with the goal of improving population health, care experiences, and reducing economic burden.
Day 2 session 3 financing and governance v24_october2016 (1)mapc88812
The document discusses various aspects of financing for universal health coverage including:
1) Population coverage, health service coverage, and cost coverage are key dimensions of reforms for UHC.
2) In many low and middle income countries, high out-of-pocket expenditures negatively impact equity, access, and use of health services.
3) Reducing out-of-pocket costs requires addressing factors like irrational drug use and insufficient private sector regulation that contribute to cost escalation.
PAGE 1State Pharmacy BrazilnamePracticum in Health Administ.docxalfred4lewis58146
PAGE
1State Pharmacy Brazil
namePracticum in Health Administration
MHA 690Pfeiffer University
November 7, 2013
Professor:
Table of Contents
Introduction ………………………………………………………………
Brazilian Health Care System………………………………………………………….14
The State Pharmacy Exceptional Drugs ……………………………………….…20
Activities…………………………………………………………………………………24
I. Participation in Activities Developed in Sector Screening and Social Services ………………………………………………………………...33
II. Participation in the Passwords Distribution ………………………………………………………………34
III. Participation in the Activities of Pre-Dispensation:……………………………………………………………....35
IV. Participation in the Activities Performed in Pharmaceutical Care ……………………………………………………………36
V. Participation in the Activities of the Internal Pharmacy after the Service
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………38
Bibliography………………………………………………………………….………….……..39
1. INTRODUCTION
The internship was in the State Pharmacy of Curitiba – Brazil. The internship aims to enter the student in daily SUS to analyze the role of the pharmacist in this system with the opportunity to combine theory with practice, to develop time responsibility and competence expected of the pharmacist, and improve theoretical, technical, ethical, and political understanding for the student.
Brazilian Health Care System
The public health system (SUS) is one of the largest public health systems in the world. It ensures universal, comprehensive health care and it is free to the entire population of the country. The public health system was created in 1988 by the Brazilian federal constitution to be the health care for all Brazilians. Besides offering consultations, tests, and hospitalizations, the system also promotes vaccination campaigns, prevention, and sanitary surveillance.
The SUS was created to provide equal service and care, and promote the health of the entire population. The system is a unique social project that materializes through health promotion, prevention, and Brazilians' health care.
For nearly 22 years of existence, the National Health System (SUS) has established itself as a major public policy in Brazil promoting social inclusion and seeking to continuously strengthen their basic pillars of full health care, and universal and equal access. It is the only access to health services for 160 million Brazilians (80% of the population), SUS is developing mechanisms to improve management and expand its scope. In 2009, it performed 3 billion outpatient visits, 380 million medical visits, 280,000 heart surgeries, and 10 million procedures in radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In addition, SUS is one of the largest public organ transplant programs in the world, won international recognition for the success of mass vaccination campaigns, and is the only developing country to guarantee free comprehensive treatment for people with HIV (Brasil, pp 11-13).
The Unified Health System (SUS) was creat.
Slides used to deliver presentation on Korean healthcare system overview. Main topics are: payer, healthcare delivery system, regulation, stakeholders.
Running header THE CURRENT FINANCIAL ENVIRONMENT IN HEALTHCARE AN.docxjeffsrosalyn
Running header: THE CURRENT FINANCIAL ENVIRONMENT IN HEALTHCARE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON DECISION MAKING
1
THE CURRENT FINANCIAL ENVIRONMENT IN HEALTHCARE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON DECISION MAKING
2
The Current Financial Environment in Healthcare and its Influence on Decision Making
It is essential that healthcare managers understand the external factors that have a profound influence on the practice of healthcare finance. A key factor to understanding healthcare finance is the knowledge of all the different and unique setting that provide health services. Healthcare services are provided in numerous settings, including hospitals, ambulatory care offices and clinics, long-term care facilities, and integrated delivery systems.
Hospitals afford diagnostic and therapeutic services to those who need more than several hours of care. Hospitals must be licensed by the state and undergo inspections for compliance with state regulations (Gapenski 2013). Most hospitals are accredited by The Joint Commission, which is intended to promote high standards of care. Accreditation provides eligibility for participation in the Medicare and Medicaid programs.
Hospitals are classified as either general acute care facilities or specialty facilities. General acute care facilities provide general medical and surgical services and selected acute specialty services (Gapenski 2013). These facilities account for most hospitals and have comparatively short spans of stay. Specialty hospitals limit the admission of patients to specific ages, sexes, illnesses, or conditions (Gapenski 2013). Specialty hospitals frequently sustain lower expenses than general hospitals because they do not need the overhead connected with providing various diverse forms of care and services.
