Need for plant breeding , definition, history of plant breeding, premendelian, Mendelian , post Mendelian and modern era plant breeding in India

1. Sudha's KSM 95

2. Dr. Balasaheb sawant Konkan Krishi
vidhyapeeth
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
2017-18
Course Incharge- Dr. B.L. Thaware,
Head, Dept. of Agri. Botany
Sudha's KSM 95

3. Principles of PLANT
BREEDING
LECTURE 1
•Definition
•Indian and world history of plant breeding
(pre & post mendelian era)
By:
Kalluru Sudha mani
ADPM/17/2555Sudha's KSM 95

4. NEED FOR PLANT BREEDING
 Increase in the population. (2.5%/ YEAR).
POSSIBLE AREAS OF IMPROVEMENT:
•Increase the cropping area.
•Increased quantum of inputs.
•Better management of inputs.
•Better environment. ( inferior varieties – certain limit
set by the genetic make up of the variety).
•IMPROVED CROP VARIETIES.
REACHED PLATEAU
Sudha's KSM 95

5. DEFINITION
•Many scientists defined plant breeding in different
ways.
•VAVILOV def. “ Plant evolution directed by man”
primitive (10,000 Years ago)
first act of plant breeding: use of seeds from
superior plants for the next generation.
DEFINITION:
Plant breeding is the art, science and technology of
changing the heredity of plants for human welfare.
Sudha's KSM 95

6. •DOMESTICATION: (basic method of plant breeding)
the process of bringing a wild species under
human management is referred to as domestication.
•SELECTION: 2 types
NATURAL SELECTION
MAN MADE SELECTION
•INTRODUCTION: Growing of a crop other than its
place of origin.
Sudha's KSM 95

7. HISTORY OF PLANT
BREEDINGIn broad sense history of plant breeding can be divided
into 4 parts
1.Pre mendelian era before 1900,
2.Mendelian era 1900 to 1920,
3.Post mendelian era 1920 to 1950,
4.Modern era after 1950.
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8. 1. Pre mendelian era:
• 9000 BC first evidence of plant domestication in hills above Tigiris
river.
• 700BC Assyrians and Babylonians – hand pollination of date
palm.
• 1676 Millington- Anthers function as male organs.
• 1694 Camerarius (Germany)- first to demonstrate sex in plants.
• 1717 Fairchild – produced the first artificial hybrid, popularly
known as Fairchaid’s mule (carnations X sweet william) in
Dianthus.
• 1753 Linnaeus – published Species Plantarum. Binomial
nomenclature of plant taxonomy.Sudha's KSM 95

9. •1761-66 Koelreuter - demonstrated that hybrid
offspring received traits from both parents.
• Knight – Emphasized the practical aspects of hybrids.
•1801 Lamarck – given theory of evolution through
inheritance of acquired characters.
•1899 Shirreff – Utilized pure line selection to develop
a new oat cultivar 1824 & a new wheat cultivar 1832.
•1859-89 Darwin – published Origin of species and
noted inbreeding sterility and differences in reciprocal
crosses.
•1866 Mendel – published Experiments in plant
hybridization.
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10. •1884 Strasburger – demonstrated fertilization and
showed the fusion of the 2 nuclei to form the zygote.
•1899 Novalschin and Guignard – discovered double
fertilization of egg and endosperm.
•1899 Hopkins- described ear to row selection method
in Maize.
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11. 2. MENDELIAN ERA
•1900 Rediscovery of Mendel laws.
• Bateson introduced terms allelomorph,
homozygote, heterozygote, F1 ,F2.
•1902 De Vries mutation theory of evolution on
Oenothera lamarckiana.
• Biffen inheritance studies on disease resistance,
stripe rust resistance was due to a single gene.
•1903 Johannsen pure line theory of selection.
•1904 Hannig idea of embryo culture.
Sudha's KSM 95

12. •1906 Yule idea of multiple factor hypothesis.
•1908 Nilsson Ehle explanation of multiple factor
hypothesis for grain colour of wheat.
•1908-09 Hardy- Weinberg – hardy Weinberg law.
•1914 Shull term HETEROSIS.
• Blakeslee trisomics in Datura.
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13. 3.Post mendelian era
• 1927 Muller – artificial mutations in animals by X rays.
• 1928 Stadler – mutagenic effect of X rays in barley.
• 1929 Mc Clintock – reported ten chromosomes in maize.
• 1931 Stern, Creighton and Mc Clintock – cytological proof of
crossing over.
• 1933 Roades – discovered cytoplasmic male sterility in maize.
• 1945 Hull - proposed recurrent selection method.
• 1946 Comstock et al. – suggested reciprocal recurrent selection.
• 1950 Mc Clintock – Ac Ds system of transposable elements in
maize.
Sudha's KSM 95

14. 4.Modern era
• 1952 Jensen – 1st
use of multilines in oats.
• 1953 N.E. Borlaug – 1st
developing multilines in wheat.
• 1955 Benzer – rII locus of T4 bacteriophage . Gene has cistron ,
recon, muton.
• 1963 Vander plank – concept of vertical and horizontal
resistance.
• 1964 N.E. Borlaug – high yielding dwarf varieties of wheat
which resulted in green revolution.
• 1968 Donald – developed concept of crop ideotype in wheat.
Sudha's KSM 95

15. • 1978 development of worlds 1st Rice hybrid (CMS).
• 1983 Development of 1st transgenic cotton plant by
Monsanto company in U.S.A.
• 1994 Flavr-savr tomato was introduced by Calgene company
of California. It was the 1st
commercially grown genetically
engineered crop.
Sudha's KSM 95

16. HISTORY OF PLANT BREEDING IN
INDIA• 1871 – Govt. of India created the department of agriculture.
• 1905- Imperial Agriculture Research Institute was
establishment in Pusa, Bihar.
• 1921- Indian Central Cotton Committee was established.
• 1929- Imperial Council of Agricultural Research was
established in New Delhi .
• 1936 – Imperial Agricultural Research Institute shifted to its
present location in New Delhi.
• 1956- PIRRCOM in order to intensify research on these crops.
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17. • 1957- All India Coordinated Maize Improvement Project started to
exploit heterosis 1961 – first Maize hybrid was released ( Ganga1,
Ganga101, Deccan and Ranjit ).
• 1964 – First Sorghum hybrid (CSH-1) was released.
• 1965 – First Bajra hybrid (HB- 1) was released.
• 1991- 1st
pigeon pea hybrid (ICPH-8) was released from ICRISAT,
Hyderabad.
SOME INDIAN PLANT BREEDERS
T.S. Venkatraman
B.P. Pal
M.S. Swaminathan
Pushkarnath
N.G.P.Rao
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18. ….for your precious
time.
Sudha's KSM 95