The document discusses converting plastic waste into fuel through pyrolysis and catalytic reforming. Plastic waste like polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene are fed into a two-stage reactor system. In the first reactor, pyrolysis breaks the plastics down into oil, gas, and solid residues at temperatures around 450°C. The gas is then reformed over catalysts like zeolites in the second reactor. Catalytic reforming increases the gas fraction and improves the fuel properties. Testing on different plastic feeds and catalysts showed high density polyethylene produced the most oil, while polyethylene bags produced more gasoline or diesel depending on processing. The plastic oil quality was lower than commercial fuels but showed potential as a supplemental

1. CONVERSION OF PLASTIC WASTE INTO
FUEL
Done by
Sathishkumar B

2. INTRODUCTION
HISTORY AND BACKGROUND
• Alexander Parkes was introduce the world’s first ever man-made plastic at the
London international exhibition in1862 and it is name as “parkesine”.
• Dr.Leo Bakeland created the world’s first entirely synthetic plastic called Bakelite
in 1907.
• In 1920,polymers was discovered by the Hermann Staudinger.
• A staggering number of plastic and chemical innovations emerged in the period of
world war II (1933-1945).
• After 1950s plastic industry is one of the major growing industry in the world
because of the adaptability of plastics.
• Polyethylene and polypropylene is one of the most used polymer in the world.

3. AIM:
The plastic waste management aims to convert the waste plastics into the
market valuable useful products.
Recycling technology have been classified into 4 general categories:
 Primary recycling - involves processing of a waste/scrap into a product with
characteristics similar to those of original product.
 Secondary recycling - involves processing of waste/scrap plastics into
materials that have characteristics different from those of original plastic
product.
 Tertiary recycling - involves the production of basic chemicals and fuels.
 Quaternary recycling – retrieves the energy content of waste/scrap plastics
by burning.

4. OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this project is to reduce the use of plastic and
convert into useful and market valuable products.
Efficient transformation of plastic into energy and fuel.
Making our environment an eco friendly zone.
Controlling the impact of plastic waste on the environment.

5. LITERATURE REVIEW
Title[1]: Aguado J, Serrano DP, Miguel GS, Castro MC, Madrid S. Feedstock
recycling of polyethylene in a two-step thermo-catalytic reaction system[2006]
Abstract: The conversion of low density polyethylene[LDPE] into high value
hydrocarbons using a two step thermo-catalytic reaction system in the presence of
nanosized n-HZSM-5 or Al-MCM-41 mesostructured zeolite material.
Material: Low density polyethylene & zeolite
Method: Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis process
Result: The best results were obtained at 450 8C where the conversion of LDPE into
hydrocarbon products was above 90 wt% for a 2 h reaction period. In the absence of
catalysts, thermal conversion of LDPE generated linear paraffins and aolefins over a
wide range of molecular weights (between C1– C24) as only products.

6. Title[2]: Hussain Z, Khan KM, Perveen S, Hussain K, Voelter W. The conversion of
waste polystyrene into useful hydrocarbons by microwavemetal interaction
pyrolysis[2011]
Abstract: Waste polystyrene was pyrolyzed at high temperature and it give styrene
and other substituted aromatic compounds.
Material: Polystyrene
Method: pyrolysis process
Result: The reaction can be controlled by changing the size and shape of the reactor.
The products of pyrolysis are aromatic liquids, olefinic and paraffinic gases. The
process was found to give in shorter time, higher quantities of liquid products of
increased selectivity, and offers a cheap procedure for industrial scale conversion of
waste polystyrene into valuable commercial products.

7. Title[3]: Prosper achaw owusu, noble banada, Jeffery seay, Nicholas Kiggundu.
Reverse engineering of plastic waste into useful fuel product[2018]
Abstract: To convert plastic waste into useful fuels in both continuous and batch
pyrolysis reactors using pyrolysis process to investigate the effect of silica alumina
catalyst on the yield and quality of pyrolytic liquid oil.
Material: High density polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and silica alumina
catalyst.
Method: Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis
Result: The degradation temperature observed during thermal pyrolysis of HDPE,
PP and PS was 450°C, 350°C and 300°C, respectively. The presence of silica
alumina catalyst favored the formation of gaseous fractions. The production of
gaseous fractions increased from 17.2–20 wt% to 40.43–60 wt%.

