This document discusses mulberry diseases, their symptoms, causes and management methods. It describes several fungal diseases that affect mulberry leaves including leaf spot, powdery mildew, leaf rust, and leaf blight. It also discusses bacterial leaf blight and soil-borne diseases like stem canker, cutting rot, and root rot. Control methods include proper spacing, applying recommended fungicides like Bavistin and Dithane M-45, and following safety precautions while spraying. The document also covers major pests like mealybugs and their management on mulberry plants.

1. Crop Protection
(BLP-004)
Resource Person:
Dr. K.Kamatchi
Assistant Professor of Zoology
Vivekananda College,
Tiruvedakam West, Madurai
IGNOU - Academic Counsellor
Code: GYYPK2432J/001
Vivekananda College, Tiruvedakam West
IGNOU - Study Centre - 43016

2. Synopsis
• Introduction
• Types of Silkworm
• History of Sericulture
• Organizational set-up of CSB
• Morphology and Anatomy of Silkworm
• Grainage Technology
• Life cycle of Silkworm

3. Synopsis
• Mulberry Cultivation
• Rearing Facilities
• Rearing Operations
• Rearing Methods
• Diseases of Bombyx mori
• Pests of Silkworm
• Cocoon Marketing
• Silk Reeling

4. Mulberry Diseases and Their
Management:
•Objectives:
• State the types of mulberry diseases
• Identify the foliar diseases through
symptoms
• Identify the root diseases through symptoms
• Apply the recommended methods for the
control of mulberry disease

5. Leaf Spot Disease
• Pathogen – Cercospora moricola
• Occurrence – air-borne, rainy season, winter
• Starts 35-40 days after pruning / leaf harvesting
• Becomes severe after 70 days.
• Crop loss – 10-12%
• Symptoms:
• Brownish irregular spots appear on the leaf surface
• Spots enlarge and join together
• Leaves become yellow and wither off

6. • Factors responsible for spreading of the
disease:
• Spread of fungal spores primarily through rain droplets.
• Congenial temperature and high humidity.
• Control measures:
• Follow wider spacing of plantation
• Spraying of 0.2% Bavistin (Carbendazin 50%) solution on
the leaves.

7. Powdery Mildew Disease
• Pathogen – Phyllactinia corylea
• Occurrence – air-borne, rainy season, winter
• Crop loss – 5-10%
• Symptoms:
• White powdery patches appear on the lower surface of the
leaves.
• Upper surface shows yellowish lesions.
• Severe – white turn to brownish black
• Leaves become yellow and loose their nutritive value.

8. • Factors responsible for spreading of the
disease:
• Spread of fungal spores primarily through wind currents.
• Congenial temperature and high humidity.
• Control measures:
• Follow wider spacing of plantation
• Spraying of 0.2% Karathane (Dinocap 30%) / Bavistin
(Carbendazin 50%) solution on the lower surface of the
leaves.

9. Leaf Rust Disease
• Pathogen – Cerotelium fici
• Occurrence – air-borne, rainy season, winter
• Crop loss – 10-15%
• Symptoms:
• Small circular brown eruptions appear on the leaves
• Later leaves become yellow and wither off.

10. • Factors responsible for spreading of the
disease:
• Dispersal of fungal spores by water and wind currents.
• High humidity.
• Control measures:
• Follow wider spacing of plantation
• Spraying of 0.2% Kavach (Chlorothalonil 30%) / on the
leaves.

11. Leaf Blight Disease
• Fungal leaf blight:
• Pathogen – Fusarium pallidoroseum
• Occurrence – air-borne, rainy season, winter
• Crop loss – 10-12%
• Symptoms:
• Browning / blackening of leaves from tips or margin of leaf.
• Severe – entire surface become brown and falls off.

12. • Factors responsible for spreading of the
disease:
• Dispersal of fungal spores by water and wind currents.
• Congenial temperature and high humidity.
• Control measures:
• Follow wider spacing of plantation
• Spraying of 0.2% Dithane M-45 (Mancozeb 75%) solution on
the leaves.

13. Bacterial Leaf Blight Disease
• Pathogen – Pseudomonas syringae
• Occurrence – both soil and air-borne, rainy
season, winter
• Crop loss – 5-10%
• Symptoms:
• Numerous blackish brown irregular water soaked patches
appear on the leaves resulting in rotting of leaves.

