Plantpathology
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This document provides information on plant diseases that affect various crops and recommendations for controlling each disease. For each disease listed, the recommendations typically include using resistant varieties when available, applying appropriate fungicides or other chemicals, practicing crop rotation, and removing diseased plants or plant parts. Control is listed as the recommended action for most diseases.
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DIFFERENT AGROCHEMICALS (PESTICIDES) DOSES FOR FIELD APPLICATION:
Cereals:
-rice
-wheat
-maize
Millet:
-ragi
Pulses:
-pigeon pea (Red gram)
-green gram & black gram
-Lentil
-STUDY 1: (Chick pea) /[Bengal gram]
Oilseed crop – Groundnut
Sugar crop – Sugarcane
Fruits – Mango
Vegetables
-Tomato
-Cole crops
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-STUDY 2 :(Optimization & validation of targeted yield equation based fertilizer doses)
GROWTH REGULATORS
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-STUDY 3: (Fertilizer management of cabbage)
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1. The document outlines different types of cellular receptors including cell surface receptors like G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors, as well as intracellular receptors.
2. It provides examples of hormone signaling pathways, noting that hormones activate receptors which then trigger intracellular second messenger systems like cAMP, calcium, or phosphorylation to produce cellular effects.
3. The mechanism of insulin signaling is described as an example of receptor tyrosine kinase activation, showing how insulin binding leads to phosphorylation of intracellular targets and downstream effects on processes like glucose uptake and fat/protein synthesis.
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This document is a study guide for a plant pathology judging contest that was assembled by Tom McCutcheon and Mike Shamblin from various internet sources for educational purposes. It may be copied and distributed without financial compensation as long as the efforts of the authors are recognized. The study guide contains over 50 slides that provide pictures of plant diseases along with their common names and brief descriptions of symptoms and control methods.
Plantpathology.ppt
This document is a study guide for a plant pathology judging contest that was assembled by Tom McCutcheon and Mike Shamblin from various internet sources for educational purposes. It may be copied and distributed without financial compensation as long as the efforts of the authors are recognized. The study guide contains over 50 slides that provide pictures of plant diseases along with their common name and 3 sentences or less about recommended control methods.
Plantpathology.ppt
This document is a study guide for a plant pathology judging contest that was assembled by Tom McCutcheon and Mike Shamblin from various internet sources for educational purposes. It may be copied and distributed without financial compensation as long as the efforts of the authors are recognized. The study guide contains over 50 slides that provide pictures of plant diseases along with their common names and brief descriptions of symptoms and control methods.
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1) In 2013, wheat stem rust outbreaks occurred in Ethiopia and parts of Western Europe for the first time in decades.
2) In Ethiopia, the variety "Digalu" was heavily affected, with some fields experiencing over 90% yield losses. Samples were collected and characterized, identifying the races TTKSK, JRCQC, and RRTTF.
3) In Western Europe, samples were collected from Germany and Denmark and characterized as the TKTT_ race, which had also been identified previously in the Middle East and North Africa.
Preparation of different agro chemical doses for field & pot application
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DIFFERENT AGROCHEMICALS (PESTICIDES) DOSES FOR FIELD APPLICATION:
Cereals:
-rice
-wheat
-maize
Millet:
-ragi
Pulses:
-pigeon pea (Red gram)
-green gram & black gram
-Lentil
-STUDY 1: (Chick pea) /[Bengal gram]
Oilseed crop – Groundnut
Sugar crop – Sugarcane
Fruits – Mango
Vegetables
-Tomato
-Cole crops
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-STUDY 2 :(Optimization & validation of targeted yield equation based fertilizer doses)
GROWTH REGULATORS
DIFFERENT AGROCHEMICAL DOSES FOR POT APPLICATION
-STUDY 3: (Fertilizer management of cabbage)
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1 Plant Health Care Bacteria, Virus, Photoplasma
This document discusses the biotic and abiotic causes of plant diseases. The major biotic causes are fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and phytoplasmas. Fungi are the largest pathogen group and reproduce via spores. Bacteria are unicellular and reproduce by binary fission. Viruses can only be seen with an electron microscope and reproduce by taking over a host's reproductive machinery. Nematodes are parasitic worms that reproduce via eggs. Phytoplasmas are wall-less bacteria that live in the phloem and reproduce by binary fission.
signal transduction
1. The document outlines different types of cellular receptors including cell surface receptors like G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors, as well as intracellular receptors.
2. It provides examples of hormone signaling pathways, noting that hormones activate receptors which then trigger intracellular second messenger systems like cAMP, calcium, or phosphorylation to produce cellular effects.