Hospitals are classified by proprietorship as governmental, private not-for-profit, or investor owned. Government hospitals constitute 25% of all hospitals and are divided into federal and public entities. Federal hospitals serve special purposes such as DOD and VA hospitals. Public hospitals are funded wholly or in part by a city, county, tax district, or state. Federal and Public hospitals provide substantial services to indigent patients (Gapenski 2013). Private not-for-profit hospitals are nongovernment entities organized for the sole purpose of providing inpatient healthcare services (Gapenski 2013). Roughly 80% of all private hospitals are not-for-profit entities and 60% of all hospitals are private hospitals. For serving a charitable purpose, these hospitals obtain several benefits, including exemption from federal and state income taxes, exemption from property and sales taxes, eligibility to receive tax-deductible charitable contributions, favorable postal rates, favorable tax-exempt financing, and tax-favored annuities for employees. The residual 15% of all hospitals are investment-owned hospitals, whose titleholders profit directly from the revenues created by .
In July 2018, NITI Aayog published a Strategy and Approach document on the National Health Stack. The document underscored the need for Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and laid down the technology framework for implementing the Ayushman Bharat programme which is meant to provide UHC to the bottom 500 million of the country. While the Health Stack provides a technological backbone for delivering affordable healthcare to all Indians, we, at iSPIRT, believe that it has the potential to go beyond that and to completely transform the healthcare ecosystem in the country. We are indeed headed for a health leapfrog in India! Over the last few months, we have worked extensively to understand the current challenges in the industry as well as the role and design of individual components of the Health Stack. In this post, we elaborate on the leapfrog that will be enabled by blending this technology with care delivery.
نظرية التطور عند المسلمين (بروفيسور محمد علي البار
ويقدم فيها سردا تاريخيا لنظريات نشأة الخلق وخلق آدم وكيف ان نظرية التطور هي نظرية علمية وليس دينية لكن تم استغلالها لمحاربة الكنيسة
Ethical considerations in research during armed conflicts.pptxDr Ghaiath Hussein
My talk @AUBMC Salim El-Hoss Bioethics Webinar Series. In this webinar, we have discussed the following points:
1- How armed conflicts affect the planning and conduct of research?
2- What is ethically unique about research during armed conflicts?
3- How did my doctoral project approach these ethical issues both at the normative and the empirical levels?
4- What are the lessons learned from the conflicts in the middle east (Sudan, Syria, Yemen, etc.) and how do they differ from the situation in Ukraine?
Acknowledgement: This talk is based on my doctoral thesis (http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/8580/), which was fully funded by Wellcome Trust, UK.
Medically Assisted Dying in (MAiD) Ireland - Mapping the Ethical Terrain (May...Dr Ghaiath Hussein
This document outlines a presentation on mapping the ethical terrain of medically assisted dying (MAiD) in Ireland. It does not take a stance but provides a framework to guide conceptual discussion. It focuses on the decision, decision makers, and outcomes using Canada as an example country that has legalized MAiD. Key ethical questions are raised about patients' autonomy and consent, physicians' conflicting duties, and impacts on public perception and resource allocation. Data from Canada on MAiD providers and annual reported deaths is presented. The conclusion emphasizes the need for evidence from all stakeholders and learning from other jurisdictions' experiences before a decision is made.
Research or Not Research? This Is Not the Question for Public Health Emergencies
November 17, 2021 @ 4:00 pm - 5:00 pm EST
Speaker:
Ghaiath Hussein, Assistant Professor, Medical Ethics and Law, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
About this Seminar:
Public health emergencies, whether natural or man-made, local or global, in peacetime or during armed conflicts are always associated with the need to collect data (and sometimes biological samples) about and from those affected by these emergencies. One of the central questions in the relevant literature is whether the activities that involve the collection of data and/or biological samples are considered ‘research’, with the subsequent endeavour to define what ‘research’ is and whether they should be submitted for ethical approval or not. In this seminar, I will argue that this is not the central question when it comes to research/public health/humanitarian ethics. Using the findings of a systematic review on the research conducted in Darfur and findings from a qualitative project that aimed at defining what constitutes ‘research’ in public health emergencies I will, alternatively, present what I refer to as the ‘ethical characterization’ of these research-like activities and how they can be ethically guided.
