the plant kingdom,taxonomy,classification,types of classification,artificial system of classification,natural system of classification,binomial nomenclature,algae,salient features of algae,economic importance of algae,general characters of fungi,parasite,saprophyte,symbionts,classification of fungi,general characters of bryophyte,economic importance of bryophyte,general characters of pteridophyte,classification of pteridophytes,economic importance of pteridophytes,gymnosperms,

1. PLANT KINGDOM

2. CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
TAXONOMY
OUTLINE OF BENTHAM AND HOOKERS SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
SALIENT FEATURES OF ALGAE
FUNGI
BRYOPHYTES
PTERIDOPHYTES
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BRYOPHYTES AND PTERIDOPHYTES
GYMNOSPERMS
ANGIOSPERMS
USES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS 2

3. Hello!
I am R.VISHNU PRIYA
B.ED II YEAR
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
ROLL NO: 19511114
3

4. INTRODUCTION
 The living organisms found on the earth are different in
their structures,habit,habitat,mode of nutrition and
physiology.
 The estimated number of species on the earth is 8.7
million.
 The living organisms show lot of similarities and
differences.
 So that they can be arranged into many groups
syestematically.

5. “
 TAXONOMY is the branch of biology that deals
with the study of identification, classification,
 description and of living organisms.
 Taxonomy is derived from Greek words.
 “taxonomy” was first coined by augustin-p
Pyramus de candolle.
5
TAXONOMY

6. Classification :
• Plants are arranged into different groups and categories
on the basis of similarities and differences are called
classification.
• Types of classification:
 artificial system of classification
 natural system of classification
 phylogenetic system of classification
 modern system of classification
6

7. ◦ Artificial system of classification: This is the earliest
system of classification in plants. Plants are classified on
the basis of one or few morphological characters.
◦ The most famous artificial system of classification is
Linnaeus classification which was proposed by carolus
Linnaeus in species plantarum.
◦ Natural system of classification: In this system, plants are
classified on the basis of several characters. Bentham and
hooker’s classification is an example of natural system of
classification.
◦
7

8. 8

9. BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
◦ The naming of an organisms with two words are known as
Binomial nomenclature. e.g Mangifera indica.
genus name Mangifera. Species name indica.
o The system of naming the plants on scientific basis is known
as botanical nomenclature.
o Binomial nomenclature was first introduced by gaspard
bauhin in the year of 1623.
9

10. 10
ALGAE

11. SALIENT FEATURES OF ALGAE
◦ Algae are chlorophyll bearing simple , primitive plants
and are autotrophs.
◦ Algae belongs to thallophyta, and the plant body of algae
are called thallus. i.e. the plant body is not differentiated
into root, stem, and leaf.
o Most of the algae are living in aquatic region.
o Some algae are very minute and float on the surface of
the water.some of the algae are symbionts.e.g.lichen.
o A few species of them are epiphytes(growing on another
plants) 11

12. 12
Do you know ?
The largest herbaria of the
world is museum national d’
historie naturelle in
paris,france

13. 13
Economic importance of algae:
1.food: algae is consumed as food in
japan,england, and india.eg.ulva,spirulina,chlorella

14. 14
Agriculture:
• some of the blue green algae are essential for
the fixing of atmospheric nitrogen into the
soil,which increses the fertility of the soil.e.g
nostoc,anabaena.

15. 15
Agar agar:
• Agar agar is extracted from some red
algae,namely gelidium, gracillaria,etc.,
which is used to prepare growth medium in
laboratories.

16. 16
Iodine:
• Iodine is obtained from brown algae like
laminaria
Algae in space travel:
• Chlorella pyrenoidosa is used in space travel
to get rid of 𝑐𝑜2 and decompose human
wastes.

17. 17
FUNGI
FUNGI

18. General characters of fungi
• Fungi belongs to thallophyta because the plant body is not
differentiated into root,stem,and leaves.
• The plant body of fungus consists of filament like structures
called as hypae.
• Several hyphae arranged in the form of network called
mycelium.
• The cells of fungi are multicellular and eukaryotic.
• Cell wall of fungi is made up of a chemical substance called chitin.