3. The mechanism of insulin signaling is described as an example of receptor tyrosine kinase activation, showing how insulin binding leads to phosphorylation of intracellular targets and downstream effects on processes like glucose uptake and fat/protein synthesis.
system of wheat intensification
The document describes the System of Wheat Intensification (SWI), which involves modified agricultural practices for wheat cultivation. SWI practices include lower seed rates, seed treatment, line sowing with proper spacing, controlled water application, mechanical weeding, and use of organic matter. Experimental results show that SWI leads to higher yields than conventional practices due to increases in effective tillers, panicle length, and grain weight. SWI also reduces water and irrigation requirements while enhancing water productivity. Overall, SWI has been shown to improve yields, lower costs, and increase farmer profits compared to traditional wheat cultivation methods.
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Bayer CropScience Annual Press Conference 2013
The presentation was held by Bayer CropScience CEO Liam Condon at the company’s annual press conference in Monheim, Germany. Against the background of strong demand for its products, the company is adding EUR 1 billion to its investment program, bringing total capital expenditures for the period 2013 to 2016 to approximately EUR 2.4 billion.
Fungal sinusitis
This document discusses fungal sinusitis, including its causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that fungal sinusitis can occur in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients, and is caused by fungi such as Aspergillus, Mucormycosis, and Candida. There are two main types - invasive fungal sinusitis, which is more serious, and non-invasive forms like allergic fungal sinusitis. Diagnosis involves medical history, symptoms, imaging scans, and identification of fungal elements. Treatment requires surgical removal of infected tissue combined with antifungal medication.
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S2.4. Genetic and Morphological Diversity in Exserohilum Turcicum, Incitant o...
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Preparation of different agro chemical doses for field & pot application
Preparation of different agro chemical doses for field & pot application
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Plant immunity towards an integrated view of plant pathogen interaction and i...
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Rust Bowl or Breadbasket? Keeping track of wheat rust pathogens in Africa
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The document discusses managing common greenhouse pests like whiteflies, aphids, and thrips using integrated pest management strategies, which include monitoring pest populations, identifying pests, and using cultural, biological, and chemical control methods like beneficial insects, insecticides applied through drip irrigation systems, and sanitation to control pests below economic thresholds. It provides examples of specific IPM programs for managing pests on cucumbers, tomatoes, and brassicas using drip-applied neonicotinoid and diamide insecticides.
CORN, COTTON AND SOYBEAN: INSECT MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHERN REGION (SP and MS-East)
Palestra proferida no workshop “IRAC International Task Team Meeting”, realizado em Brasília, DF, no período de 3 a 5 de março de 2015.
Diseases in Vegetable Seed Crops
This document provides an overview of plant disease identification, biology, and management in vegetable seed crops. It discusses various types of pathogenic organisms that cause diseases, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. The effects of seedborne diseases on yield, seed quality, and transmission to new crops are described. Methods for diagnosing diseases and managing them through cultural practices, chemical and biological seed treatments, and disease resistance are summarized.
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The role of social class in English language learning and teaching
This document discusses the role of social class in English language learning at the secondary level in Pakistan. It begins with an introduction that outlines the status of English in Pakistan and its importance in education, government, and business. It then discusses the relationship between social class and the medium of instruction in Pakistani schools. The document reviews related literature on social class and language learning. It describes the research methodology used and presents findings from a questionnaire given to students. It concludes by providing suggestions to help address issues around social class and English language learning, including recommendations for the government, teachers, and students.
Introduction to error analysis
Error analysis is a technique used to identify, classify, and explain errors made by language learners. It emerged in the 1960s as proposed by Pit Corder and provides insights into the second language acquisition process. Error analysis involves collecting language samples from learners, identifying errors, describing and explaining them, and evaluating or correcting them. It is useful for both learners and teachers as it reveals the problem areas and current status of a learner's language development.
L2.error analysis
Contrastive analysis and error analysis are approaches to understanding second language acquisition. Contrastive analysis focuses on differences between a learner's first language and the target language, believing errors stem from transferring habits from the first language. Error analysis takes a more scientific view, seeing language acquisition as a cognitive process and errors as natural reflections of developing linguistic rules. Interlanguage theory posits learners develop their own internal language system, not an imperfect copy of the target language. Various taxonomies classify types of errors learners make.
History of translstudies
1. Translation studies developed as an academic discipline since the 1970s, drawing from fields like linguistics, comparative literature, and cultural studies.
2. Early work focused on contrastive analysis and equivalence, while recent approaches examine translation as a communicative act within sociocultural contexts.
3. Current theories address issues like text types, skopos, descriptive approaches, the literary polysystem, cultural studies perspectives, and the relationship between theory and practice in the field.
THE ROLE OF THE CULTURE IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING AND TEACHING IN THE ...
