Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) were developed to control industrial machinery in a programmable and reliable way. A PLC has a processor that executes stored instructions to control inputs and outputs based on ladder logic programming. It includes a power supply, memory to store the user program, and I/O modules to interface with field devices. PLCs offer advantages over hardwired control systems like easier programming, flexibility, and communication capabilities. They are used widely in industrial applications for tasks like sequencing, timing, counting, and analog control.

1. Programmable Logic Controller
Submitted By: Satyanand Choudhary
6TH sem(EEE -652)
1122221042

2. Topics to be Covered
History of PLC
Need for PLC
Definition of PLC
Components of PLC
Advantages of PLC
Disadvantages of PLC
 Applications of PLC
Additional capabilities of a PLC
PLC Vs Computer

3. History of PLC
Introduced in the late 1960’s.
Developed to offer the same functionality as the existing relay logic systems.
Programmable , reusable and reliable
1.Could withstand a harsh industrial environment.
2.They had no hard drive, they had battery backup.
3.Could Start in Seconds.
4.Used ladder logic for programming.

4. Need for PLC
Hardwired panels were very time consuming to time, debug and change.
The following requirements for computer controllers to replace hardwired panels
1.Solid-state not mechanical.
2.Easy to modify input and output devices.
3.Easily programmed and maintained by plant electricians.
4.Be able to function in an industrial environment.

5. Programmable Logic Controller
• A digital electronic device that uses a programmable memory to store
instructions and to implement specific functions such as logic, sequence,
timing, counting and arithmetic to control machines and process. “
• A PLC is a computer designed to work in an industrial environment.
• It uses a programmable memory to store the instructions and specific
functions that include On/Off control, timing counting, sequencing,
arithmetic and data handling.
• PLCs are equipped with special input/output interfaces .
5

6. PLC Basic Architecture
An open architecture design allows the system to be connected
easily to devices and programs made by other manufactures.
A closed architecture or proprietary system, is one whose design
makes it more difficult to connect devices and programs made by
other manufactures.
Note: When working with PLC systems that proprietary in nature you
must be sure that any generic hardware or software you use
compatible with your particular PLC

7. The structure of PLC is based on the same principle as those
employed in computer architecture

8. PLC System

9. Components of PLC
1.Processor.
2.Memory unit .
3.Power supply.
4.I/O Modules.
5.Programming device.

10. 1. Processor:
Processor is the central processing unit (CPU) of the
programmable controller, it executes the various logic and
sequencing functions by operating on the PLC inputs to determine
the appropriate output signals.
The CPU consists of one or more microprocessors similar to that
of PCs and other data processing equipment but are designed to
facilitate I/O transactions with different ranges with corresponding
clock speeds

11.  Is the “brain “ of PLC.
Consists of a microprocessor
for implementing the logic and
controlling the communications
among the modulus.
Designed, so the desired circuit
can be entered in relay ladder
logic form.
The processor accepts the input
data from various sensing devices,
executes the stored user program
and sends appropriate output
commands to control devices.

12. 2. Memory:
Memory unit is connected to the CPU, which contains the programs of logic, sequencing and I/O operations .
It also holds data files associated with these programs, including I/O stations bits, counter and timer constants,
and other variable and parameter values.
This memory unit is referred to as the user or application memory because its contents are entered by the user
and also directs the execution of control program and coordinates I/O operations with the aid of system memory.
3. Power Supply:
A power supply of 120v alternating current(ac) is typically used to drive the
PLC (some units operate on 240 v ac).
The power supply converts the 120v ac into direct current (dc) voltages of ±5V.
These low voltages are used to operate equipment that many have much higher
voltage and power ratings than the PLC itself.
 The power supply often includes a battery backup that switches in automatically
in the event of an external power source failure.

13. Supplies DC power to other modules
that plug into the rack.
 In large PLC systems, this power
supply doe not normally supply power
to the field devices.
In small and micro PLC systems ,
the power supply is also used to power field devices.`

14. 4. I/O Modulus:
The input/output module provides the connections to the
industrial equipment or process that is not to be controlled.
Inputs to the controller are signals from limit-switches , push-
buttons, sensors , and other on/off devices.
Outputs from the controller are on/off signals to operate motors,
valves, and other devices required to actuate the process.
Many PLCs are capable of accepting continuous signals from
analog sensors ad generating signals suitable for analog actuators.

15. Forms the interface by which input
field devices are connected to the
controller.
The terms “field” and “real world”
are used to distinguish actual external
devices that exist and must be
physically wired into the system.

16. Forms the interface by which
output field devices are connected
to the controller.
PLCs employ an optical isolator
which uses light to electrically
isolate the internal components from
the input and output terminals.

17. 5. Programming Device:
The PLC is programmed by means of a programming device.
The programming device is usually detachable from the PLC cabinet
so that it can be shared among different controllers.
Different PLC manufacturers provide different devices , ranging
from simple teach pendant type devices , similar to those used in
robotics, to special PLC programming keyboards and CRT displays.
PCs and laptops now widely used for programming a much faster
and a PC / laptop are also smaller now.

18. The software allows users to create , edit .document, store and
trouble shoot programs .
The personal computer communicates with the plc processor via
serial or parallel data communications link

19.  Hand – held programming devices are sometimes used to
program small PLCs.
They are compact, inexpensive and easily to use, but are not able
to display as much logic on screen as a computer monitor.
Hand-held units are often used on the factory floor for trouble
shooting, modifying programs and transferring programs to multiple
machines.

20. PLC Advantages
•Less and simple wiring.
•Increased Reliability.
•More Flexibility.
•Lower Cost .
•Faster Response.
•Easier to troubleshoot.
•Remote control capability.
•Communication Capability.
•Handles much more complicated systems.

21. PLC Disadvantages
•In contrast to microcontroller systems that have what is called an
open architecture, most PLCs manufacturers offer only closed
architectures for their products .
•PLC devices are proprietary, which means that parts and software
from one manufacturer can t easily be used in combination with
parts of another manufacturer, which limits the design and cost
options.

22. PLC Applications
•Originally hardwired arrays of relays were used to control the
operation of heavy machines that contain motors and other high
power devices.
•PLCs were originally used to substitute the switching relay
networks used in industrial applications, but now they can also be
used implement other tasks such as timing, delaying counting,
calculating, comparing and processing of analog signals.

23. Additional capabilities of a PLC
Analog control
Arithmetic functions
Matrix functions
Data processing and reporting

24. PLC Vs Computer
Plc
• Designed for extreme
industrial environments
• Can operation in high
temperature and humidity
• High immunity to noise
• Integrated command
interpreter (proprietary)
• No secondary memory
available (in the PLC)
• Optimized for Single task
Computer
• Designed mainly for data
processing and calculation
• Optimized for speed
• Can’t operate in extreme
environments
• Can be programmed in
different languages
• Lost of secondary memory
available
• Multitasking capability