19. Parasites :
• Parasites absorbs food from the living
organisms with the help of special root
called haustoria. e.g. Cercospora personata
• It affects groundnut plants and cause tikka
disease.
Saprophytes:
• Saprophytes grow up on the dead and decay matters and get
food from them. E.g rhizopus

20. symbionts:
• Some species of fungi living with algae and are mutually
benefitted e.g lichen
• Some fungi live symbiotically with higher plants roots called
mycorrhizae

21. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI
FUNGI
MYXOMYCETES EUMYCETES

22. Economic importance of fungi:
• Antibiotic : penicillin(Penicillium notatum), neomycin,
gentamycin , erythromycin are some antibiotics obtained from
fungi, which cure variable diseases.

23. Food :
• Mushroom contains rich protein and minerals. The most
common edible mushroom is Agaricus.(button mushroom)

24. BRYOPHYTES:
BRYOPHYTES

25. general characters of bryophyte
• Bryophytes are the primitive and simplest group
• Terrestrial and non-vascular cryptogams.
• Water is essential to complete their life cycle.so these plants
are called amphibians .
• Bryophytes have distinct alternation of generation.
Gametophyte is dominent and sporophytic generation is small.
• The gametopphytic plant can be either thalloid or leafy.
• The plant remains fixed to the substratum with the help of root
like structure called rhizoid.

26. • They have well developed sex organs like antheridia
and archegonia.
• The male sex organ is antheridium (antherozoid).the
female sex organ is archegonium(egg).
• Antherozoid swims and reaches the archegonium,
fertilize s the egg and form zygote.
• Zygote is the first cell which develops into sporophytic
generation and produce haploid spore(n) by meiosis.
• Spore is the first cell of the gametophytic generation.

27. 27

28. Economic importance of
bryophytes:
• Bryophytes prevent the soil erosion.
• Sphagnum can absorb large amount of water. Hence, it is ussed
by the gardeners in nursery.
• Peat is a valuable fuel like coal obtained from sphagnum.
28

30. General characters of pteridophytes:
• First true land plants with xylem and phloem . Hence it is called
vascular cryptogams.
• They are also exhibit alternation of generation.
• The main plant body is sporophytes, which is the dominent
phase, differentiated into true root, stem and leaves.
• Sporophytes reproduce by means of spores. spores are produced
in sporangium.
• The sporangia bearing leaves are called sporophyll.

31. • Most of the plants produce only one type of spore, it may be
either microspore or megaspore(homosporous).
• In some plants two types of spores are produced. They are
microspore and megaspore (heterosporous)
• Spores give rise to gametophytic generation called prothallus,
which is short lived and independent.
• The gametophytes produce the multicellular sex organs,
antheridium which produces antherozoid (male gamete)
and archegonium which contains an egg.(female gamete).
• the antherozoid fertilizes with egg and form diploid zygote. It
develops into an embryo which grow differenciate into
sporophyte.

32. Classification of pteridophytes
psilopsida(class 1) lycopsida( class 2)
sphenopsida(class 3) pteropsida(class 4)

33. Economic importance of pteridophytes:
• Ferns are used as ornamental plants.
• The rhizome and petioles of the dryopteris yield the vermifuge
drug.
• The sporocarp of Marsilea (water fern) is used as food by tribal
people.

34. Gymnosperms

35. General characters of gymnosperms
• Gymnosperms are naked seed plant .i.e. ovule is not closed by
ovary.
• Gymnosperms have two phases in its life cycle.
• Plant body is sporophyte dominent which is differentiated into
root,stem and leaf.
• They have well developed vascular tissues.(xylem and phloem)
• They have cone on which sporangia and spores are produced.

36. Economic importance of gymnosperms
• Woods of many conifers are used in the paper industries.e.g
pinus, agathis
• Conifers are the sources of soft wood for construction, packing
and plywood industry e.g cedrus
• Turpentine is an essential oil used for paint preparation
extracted from the resin of pinus. It is also used medicinally to
get rid from pain and bronchitis etc.
• Seeds of Pinus gerardiana are edible.
• Ephedrine is an alkaloid extracted from ephedra. It cures asthma
and respiratory problems.

37. Classification of gymnosperms
The modern gymnosperms are commonly grouped under four
orders:
1. Cycadales;
2. Ginkgoales;
3. Coniferales
4. Gnetales

38. Angiosperms (closed seeded plants)
• The term angiosperm is derived from two greek words

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47
Yellow
Is the color of gold, butter
and ripe lemons. In the
spectrum of visible light,
yellow is found between
green and orange.
Blue
Is the colour of the clear sky
and the deep sea. It is
located between violet and
green on the optical
spectrum.
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