This document is a thesis submitted by Muhammad Asif to the University of Lahore on the role of culture in English language teaching in Pakistani textbooks. It includes an acknowledgment, dedication, abstract, list of abbreviations, and table of contents. The abstract indicates that the thesis will evaluate how culture is treated in Pakistani English textbooks, investigate teachers' understanding and handling of culture in class, examine learners' perceptions of English learning, and design a culture training program for teachers. It will use qualitative analysis including an evaluative guide, two teacher questionnaires, a learner questionnaire, and an experiment. The results are expected to reveal how culture is overlooked or inadequately considered in textbooks, that some teachers do not include it in lessons,
Effect of Using l1in the englishclassroom
This document outlines a research study on the effectiveness of using students' first language (L1) as a teaching tool in English primary level classrooms in Pakistan. The study involved observing English classes, distributing questionnaires to students and teachers, and interviewing teachers. Classroom observations showed that teachers used L1 most often to explain word meanings, and to a lesser extent for instructions, explanations, and grammar rules. Questionnaires aimed to understand student and teacher attitudes towards L1 use. Interviews explored how teachers view criticisms of L1 reducing English exposure. The data was analyzed and presented in tables. The purpose was to determine if L1 is an effective teaching apparatus at the primary level in Pakistan.
Semantic analysis
1) The document discusses semantic roles and relations in language through analyzing examples from a short story. It defines semantic roles like agent, patient, and experiencer and discusses how they are identified in sentences.
2) Various semantic relations are defined, including synonymy, hyponymy, antonymy, complementarity, and converseness. Examples of each relation are provided from sentences in the short story.
3) The document concludes by proposing an extended definition of semantic relations that incorporates restrictions on domains and ranges as well as semantic primitives, which indicate properties between relation arguments.
Enzyme ppt
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms. They are highly specific and only catalyze particular reactions. Enzymes work by weakening the bonds of reactants, reducing the amount of energy needed for the reaction to occur. The substance an enzyme acts on is called the substrate, which binds to the enzyme's active site to induce a shape change that facilitates the reaction. Environmental conditions like temperature and pH can impact enzyme activity, as can cofactors, coenzymes, and enzyme inhibitors.
Rna and protein synthesis
1. The document describes the three main steps in protein synthesis: transcription, RNA processing, and translation.
2. Transcription involves copying a segment of DNA into a complementary mRNA molecule. RNA processing removes introns from pre-mRNA, joining exons to create mature mRNA.
3. Translation uses the mRNA to sequence amino acids via tRNA molecules on ribosomes, forming proteins according to the genetic code.
Cell theory
The document discusses the development of cell theory and the scientists who contributed to it. Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented the compound microscope and was the first to observe cells. Robert Hooke coined the term "cell" after observing cork cells. Matthias Schlieden and Theodor Schwann discovered that plants and animals are made of cells, respectively. Rudolf Virchow established that cells only come from pre-existing cells, which became a tenet of cell theory along with cells being the basic unit of structure and function. Francesco Redi and Louis Pasteur also made discoveries that supported the germ theory of disease.
Second language teaching methods
The document summarizes several common second language teaching methodologies:
1) The Grammar-Translation Method focuses on grammar rules and translation with little oral practice.
2) The Direct Method uses only the target language and encourages oral production through questions and answers.
3) The Audio-Lingual Method relies on repetition and memorization of dialogs and structures.
4) Communicative Language Teaching emphasizes real-world communication over grammar with a learner-centered approach.
5) Other methods discussed include Humanism, Task-Based Teaching, and a potential future focus on cognitive and information-processing approaches.
Linguistics
The document discusses several topics related to linguistics including the core design features of human language, linguistic competencies, language acquisition stages in children, brain areas involved in language processing, and factors that influence language dialects. It notes that human language is unique in its ability to displace messages from context, be stimulus free, and be productive through rules of morphology and syntax. The stages of language acquisition in children progress from involuntary babbling to two-word sentences to telegraphic speech and eventual fluency by age 3-4. Dialects vary based on geography, subculture, age, class and gender.
Photosynthesisand cellularrespiration
This document summarizes cellular respiration and its key components. It explains that cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce ATP through three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. Glycolysis produces some ATP without oxygen, while the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain generate most ATP through redox reactions that require oxygen. The role of ATP as the energy currency of cells is also described.
History of language_teaching
The document provides a historical overview of language teaching methods from the 17th century to modern times. It describes the Classical/Grammar Translation Method (17th-19th century) which focused on grammar rules and translation. It then outlines several 20th century methods including the Direct Method, Audiolingual Method, and Communicative Language Teaching approach. These newer methods placed greater emphasis on oral communication, vocabulary learning through context, and using the target language in the classroom.
Molecular orbitals
Molecular orbital theory provides an approach to bonding that considers orbitals encompassing the entire molecule rather than just between atoms. Molecular orbitals form from the combination of atomic orbitals, which can combine constructively to form bonding orbitals or destructively to form antibonding orbitals. Bonding orbitals lower the energy and increase stability of the molecule, while antibonding orbitals have higher energy.