Medically assisted dying in (MAiD) Ireland - mapping the ethical terrainDr Ghaiath Hussein
This document provides an outline for a presentation on medically assisted dying (MAiD) in Ireland. It aims to establish an ethical framework for conceptual discussion of MAiD by considering: the decision, the decision makers, and the outcome. It does not endorse any viewpoint. The presentation raises several ethical questions around patient autonomy and consent, concepts of life and death, the role of healthcare providers, and impacts on community and public trust. Examples are provided from Canada, where MAiD is legal, to illustrate challenges in practice. The document stresses the need for evidence from all stakeholders and learning from other jurisdictions' experiences before legalizing MAiD in Ireland.
1. 1Policy for private health sector
Foreword
Table of contents
1 Policy for private health sector 1
Foreword 1
Table of contents 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Private ‘for profit’ health sector 2
1.3 Policy for the private health sector 2
1.3.1 Values and principles 3
1.3.1.1 Quality in health care 3
1.3.1.2 Consumer satisfaction and patients’ rights 4
1.3.1.3 Services first 4
1.3.2 National and international commitments 4
1.3.3 Vision 5
1.3.4 Mission 5
1.3.5 Policy implementation and monitoring 5
1.3.5.1 Policy implementation 5
1.3.5.2 Monitoring and evaluation 5
1.3.6 Policy statements 6
1.3.6.1 Certificate of need programme 6
1.3.6.2 Governance and categorization of service level 6
1.3.6.3 Employment of health workforce 7
1.3.6.4 Health information 7
1.3.6.5 Incentive to the private sector for investing in health 7
2. 1.3.6.6 Self employment of health professionals 8
1.3.6.7 Cost of health service 8
1.3.6.8 Patient referral 9
1.3.6.9 Contracting out health services 9
1.3.6.10 Medical waste 10
1.4 Acknowledgement 10
1.1Introduction
In Sudan both public and private sector provide health care. The practitioners of both these sectors
practice allopathic and or traditional medicine. The allopathic or scientific or modern health care
includes the preventive, promotive, curative, and rehabilitative services. In the public sector, invariably
these services are provided by the Ministries of Health, Armed Forces, Police, Railways, Insurance
organizations, Ministry of Higher Education etc.
The private sector, including ‘not for profit’ or Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and ‘for
profit’ has expanded rapidly. The former is mainly concentrated in the South, Darfur, and the war
affected areas of Red Sea, Blue Nile and South Kordofan states. The private ‘for profit’ sector health
care constitute mostly the curative care, although some solo clinics also provide primary care,
excluding preventive and promotive services.
There is a code of conduct for ‘not for profit’ component, but there is no clear policy to regulate ‘for
profit’ part of the private sector. Therefore, there are often concerns for the quality and the cost of
services offered by the private health services at various levels.
1.2Private ‘for profit’ health sector
The ‘for profit’ part of private sector in Sudan has flourished, inter-alia, consequent to the
macroeconomic and sectoral reforms implemented during the 1990s. It is provided by the individuals
through solo clinics and or institutions like hospitals, polyclinics, health centers, maternity and nursing
homes, dental clinics and hospitals, diagnostic labs etc.
But, the private sector is mostly concentrated in urban areas, especially in Khartoum and Gezira states.
Out of about 172 private hospitals and medical centers, 119 are located in Khartoum state. In addition,
Khartoum has 739 specialist clinics, 539 GP clinics, 288 dental clinics, 799 private laboratories, 30 x-
ray units, and 17 physiotherapy clinics.
There is limited and often in-accurate information about access and utilization of health services. But, a
recent survey showed that out of all patients seeking health care, 22% consulted private sector. In terms
of hospital admissions and surgical interventions, the share of private sector was 31% and 7% of
respectively. The exit interview revealed that 57% patients who consulted private sector were males
while 43% were females. 22% of patients were under cover of an insurance scheme, while 47% came
to seek diagnostic services. The cost of admission (per day hotel charges) in a private hospital ranged
3. between SDG 150 to 200 (USD 70 to 95) compared to the public sector hospitals, where the cost is
SDG 10 (USD 5) per day.
1.3Policy for the private health sector
While drawing a policy and defining the roles and responsibilities of the state vis-à-vis the private
health sector in the overall context of the health system, it is useful to do it in relation to its core
elements: governance, organization, funding, and service delivery.
The governance is about assuring the stewardship or oversight which is clearly the responsibility of the
state. Likewise, state would determine how the health system is organized for different levels of care
(specialized, tertiary, secondary, primary and community care) and geographical regions. But, the share
of responsibility between the state and the private sector and the mechanisms for the discharge or
implementation of other elements can however, vary and may take following forms: (i) public
financing and delivery; (ii) public financing and private delivery; (iii) private financing and delivery.