8. MATERIALS USED
Three type of municipal plastic waste was used as feed stock in this experiment
 Polyethylene (PE bag 1)
 High density polyethylene (HDPE)
 Low density polyethylene (PE bag 2)
Natural zeolite and commercial Y zeolite can be used in this method.
The Y zeolite(SiO2Al2O3) has mole ratio of 80,unit cell size 24.24 and the surface
area 780 m2g in the powder form.
The natural zeolite was calcinated at 500oC for 3 hours to remove some volatile
substances.

9.  Polyethylene bag (PE bag 2) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) waste was
taken after crushing and washing. Polyethylene bag (PE bag 2) was taken without
crushing and washing.

10. METHOD
Pyrolysis and catalytic reforming techniques can be used to convert the waste
plastic into fuel.
It can be carried out in a pilot scale two stage reactor using batch process and it
consists of pyrolysis reactor and catalytic reforming reactor.
Pyrolysis reactor and the reformer were made of stainless steel and covered with
an electric heater.
The pyrolizer`s inner diameter and height are 200 mm and 400 mm and the
reformer`s inner diameter and height are 100 mm and 400 mm.
A shell and tube type condenser was installed at the outlet of the reformer to
separate gas and liquid products.

12. PROCESS
In these experiments, 1.6-2.6 kg of the feedstock was fed into the pyrolysis
reactor.
The pyrolyzer and the reformer were then heated up to the preset temperatures.
The catalyst (100 g) was loaded in the catalytic reforming reactor, where the
pyrolysis gas generated in the first reactor was reformed.
After having the reforming reaction, the gas was condensed into liquid products in
the condenser.
The experiments were carried out at the pyrolyzer temperature of 450°C and the
reforming temperature of 450°C.
The gaseous products were burned off to prevent emission from hydrocarbon
gases.

13. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
1. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF FEEDSTOCKS
PE bag 1 obtained from the final disposal site still produced water and highest
portion of solid residue because of uncrushed and unwashed sample.
It means that very high impurities were exist in the sample. The water might be
obtained from organic material impurities which normally have high moisture
content.
HDPE waste produced highest liquid fraction and lowest gaseous fraction.
PE bag 2 produced highest diesel fraction while PE bag 1 produced highest
gasoline fraction.

15. EFFECT OF CATALYST
PE bag 2 has been used as a feedstock in these experiments.
It can be seen that the thermal pyrolysis (without catalyst) produced highest liquid
fraction. The presence of catalyst reduced the liquid fraction and increased the
gaseous fraction.
Pyrolysis over natural zeolite catalyst produced higher liquid product compared
with Y zeolite catalyst.
The presence of the catalysts slightly decreased the pour point. This condition will
make waste plastic oil become solid in low temperature condition.
The problems with high pour point of WPO can be overcome by using additional
heater before injecting the fuel.
The heating value of WPO was similar to the common commercial fuels due to the
same origin of plastics and commercial fuels which are produced from petroleum
oil.

17. CONCLUSION
Sequential pyrolysis and catalytic reforming of Indonesian municipal plastic
wastes have been done over Y zeolite and natural zeolite catalysts.
HDPE waste produced the highest liquid fraction. However, the heavy oil fraction
was still high in the oil from HDPE waste.
The highest diesel fraction has been produced in PE bag 2 while PE bag 1
produced highest gasoline fraction.
The quality of WPO was still lower than those of commercial diesel fuels
according to the oil properties.
The quality of WPO was still lower than those of commercial diesel fuels
according to the oil properties.

18. REFERENCES
1. Aguado J, Serrano DP, Miguel GS, Castro MC, Madrid S. Feedstock recycling
of polyethylene in a two-step thermo-catalytic reaction system. Journal of
Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 2007.
2. Hussain Z, Khan KM, Perveen S, Hussain K, Voelter W. The conversion of
waste polystyrene into useful hydrocarbons by microwavemetal interaction
pyrolysis. Fuel Processing Technology 2012.
3. Prosper achaw owusu, noble banada, Jeffery seay, Nicholas Kiggundu. Reverse
engineering of plastic waste into useful fuel product 2018.
4. Lee KH. Thermal and catalytic degradation of pyrolytic oil from pyrolysis of
municipal plastic wastes. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 2009.
5. Trisunaryanti W, Shiba R, Miura M, Nomura M, Nishiyama N, Matsukata M.
Characterization and modification of Indonesian natural zeolites and their
properties for hydrocracking of a paraffin. Sekiyu Gakkaishi 1996.

19. THANK YOU