The document discusses stress in plants, specifically related to water. It provides figures and diagrams showing the effects of abiotic stresses like drought and chilling on plant morphology, biochemistry and physiology. The summaries highlight that water stress is perceived by plants and signals are transduced, leading to responses and tolerance mechanisms at the molecular, cellular and physiological levels through processes like accumulation of osmolytes, antioxidant activity and changes in photosynthesis and growth. Gene expression and hormonal signaling, particularly ABA, play important roles in coordinating the adaptive response to water stress.

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STRESS IN
PLANTS
related to waterOnline Lesson

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Definition:

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Fig. 1. Effects of different abiotic and biotic stresses on morphological,
biochemical and physiological attributes of plants.
Kumar, A., & Verma, J. P. (2018). Does plant—microbe interaction confer stress tolerance in plants: a review?. Microbiological
research, 207, 41-52.

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Fig. Plant responses to abiotic stresses
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800875-1.00002-8

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8https://orbitbiotech.com/temperature-stress-plants-high-temperature-
stress/responses-of-a-plant-against-abiotic-stress-orbit-biotech-training/

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DROUGHT STRESS

10. Molecular and systems approaches towards drought‐tolerant canola crops
New Phytologist, Volume: 210, Issue: 4, Pages: 1169-1189, First published: 16 February 2016, DOI: (10.1111/nph.13866)

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11https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-9029-5_1

12. Drought coping strategies in cotton: increased crop per drop
Plant Biotechnology Journal, Volume: 15, Issue: 3, Pages: 271-284, First published: 05 January 2017, DOI: (10.1111/pbi.12688)
Fig. Numerous effects of drought stress on cotton and their responses.

13. Drought coping strategies in cotton: increased crop per drop
Plant Biotechnology Journal, Volume: 15, Issue: 3, Pages: 271-284, First published: 05 January 2017, DOI: (10.1111/pbi.12688)
Fig. Various signalling pathways connectively enhance drought tolerance in cotton. These
pathways work together to maintain their normal activities under drought stress.

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Fig
A schematic model for the
physiological and molecular
strategies under drought stress
in teak deducted from this
study.
Roman numerals indicate the
consecutive order of processes
that the plant performs during
drought stress, based on
previous studies and reviews
[101–104]: I. Signal Perception
and Transduction (not studied
here). II. ABA signaling. III.
Physiological adjustment. IV.
Water and Ion Movement. V.
Osmoprotection and Metabolic
Adjustment. VI. Re-
establishment of Homeostasis
and Plant Protection (not
studied here). VII. Drought
Stress Tolerance (not studied
here). Green boxes denote the
strategies studied in the teak
leaf for some processes (at the
physiological and metabolic
level). Blue boxes denote the
strategies studied in the teak
root for some processes (at the
transcriptional level).
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221571.g006

15. Figure . The abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent gene regulatory pathway in rice.
Basu S, Ramegowda V, Kumar A and Pereira A. Plant adaptation to drought stress
[version 1]. F1000Research 2016, 5:1554 (doi: 10.12688/f1000research.7678.1)
https://f1000resear
ch.com/articles/5-
1554

16. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1620-9_8

17. WATER DEFICIT/STRESS

18. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1620-9_8

19. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1620-9_8

20. WATER STRESS SIGNALLING
Signal of water stress can be decreased cell water content,
decreased water potential and its components osmotic and
pressure potentials, increased concentration of solutes,
decreased cell volume, change in membrane tension,
changes in structure of macromolecules due to changes in
their hydration, changes in interaction between cell wall and
plasmalemma
Water stress receptors are not sufficiently known, probably
different for different signals
For root-shoot communication hydraulic and chemical
signals are used
Direct and indirect effects of water stress

21. WATER STRESS AFFECTS ALMOST ALL
PROCESSES IN PLANTS
Inhibition of elongation growth, cell division, changes in cell
wall synthesis
Inhibition of shoot growth and stimulation of root growth
and thus increase of root/shoot ratio
Acceleration of ageing
Production of stress proteins
Accumulation of osmotically active compounds (proline,
glycinebetaine, sugars, sugar alcohols)
ROS production and development of antioxidative systems
Inhibition of photosynthesis, transport of assimilates,
respiration
Changes in enzyme activities (decrease in activity of Rubisco,
PEPC, nitratereductase, but increase in activity of hydrolases
or dehydrogenases)
Changes in biosynthesis and catabolism of phytohormones,
especially ABA
Changes in absorption and transport of ions

22. MULTIPLE EFFECTS OF WATER STRESS

23. FIGURE.
Illustration of the
response of
plants to water
stress. Stomatal
response, ROS
scavenging,
metabolic
changes, and
photosynthesis are
all affected when
plants are
subjected to water
stress. These
collective
responses lead to
an adjustment in
the growth rate of
plants as an
adaptive response
for survival.

24. Figure. Physiological and molecular responses to drought stress in plant cells.
Molecular and cellular responses to drought stress include perception of
dehydration signal, signal transduction to cytoplasm and nucleus, gene expression,
and responses and tolerance to drought stress. ABA, abscisic acid.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-227050-
9/00110-1

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https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00086

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FIGURE . A schematic diagram of unique
and shared effects of drought and chilling
stresses on crop plants.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00393