14. • Factors responsible for spreading of the
disease:
• High temperature and high humidity are favourable for the
disease development.
• Irrigation and cultivation practices in the soil.
• Control measures:
• Follow wider spacing of plantation
• Spraying of 0.2% Streptomycin solution on the leaves.

15. Preparation of the Spray Solution
for one acre garden:
• Fungicide to be used – Bavistin
• Required quantity of Fungicide – 180 litres
• Required concentration – 0.2 %
• Quantity of fungicide to be added – 360 g
• Dissolve 360g of Bavistin in 180 litre water.

16. Fungicides and their Toxicity
• All the fungicides are poisonous, but toxic level is
differs.
• The degree of toxicity is indicated on the pack by
a triangular mark in different colours.
• Red / yellow mark – safe period – 15-20 days.
• Blue mark –safe period – 5-7 days.
• Green mark – safe period – 3-5 days.
• Also have signal indication:
• CAUTION – slightly toxic
• WARNING – Moderately toxic
• DANGER – Toxic
• DANGER – POISON – Highly toxic.

17. Precaution to be taken while
Spraying the fungicides:
• Precautions to be taken before spraying the
fungicide:
• First, identify the disease and choose the recommended
fungicide.
• Never transport fungicides along with food items.
• Select a suitable sprayer and check for its working
condition.
• Wash the equipment with 0.5% washing soda solution.
• Mix the fungicide solution well before pouring into the tank.
• Use rods / sticks for mixing the solution.

18. Precaution while Spraying the
fungicides:
• Do not allow persons having wounds for
spraying.
• Wear protective devices such as goggles,
gloves.
• Do not blow the nozzle with mouth and use
needle for cleaning.
• Spray the chemical in cool hours (early
morning or late evening) only.
• Do not spray against the wind current and
during rainy days.

19. Precaution to be taken after
Spraying the fungicides:
• Wash the hands with soap or take bath before
taking food.
• Keep unused fungicide safely out of the reach
of children.
• Harvest mulberry leaves for feeding silkworms
only after knowing the safe period of the
applied fungicide.

20. Soil Borne Disease
• Nursery Diseases:
• The wounds occurring during preparation of
cuttings are the entry points.
• Stem Canker:
• Pathogen – Botryodiplodia theobromae
• Symptoms- greenish black eruptions
• Bark decays and dies.

21. Soil Borne Disease
• Cutting rot:
• Pathogen – Fusarium soloni
• Symptoms- Bark decays and then rotting of the whole
cutting – death of the sprouted cutting.
• Collar rot:
• Pathogen – Phoma sorghina or P. mororum
• Symptoms – brown or black discolouration of bark and
rotting of cutting near the soil.

22. Factors responsible for spreading
of the Disease
• Rain and irrigation
• Primary infection occurs – contaminated soil
and farm implements.
• Secondary infestation – planting of infected
stem cutting.
• Temperature of 28-30°C, moisture below 40%
and pH 5-10.

23. Control Measures:
• Cultural method:
• Plough the land deeply and level it to avoid water logging.
• Expose the soil to the sunlight for about a month.
• Remove weeds for good establishment of the saplings/plants.
• Chemical Method:
• Prepare 0.1% of Dithane M-45 by mixing 1 gram/1litre water.
• Soak the cuttings in solution for half an hour.
• Plant the soaked cuttings in nursery beds followed by irrigation.
• Integrated method:
• Dipping of cuttings in Dithane and application of bioformulation
called as Nursery-Guard.

24. Root Rot Disease
• It is a dangerous disease – serious problem to the industry.
• It kills the plants completely.
• Pathogen: Fusarium solani
• Occurrence: soil moisture and organic content in soil is less.
• Crop loss: 12-14%
• Symptoms: withering of plants, leaves fall off from the
bottom
• Roots turn black – decay.
• Plant dies.
• Affected plant after pruning – fail to sprout or small pale
yellow leaves appear.

25. Factors responsible for spreading
of the Disease
• High temperature, low moisture and low
organic matter.
• Contaminated soil, farm implements and
irrigation.
• Secondary infestation through diseased
saplings.

26. Control Measures:
• Physical method:
• Uproot the dead plant and burn. Heat the uprooted area by
burning with dry leaves.
• Plough the infested land deeply and expose to hot sun for
effective killing of the pathogens.
• Apply sufficient quantity of organic manure to the affected soil.
• Uproot the diseased plants and burn.
• Chemical Method:
• Apply Dithane around root system. Remove soil around depth 15
cm.
• Also apply Dithane to the surrounding plants of the diseased
patch in four doses / year.

