The document discusses several topics related to linguistics including the core design features of human language, linguistic competencies, language acquisition stages in children, brain areas involved in language processing, and factors that influence language dialects. It notes that human language is unique in its ability to displace messages from context, be stimulus free, and be productive through rules of morphology and syntax. The stages of language acquisition in children progress from involuntary babbling to two-word sentences to telegraphic speech and eventual fluency by age 3-4. Dialects vary based on geography, subculture, age, class and gender.

1. Anthropology Experience by Muhammad Asif UOL Pakistan Linguistics Muhammad Asif

2. Design Features All Systems Share Muhammad Asif Mode of Communication Pragmatic Function Semanticity

3. Design Features Some Systems Share Muhammad Asif Cultural Transmission Discreteness Arbitrariness Interchangeability

4. Design Features Unique To Human Speech Muhammad Asif Displacement Stimulus Freedom Productivity

5. Linguistic Competencies Muhammad Asif Phonetics Morphology Phonology Syntax

6. Phonetics Phones : Mouth sounds Phonemes : Phones in a language Acoustic Phonetics : Study of phonemes as soundwaves Auditory Phonetics : Study of phoneme perception Articulatory Phonetics : Study of the physical production of phonemes. Muhammad Asif

7. Phonology Muhammad Asif Rules of Phoneme Combination Limits possible phoneme combinations

8. Morphology Bound Morphemes Only have meaning in context /s/ /z/ Free Morphemes Have meaning out of context Words /bus/ Muhammad Asif Assigning meaning to phonemes and phoneme combinations

9. Syntax The woman hit the man with the lamp Did she hit with a lamp? Was the man holding the lamp? Muhammad Asif The meaningful arrangement of morphemes and morpheme classes

10. Language and the Brain Wernicke’s Area Manages morphemes, their phonemes, and their meanings Broca’s Area Applies syntax and sends information to the motor cortex. Muhammad Asif

11. Language Acquisition First Stage (Neonate – 6 mos.) Involuntary, uncreative performance Phonetic competency present Babbling Stage (6 mos. – 1yr.) Phoneme production Focus on surrounding phonemes Muhammad Asif

12. Language Acquisition Holophrastic Stage (1yr. –2yrs.) Morphemes produced Generalized utterances Two Word Stage (by 2 yrs.) Two word sentences Less generalization of morphemes Muhammad Asif

13. Language Acquisition Telegraphic Speech and Beyond Utterances become longer but may lack function words (‘telegraphic speech’) “ ball roll down hill” Generalization continues to decrease By 3 ½ years or so, child is more or less a fluent speaker Muhammad Asif

14. Dialects What varies? Phonemes Morphemes Syntax What determines dialect? Geography Subculture Age Class Gender Muhammad Asif Mutually intelligible variations of the same language