This policy focuses on the mechanism whereby the private sector financed as well as delivers health
care. But, it also deals with issues surrounding the other alternate mechanisms, i.e. public financing and
private sector delivery of health services.
1.3.1Values and principles
This policy is framed, within the provisions of the National Health Policy, for allopathic health services
financed and delivered by the private sector. Specifically, it shares the guiding principles and the values
of the National Health Policy: (i) social determinants of health; (ii) gender mainstreaming and equal
opportunities; (iii) partnership and collaboration for health; (iv) quality in health care and assuring the
clinical governance; and (v) consumer satisfaction and assuring the patients’ rights.
While the details provided for these values and principles in the National Health Policy applies also to
this policy, the quality in health care and patients’ right are explained further to highlight their
importance. Furthermore, in the private sector, being profit oriented, there is a tendency of refusal to
treatment, sometime even in emergency in case the patient is not able to pay. But, this policy promotes
the slogan ‘patient first’.
1.3.1.1Quality in health care
Quality in health care is one of the values on which hinges this policy. Therefore, while it was
mentioned as part of the values, it is reiterated as a specific policy statement.
In order to ensure good quality health care the FMoH, in collaboration with the SMoH, will develop
national standards for all levels of care—primary, secondary and tertiary—and for specialized medical,
surgical, paramedical, nursing care, etc. In addition, standard operating procedures, clinical practice
guidelines and protocols, including for health management, will be developed and or adapted.
The FMoH, in collaboration with the SMoH, will develop mechanisms, like the voluntary accreditation
scheme to measure performance against pre-established standards, and will devise measures for
selected indicators and scores to be assigned to a league table for the reference of health care providers.
4. 1.3.1.2Consumer satisfaction and patients’ rights
The private health sector is not only to provide services ‘for profit’, but is also charged with the
responsibility to protect the patients’ rights and assure satisfaction of the consumers of its services.
This policy emphasizes on the FMoH to take a stewardship role and take measures, including
developing of a Patients’ Bill of Rights to provide, inter-alia, information on people’s rights in relation
to information disclosure; choice of providers and treatment plans; access to emergency services;
participation in treatment decisions; respect and non-discrimination; confidentiality of health
information; complaints and appeals.
1.3.1.3Services first
Given that private health sector works for profit, often it refuses care to the patients who cannot pay or
are unlikely to pay. This denial of services is particularly dangerous in cases where the patient is in
critical condition and land up as an emergency. No welfare state can accept such an attitude from any
health care provider.
This policy emphasizes on the health care provider that they should calculate profit on the overall
business and not for each individual case it deals with. In addition, it calls on the ministries of social
affairs for establishing a safety net through, for example, zakat fund, to pay the poor and destitute who
seek health services from private sector in emergencies.
1.3.2National and international commitments
This policy reiterates the government’s resolve and commitments made nationally as well as
internationally, such as the Alma-Ata Declaration and the Health-for-All Strategy, the Millennium
Summit Declaration and other global strategies, such as the Roll Back Malaria (RBM), Stop TB and the
Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections, including
HIV/AIDS.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) has set up a regimen asking member states to open their public
services including health to trade and foreign investment. Sudan is not yet a member of WTO, but in
this regard Investment Encouragement Act, 1992 provides quite lucrative incentives. Given that such
moves are likely to create inequalities in health as well as affect adversely the local capacities, this
policy requires the Ministry of Health to work with authorities to safeguard country’s public health
structure.
1.3.3Vision
The policy for private (for profit) health sector appreciates the role of the private health sector as
complementary to the public health sector and crucial for building a healthy nation, and achieving the
Millennium Development Goals and the overall social and economic development of the country.
1.3.4Mission
The mission of this policy for private health sector is expand the coverage, ensuring the provision of
quality health care in Sudan at a competitive cost, emphasizing the ‘win-win’ situation between public
and private sectors in the provision of these services.
5. The role of the state, as envisaged in the policy for private health sector, is limited to the regulation of
health services provided by the private sector. The government will take necessary measure to
encourage private sector to increasingly invest in the health sector.
1.3.5Policy implementation and monitoring
1.3.5.1Policy implementation
The FMoH will create mechanisms, such as establishing a private sector health coordination
committee/council at national level to oversee the implementation of the policy, including conducting
advocacy and harnessing the political commitment to ensure that the vision and mission of the Policy is
translated into strategic and operational plans. This will involve, inter-alia, making available the
resources commensurate to the stated targets and creating conditions conducive to achieving the vision
and mission.