27. Mulberry Pests and their
Management:
• Objectives:
• Explain the important pests of mulberry.
• Describe the symptoms of pest attack and period of
occurrence.
• Estimate the extent of damage and the management of
pests
• Evaluate the effectiveness of control methods.

28. Sap Suckers:
• Pest – Mealy bug – Maconellicoccus hirsutus
• Period of occurrence: through out the year, severe
in summer.
• Symptoms: leaves are wrinkled
• Thickened
• Dark green and become yellowish prematurely
• Plants shortened – tukra.
• Leaf yield greatly reduced and leaf is low in nutritive value.
• Loss 4,500 kg / yr
• Management:
• Mechanical – clipping and destruction of pest attacked parts.
• Chemical – Spray 0.2% DDVP, neem based insecticide.

29. White fly:
• Pest – Aleurodicus dispersus
• Period of occurrence: March-June and October
– December.
• Symptoms:
• Infest lower surface of the leaves resulting chlorosis.
• Premature leave fall and retardation in plant growth.
• Management:
• Mechanical – clipping and destruction of pest attacked
parts.
• Chemical – Spray 0.5% Dimethoate, neem based insecticide.

30. Leaf Eater:
• Pest – Leaf roller – Diaphania pulverulentalis
• Period of occurrence: monsoon
• Symptoms:
• Apical portion of mulberry shoot
• Young caterpillar binds together the tender leaves by silky
secretion.
• Feed on tender leaves – 10-12% leaf yield loss.
• Management:
• Mechanical – clipping and destruction of pest attacked
parts.
• Chemical – Spray 0.2% DDVP, neem based insecticide.

31. Cut worm:
• Pest – Spodoptera litura – tobacco cut worm.
• Period of occurrence: August - February
• Symptoms:
• Shoots of young plants and cut them.
• Management:
• Physical – Light trap and pheromone trap.
• Chemical – Spray 0.2% DDVP.

32. Crop Protection
(BLP-004) – session VI
Resource Person:
Date: 10.06.2020 Dr. K.Kamatchi
Day: Friday Assistant Professor of Zoology
Time: 2.00 p.m. – 4.00 p.m. Vivekananda College,
Tiruvedakam West, Madurai
IGNOU - Academic Counsellor
Code: GYYPK2432J/001
Vivekananda College, Tiruvedakam West
IGNOU - Study Centre - 43016

33. Diseases of Bombyx mori
• Protozoan Diseases
• Bacterial Diseases
• Viral Diseases
• Fungal Diseases

34. Protozoan Diseases
• Pebrine – pepper like spots on the infected
silkworm.
• Spreads very quickly
• Nosema bombycis Nageli – causative organism
• Mode of Transmission:
• Oral – spore in the bed – contaminated leaves.
• Contact – infected worm – skin wounds
• Transovarial – V instar – spin – sporulate – oocytes – pass –
egg.

35. Protozoan Diseases
• Pebrine – affected eggs: light yellow in colour
• Pebrine – affected larva: incomplete moulting –
lean worms.
• Loss of appetite
• Slow and irregular growth
• Pebrine – affected pupa: body swollen and black
• Pupa died inside the cocoon
• Pebrine – affected moth: irregular, decolourised
patches – body and wings.
• Scales fall off

36. Bacterial Diseases
• Flacherie – combination of bacterial infection
• Mode: oral and induction of bad rearing
conditions.
• Symptoms:
• Loss of appetite
• Sluggishness and retardation of growth
• Softening and inelasticity of the skin
• Management:
• Spray 0.3% of slaked lime solution
• Feed good quality of mulberry
• Spacing and ventilation
• Apply bed disinfectant Vijetha

37. Viral Diseases
• Causative agent: Polyhedrosis Virus
• Mode: oral and induction of bad rearing
conditions.
• Symptoms:
• Swollen inter segmental region
• Integument oozing milky fluid.
• Management:
• Spray 0.3% of slaked lime solution
• Feed good quality of mulberry
• Spacing and ventilation
• Apply bed disinfectant Vijetha

38. Muscardine Diseases
• Causative agent: Beauveria bassiana
• Mode: through skin
• Symptoms:
• Egg stage: conidia observed on the surface – do not hatch.
• Larval stage: loss of appetite, inactive and vomiting and diarrhea.
• Pupal stage: black spots and hard skin.
• Moth stage: deformed wings.
• Management:
• Spray 0.3% of slaked lime solution
• Feed good quality of mulberry
• Spacing and ventilation
• Apply bed disinfectant Vijetha

39. Pest – Uzi fly
• Exorista bombycis
• Blackish grey in colour
• Bigger than the common house fly
• Male are 11.9 mm to 12 mm
• Female are 10.20 – 10.40 mm length.
• Wings – 10mm and covered with dark grey hairs.
• Eyes are chocolate brown in colour.
• Sexual dimorphism – male has external genitalia.