Genatic engeneering
The document defines several key terms related to genetics and genetic engineering. It describes genetics as the science dealing with the passage of traits from one generation to the next. Genetic engineering is defined as the technology involved in removing, modifying, or adding genes to a DNA molecule. The document also provides descriptions of basic cell structures and processes like DNA, genes, chromosomes, and cell reproduction.
Biotehnology
The document discusses biotechnology and genetic engineering techniques such as recombinant DNA and DNA science. It describes using organisms like bacteria to produce pharmaceuticals and protect the environment. It also covers manipulating and combining DNA from different sources to create transgenic organisms, and using tools like restriction enzymes, plasmids, and vectors to insert foreign genes into host cells.
Cell resp
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert the chemical energy in nutrients into a usable form called ATP. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen and produces 36 ATP per glucose molecule, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen and produces only 2 ATP per glucose molecule. Aerobic respiration occurs in three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain - and takes place primarily in mitochondria.
Cell cycle
1. The cell cycle consists of four main phases - G1, S, G2, and M phase. G1 is a growth phase where the cell prepares for DNA replication, S phase is where DNA replication occurs, G2 is a second growth phase where the cell prepares for mitosis, and M phase is mitosis and cytokinesis where the cell divides.
2. The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Different cyclins partner with CDKs to control progression through the phases of the cell cycle.
3. p53, p21, and pRb play important roles in regulating the G1 to S phase transition.
Cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, which pumps blood through arteries into capillaries and back to the heart through veins. The heart rate is regulated by the cardiac conduction system and sympathetic and parasympathetic input from the medulla oblongata. Blood pressure is affected by factors like heart rate, blood volume, vessel resistance and viscosity. High blood pressure can lead to health issues, so lifestyle changes and medications are used to treat hypertension. The circulatory system transports blood to tissues and adjusts flow based on the body's needs.
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Plantpathology
- 1. FFA Judging Contest Plant Pathology Study Guide
- 2. Corn - Smut
- 6. Cucumber - Bacterial Wilt
- 10. Wheat - Scab
- 12. Tomato – Root Knot Nematode
- 14. Rye - Ergot
- 16. Strawberry – Botrytis Rot
- 18. Corn - Rust
- 20. Potato – Late Blight
- 22. Wheat - Powdery Mildew
- 24. Corn–Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus
- 26. Tomato – Blossom End Rot
- 28. Tomato – Early Blight
- 30. Tomato – Septoria Leaf Spot
- 32. Wheat – Glume Blotch
- 34. Tomato – Late Blight
- 36. Strawberry – Leaf Blight
- 38. Apple - Scab
- 40. Bean – Bacterial Blight
- 42. Apple – Sooty Blotch
- 44. Peach – Leaf Curl
- 46. Brambles – Crown Gall
- 48. Apple – Bitter Rot
- 50. Cherry – Brown Rot
- 52. Peaches – Brown Rot
- 54. Barley - Scald
- 56. Apple – Cedar Rust
- 58. Strawberry – Leaf Spot
- 60. Apple – Frog-eye Leaf Spot
- 62. Barley – Covered Smut
- 64. Apple – Fire Blight
- 68. Barley – Stripe Rust
- 70. Corn – Northern Leaf Blight
- 72. Plum – Brown Rot
- 74. Potato – Black Leg
- 76. Barley – Powdery Mildew
- 78. Wheat – Loose Smut
- 80. Grapes – Powdery Mildew
- 82. Peach - Scab
- 84. Potato – Leaf Roll
- 86. Barley – Loose Smut
- 88. Potato - Scab
- 90. Wheat – Stem Rust
- 92. Wheat – Leaf Rust
- 94. Potato – Ring Rot
- 96. Alfalfa - Leaf Spots
- 98. Grapes - Black Rot
- 100. Potato - Rhizoctonia
- 104. Oats - Stem Rust
- 106. Crucifers - Club Root
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- 110. Potato – Early Blight
- 112. Alfalfa - Downy Mildew
- 114. Bramble - Orange Rust
- 116. Crucifers - Soft Rot
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- 120. Crucifers - Black Leg
- 122. Grapes - Downy Mildew
- 124. Plum - Black Knot
- 126. Clover - Rust
- 128. Potato - Mosaic Virus
- 130. Clover - Powdery Mildew
- 132. Cucurbits - Powdery Mildew
- 134. Beans - Mosaic Virus
- 136. Cherry - Leaf Spot
- 138. Bean - Rust
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- 142. Oats - Loose Smut
- 144. Tomato - Wilt Diseases
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- 150. Corn - Southern Leaf Blight
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