1.3.5.2Monitoring and evaluation
The objectives of this policy, enshrined as policy statements, will be systematically monitored. The
FMoH will take measures, including the provision of adequate resources to institutionalize the
monitoring of the achievements towards policy objectives. For this, the FMoH, with SMoH, will select
appropriate indicators and will install appropriate mechanisms to measure and monitor the achievement
of the objectives of the policy.
A consolidated periodic health report for all levels of care, which outlines developments in public
health, will be generated. The health policy unit in FMoH will be the focal point to coordinate the
formulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, and reporting on the achievements of the
policy.
1.3.6Policy statements
The health services provided at the solo clinics and larger institutions include, inter-alia, reception,
admission, diagnosis, treatment through invasive and non-invasive procedures, transfusion, referral,
discharge and follow-up. In addition, these institutions generate health information, conduct research
and contribute to developing health professionals.
1.3.6.1Certificate of need programme
The government will set up a Certificate of Need (CON) Programme as a regulatory process. Under
this programme, it will be incumbent upon the applicant (private sector investor) intending to establish
a health care facility or to add or expand service(s) in the existing health facility, to obtain prior
approval of the competent authority.
The CON process is required to ensure that the services proposed by the health care providers are
needed for quality patient care within a particular region or community. In this manner, unnecessary
duplication of services will also be prevented. Also, in cases, where there is more than one applicant,
selecting the best proposal from amongst the competing applicants would ensure better quality health
service.
6. 1.3.6.2Governance and categorization of service level
Whereas in the private health sector the market forces guide and determine the level of service
provided, it is imperative to set certain criteria and standards. Effective and efficient healthcare delivery
is dependent on the availability of the right mix of healthcare technologies required for the delivery of
specific health interventions.
Integrated Health Technology Package (iHTP) is a tool devised by WHO to ensure that all resources
needed for any particular medical intervention are available in an adequate mix that is specific and
particular to the local needs and conditions.
The FMOH shall establish a system using the iHTP for assessing the efficiency and effectiveness of
health services provided through a comprehensive technology GAPS analysis as a means to regulate
the health services provision.
1.3.6.3Employment of health workforce
Health workforce constitutes the backbone of any health service, be it in the public or private sector.
For the purpose of this policy, different categories of health workforce include: (i) health professionals,
like doctors and nurses; (ii) associate professionals, like medical assistants and technicians; (iii) health
management professions, like hospital/ health managers and accountants; (iv) associate management
professions, like administrative staff; and (v) support staff, like clerks and drivers (WHO, 2006).
The health facilities in the private sector shall have the required number of qualified health workforce
according to the norm and standards set for the type and level of health facility. The private sector can
employ public sector health workforce, provided that the latter works with the former in their off hours
and that by taking this job in the private sector, their public sector assignment is not affected in terms of
the quality and quantity.
1.3.6.4Health information
The health information is vital for monitoring the health status and also managing the health services.
This includes health statistics to derive information about health status, health care, provision and use
of services and their health impact. Currently, only few health facilities in private sector link their
statistics with the public sector. As a result, it is not possible to construct the status of the health of the
population and the services offered either at the state or national level.
This policy emphasizes the importance of the health information and linking the private sector health
facilities with public sector health information system. For this purpose, the private health sector will
be responsible for reporting on an agreed set of indicators according to the defined format and
parameters. It will be required initially to submit the data on deaths, births and disease in terms of
patients seeking ambulatory or inpatient care. Later, however more sensitive and sophisticated
indicators will be added.
1.3.6.5Incentive to the private sector for investing in health
The government adopted Investment Encouragement Act, 1992 to provide environment that is
conducive for investment. Under this law, a range of incentives in terms of the concessions, facilities
7. and guarantees are provided to the foreign private investors. As a result, the country’s GDP has grown
steadily over the past years.
The government shall extend incentives to the private domestic as well as the foreign investment in
health sector, particularly in the tertiary and secondary care, health professional training and the
acquisition of new technologies. But, the privatization and deregulation increasingly contributes to
inequity in health care provision.
In order to address such issues, this policy emphasizes that the Ministries of Health both at the Federal
and State level should devise incentive regimen, essentially complementary and not inconsistent with
the provisions of Investment Encouragement Act, 1992 to attract investors in the less developed states
and localities. y offered should be inversely proportional to the development index calculated at
state/province level.