40. Period of occurrence:
• Southern sericultural belt (Karnataka, Andhra
and Tamil Nadu)
• Rainy and winter.
• Least during summer months.

41. Symptoms of attack:
• Uzi fly lays one or two cream coloured eggs on
the silkworm.
• Hatch 48 – 62 hours.
• Black scar is formed at the point and uzi
enters the body of silkworm using hooks.

42. Management of Uzi fly
• Cultural method:
• Minimum gap – 20 days – between rearing.
• Cracks on the rearing house floor – closed
• Collection and destruction of uzi infested silkworm larvae.
• Collection and destruction of Uzi maggots and adults.
• Exclusion is by avoiding the contact of uzi fly with
the silkworm:
• Use nylon net enclosure to the rearing stand.
• Fix wire mesh to windows and doors.

43. Physical method:
• Keep uzitrap solution in white trays near doors
and windows
• Chemical method:
• Spray / dust uzicide on silkworm body.
• Spray 2% bleaching powder solution on the body of
silkworm.
• Biological control:
• Release of Nesolynx thymus

44. Physical Characters of Cocoon:
• Commercial Characters of cocoon used in price
fixation:
• Colour: white, greyish-white, silver white,
yellow, golden yellow.
• Shape: round, oval spindle
• Size: number of cocoon per litre. 300-400
cocoons.
• Compactness: silk content of the cocoon.
Resilient between fingers.

45. Physical Characters of Cocoon:
• Grains and wrinkles: irregularities on the
surface of the cocoon.
• Weight of Cocoons: sold by weight, based on
quality of food, time of spinning, harvesting
• 1.4 g
• Shell weight: shell yield silk, 0.25g
• Length of the filament: 300 – 400 m
• Reelability: the percentage ratio of unbroken filament
to the whole filament length.

46. Defective Cocoons:
Defects due to heritable racial characters:
• Thin middle cocoons
• Thin ends or weak points: unreelable.
Defects due to mistakes in rearing and mounting:
• Double cocoons
• Immature cocoons: unripe worm mounted
• Premature cocoons: larva not converted to pupa
• Fragile cocoons: Loose-built – improper storage
• Unsized Cocoons: low amount of leaves
• Malformed cocoons: lack of spacing

47. Defective Cocoons:
• Black stained cocoons: dead pupa – putrefying fluid oozes
out
• Mute cocoons: dead pupa – sticking inner shell.
• Calcified cocoons: fungus affected pupa
• Urinated cocoons: spots of liquid urine of others.
Defects due to parasitic infestation:
• Perforated cocoons: uzifly – maggots – perforated cocoons
– broken the threads.
Defect due to moth emergence:
• Pierced cocoons: moth emerged – cut open

48. Silk Reeling:
The process of unwinding the single long silk fibroin by
dissolving the sericin is called reeling.
Stifling
first process taken up – cocoon are purchased.
killing of pupa inside the cocoon without silk
filament.
• sun drying
• hot air stifling
• steam stifiling
 Twisting of ReeledSilk
 Weaving
 Dyeing and Printing

49. • Sericulture-it isthe cultivation of silkwormsto produce silk.
• It isakindofAgro-industry(Agriculture& Industry).
• India stands5th rankin productionof silk(5%) in the world after the China.
• Thetotal annualproductionof raw silkin India isabout 31 lakhskg.
• Silkiscalled“Queenof Textiles”.
• Sericultureor silkfarmingisinvolvescultivation of hostplants& rearing of
silkwormfor productionof Cocoon-Raw Silk.
• Bombyx mori isthe mostwidely usedandintensivelystudiedsilkworm.
• Sericultureplayingvital role in rural employment,development&economy
growth.