1.3.6.6Self employment of health professionals
The medical schools in the public as well as private sector are producing doctors and other health
professionals. But since the job opportunities are few, many of the young graduates don’t find jobs. As
a result, there is “brain drain”, referred lately as the “gulf Tsunami” in reference to the open and
unrestrained chance and access for the Sudanese consultants to work in the GCC countries, especially
in Saudi Arabia.
In order to curb this situation and to keep the Sudanese health workforce in Sudan, the government
shall institute measures to enhance better job opportunities. A national body, like ‘Sudan Health
Foundation’ will be established to organize and manage a trust fund to advance ‘interest free loans’ and
other assistance, technical as well as administrative, to the different categories of health workforce
needed for setting up health services.
1.3.6.7Cost of health service
The health services are offered at exponential cost in the private sector; and there is currently no check
or regulation governing the tariffs. On top of that, the policy of privatization and deregulation has
further increased the cost of health services. This situation, in addition to limiting the access of many to
the health services, leads to many households facing catastrophe, pushing them to the poverty. Also the
public sector health services, which are relatively cheaper, get overwhelmed, thus compromising their
quality.
This policy requires the government to set up a system for checking the cost of health care. This is
important given the imperfect conditions in the health services market. The Ministries of Health will
provide health services through public sector health facilities at a lower cost. However, since public
sector is often considered inefficient and its services are deemed generally as poor quality, government
shall undertake alternate measures.
Therefore, a standing committee with representation of the government, private health sector, health
workforce unions, patient associations, health insurance etc will be set up in the Federal Ministry of
Health with the responsibility of determining tariff for different types/categories of health services by
the private sector in different states.
8. 1.3.6.8Patient referral
Referral of patients from one level of care to the other and between private and public sector is
essential for providing comprehensive health services to the population. There is currently an ad hoc
system, whereby the patients are referred informally and on voluntary basis. This often results in
unintended complications and deaths.
This policy therefore emphasizes on the government to set up a mechanism for the public sector to
accept patients from private sector and vice versa for services, including for diagnostic, transfusion,
invasive and non-invasive procedures, and intensive care. Also, mechanism will be set up for the
referral of patients from private to private provider.
1.3.6.9Contracting out health services
The contracting out is a mechanism of combining the public sector financing with private sector
delivering the services. The private sector may be asked, at the expense of the public sector, to provide
services like laundry and central sterilization room, kitchen and catering, gardening and cleansing, etc.
But contracts may also be made with private providers to organize and manage health services using
public sector infrastructure.
The contracting out arrangement is a sort of public-private-partnership. This policy intends to support
this intervention. The government will develop a detailed mechanism for instituting arrangements to
contract out support services and a defined health services package. This will include contracting
process and contract management, including the monitoring and evaluation of services being provided.
1.3.6.10Medical waste
The generation of waste from healthcare, including from the treatment, diagnosis, or immunization,
health-related research centers, and medical laboratories has rapidly increased over the past decade.
The improper disposal of this waste poses a significant risk to human health and the environment.
Some of the problems arising from the poor management of medical waste may include damage to
humans by sharp instruments, diseases transmitted to the humans by infectious agents, and
contamination of the environment by toxic and hazardous chemicals. Thus, the management of medical
waste is a subject of major concern for any regulatory agency.
Given the importance of the issue, this policy calls on the government to install mechanism for the safe
disposal of medical waste, arising from the health services offered by the public or private health
sector. Instead of traditional treatment method like incineration, which causes emission of toxic
substances into the surrounding area and requires high operation and maintenance costs and the
requirement of ash disposal, modern method of medical waste disposal be employed. Furthermore, this
policy includes the safe disposal of the irreparable and condemned medical equipment in the remit of
the medical waste. In this regard, the FMOH shall develop standards and guidelines, and set up systems
for regular monitoring and checks.
1.4Acknowledgement
Focal person: Dr. Salma M. M. Kanani
In collaboration with respectful task force members
9. Dr. Mustafa Salih Mustafa, Assistant Undersecretary Policy and Planning
Dr.Khalid Habbani, head of health economics and research department.
Dr.Iman Abdlla Mustaf, Head Of Research Dept
Dr. Elkhatim Elyas, Head Of Health Quality Assurance.
Dr. Sara Hassan Mustafa, Head Of Health Planning.
Dr. Ghaiath Hussien, Research Dept
Dr. Ghaiath Hussien, Research Dept
Dr. Ashraf Obeid, Private Sector-SGH
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