50. Taxonomy
Silkproducinginsects
Silkmothsbelong to
Phylum-Artropoda
Class- Insecta
Order - Lepidoptera
Superfamily - Bombycoidea
Bombycoideacompriseseight families
Bombycidae and S
aturnidae are the two important families the
membersof whichproducenatural silk.
Thereare manycommercialspeciesare involvedfor Silk
5

51. Mulberry Silk
10
It is superior inquality
Mulberry is the food plant of
mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori
&
B. mandarina.
Domesticated & reared indoors
About 92 % of the total
production inIndia.
Bivoltine silk is superior than
Multivoltine.
Well practiced in KA, TN AP
, KL
MH, WB& JK
Lifecycleof mulberryworm

52. • It is reared tropical & temperate zones.
• It is from speciesofGenusAntheraea
• It copperish colour used for furnishings &
T
ASARSILK
A. mylitta
11
interiors. It has3 types of voltinism - reared
outdoors the trees of Asan& Arjuna.
• Bihar, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Odisha, MH, AP
,
WB.
• T
asarculture main stay for tribal community in
In5
d/
2
i5
a/
2
.0
2
0

53. • Thissilkworm is Philosamia ricini
• Polyphagous- Caster oil plants
• It silkworm hasprotein richpupae
• ERIis amultivoltine silk- Indoorreared
• Indigenous preparation of Chaddars-
Tribals own use
• Practised in Assam,Tripura & WB.Now
commercially in many parts of India
ERISILK
5/25/2020
53

54. • Muga silk worm- Antheraea assama & produced
golden yellow coloured cocoon
• Muga is pride of Assam-Only in our country
• It contributes only 2%of total silk inIndia
• Polyphagous- feeds aromatic leaves of Som & Soalu
plants and reared on that trees
• Life span- 50 daysin summer & 120 daysin winter.
• Produces Sarees,Mekhalas, Chaddars& costly.
• Practised very common in Assam,Nagaland & South
Tripura.
MUGASilk
Antheraea
assama
5/25/2020
54

55. Lifecycle Silkworm
Thelarvae extrudes two kind of filaments -protein namely Fibroin(70-80%)
and GumProtein Sericin (20-30%)
5/25/2020
55

56. It is playing vital role on rural economy & employment
1. Raisingof Mulberry saplings-Nursery
2. Raisingof mulberry garden and silkwormrearing
3. Silkworm egg production/DFLs
4. Reeling and Spinning of Cocoons
5. Twisting of ReeledSilk
6. Weaving
7. Dyeing and Printing
8. Miscellaneous activities
Sericulture andRuralEconomy
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56

57. Central Silk Board: (CSB)
Overall responsibility of developing the silk industry.
Administrative control of the Ministry of Textiles,
Government of India.
Functions:
• Promoting and developing the silk industry.
• Undertaking, assisting and encouraging scientific,
technological and economic research in sericulture.
• Developing and distributing healthy silkworm seeds.
• Devising means of improved methods of mulberry
cultivation, silkworm rearing, reeling and spinning.

58. Central Silk Board: (CSB)
• Standardization and quality control of silk and silk
products.
• Rationalization of marketing and stabilization of prices.
• Organizing pre-shipment inspection of silk goods for
export.
• Collection of statistics pertaining to mulberry acreage,
cocoon harvested, raw silk produced.
• Preparing and furnishing relevant reports – central
government.
• Advising the Central Government on all matters relating
to the development of silk industry.

59. Central Silk Technology Research
Institute: (CSTRI)
• Practical training for reelers, twisters, weavers, dyers.
• Technical assistance – establishing silk industrial units – small scale
as well as large scale.
• Technical assistance and advice – installation of economic ovens for
energy savings.
• Testing – raw silk, fabrics, water, dyes and chemicals.
• Technical guidance – establishment reeling, printing and dyeing
units.
• Technical service – area of reeling, twisting, weaving, dyeing and
printing in solving day-to-day production and quality problems.
• Entrepreneurial Development Programme to all.

60. National Sericulture Project (NSP)
• Increase the area of mulberry cultivation
• Increase the raw silk production
• Increase employment opportunities
• Increase silk export
• Increase the seed production
• Strengthen the infra-structural facilities

61. Matting

62. Laying of Eggs

63. Spinning of Cocoon

64. Cocoons on the Mountage

65. Sericulture
History of the sericulture
Central Silk Board and other organizations
Morphology and anatomy of silkworm
Morphology of mulberry plant
Diseases and pests of mulberry.
Diseases and pests of silkworm
Mulberry cultivation
Rearing Facilities
Rearing Appliances
Rearing Operations
Rearing Methods
Cocoon Qualities
Silk Reeling
Silk Twisting
Silk Weaving
Dyeing
Printing

66. THANK YOU