The document discusses pipeline inspection gauges (PIGs) which are used to inspect pipelines in a non-destructive way. It describes the different types of PIGs including utility pigs for cleaning, separating products, and gel pigs for specialized applications. It also discusses in-line inspection tools that detect metal loss, cracks, and other issues. These tools use magnetic flux leakage or ultrasound testing to inspect pipelines from the inside. Finally, it briefly explains how PIG launchers and receivers are used to introduce and retrieve PIGs from pipelines.

1. Presented by:
Ms. Khushbu Mehta
Piping Inspection Gauge(PIG)

2. Introduction
• Pipelines are the safest and most efficient way to transport any kind
of fluid or product.
• Crude oils, petroleum products, gases all are transported thousands of
kilometers through pipelines across the worlds.
• For the safety and environmental benefit, it is necessary to evaluating,
inspecting and maintaining the integrity of pipelines.
• Using PIGs(Piping Inspection Gauges) which work on non-
destructive method of testing(NDT), pipeline industries safely check
for wax, debris, stress, corrosion, metal loss, dents and cracks.

3. Pigging System
• A pigging system includes pigs, a launcher, and a receiver.
• There are basically three reasons to pig a pipeline:
(1) to batch or separate dissimilar products;
(2) to displace undesirable materials; and
(3) to perform internal inspections.
• The pigs used to accomplish these tasks fall into three categories.
1. Utility Pigs, which are used to perform functions such as cleaning,
separating, or dewatering.
2. In-Line Inspection Tools, which provide information on the condition
of the line, as well as the extent and location of any problems.
3. Gel Pigs, which are used in conjunction with conventional pigs to
optimize pipeline dewatering, cleaning, and drying tasks.

4. Utility Pigs
• Utility pigs can be divided into two groups based upon their
fundamental purpose:
(1) cleaning pigs used to remove solid or semi-solid deposits or debris
from the pipeline, and
(2) sealing pigs used to provide a good seal in order to either sweep
liquids from the line, or provide an interface between two dissimilar
products within the pipeline.
• Within these two groups, a further subdivision can be made to
differentiate among the various
types or forms of pigs:
 Spherical Pigs
 Foam Pigs
 Mandrel Pigs
 Solid Cast Pigs.

5. • Gel pigs are ideal to use where convectional pigging is not possible, usually because
of no launching or receiving possible, tight bends or significant change in inner ID
• Main four types of Gel that are used in pipeline applications:
1.Batching or Separator gel
2.Debries pickup gel
3.Hydrocarbon gel
4.Dehydrating gel
• The principle pipeline applications for gel pigs are as follows:
 Product separation
 Debris removal
 Dewatering,Swabbing,de-oiling
and drying
 Condensate removal from
gas lines
 Inhibitor and biocide lay down
 Special chemical treatment
 Removal of stuck pigs
Gel pigs

6. In-line inspection tools
• These type of tools are used for measuring metal loss and detecting crack
of pipelines.
• They are outfitted with magnets,sensors,expandable dimensional
inspection calipers,GPS or alternative location device to map and
transmit data to engineers.
• These tools are especially suitable if there are high requirements
regarding sensitivity and accuracy, which is especially relevant in
offshore pipelines.
• These tools are also well suited with regard to the range of wall
thicknesses usually experienced in offshore lines.
• They are also known as ‘ Intelligent Pig’.

7. In-line inspection tools
In-line inspection tools are used to carry out various types of
tasks including:
• Measuring pipe diameter/geometry
• Monitoring pipeline curvature
• Determining pipeline profile
• Recording temperature/pressure
• Measuring bend
• Detecting metal-loss/corrosion
• Performing photographic inspection
• Detecting crack
• Measuring wax deposition
• Detecting leak
• Taking product samples
• Mapping

8. Drive Cups
For propulsion
through the pipe
Speed Control Unit
To measure the speed
of PIG & control
bypass valve to set the
required speed
Magnetic Flux Unit
Powerful magnets &
measures pipe wall
thickness
Battery & Data
Storage Unit
To power the
sensors and to
record data for
analysis
Caliper Sensors
Measures any
dents, ovalities and
shallow internal
corrosion
Odometer Wheels
Keep the pig centered in
the pipeline & measure
speed and distance
ANATOMY OF AN INTELLIGENT
PIG

9. Magnetic Flux Leakage(MFL)Tool
• 90% of inline inspection tools works based on magnetic method of non-
destructive method of testing that is used to detect corrosion and pitting.
• MFL tool works by using high power magnets to create continuous magnetic
field circle within the pipeline wall to detect magnetic flux leakage.
• Due to corrosion and other damages magnetic field leaks and its pattern
changes detected by detector placed between two poles of magnet and
stored.
• After completing the journey in pipeline data is downloaded and analyzed.
by technician using different models to interpret the data and determine if
and where repairs need to be made.
Magnetic Sensor looks like Corrosion looks like in analyzed data

10. Ultrasound Testing
• Ultrasound testing is a non-destructive method in which beams of high-frequency
sound waves are introduced into a test object to measure wall thickness or to detect
flaws in the material. The audible frequency range for the human ear is between 20
Hz and 20 kHz: sound waves with frequencies above 20 kHz are called Ultrasound.
• An ultrasound transducer is used to generate an ultrasonic wave in a sensor probe
that propagated to the pipeline wall.
• The transducer records the reflections (echoes) caused by both internal and external
surfaces.
• On the basis of the reflections of the ultrasonic wave, the thickness of the material
can be assessed and provides information related the presence and location of
discontinuities or flaws (corrosion).

11. Pig Launcher and Receiver
• Pigs generally need specially designed launching and receiving vessels
(launcher and receiver) to introduce them into the pipeline safely and
propelling the pig from source to destination. And also used for storing PIGs
when they are not in use.
• The launcher and receiver are installed at the upstream and downstream of
the pipeline section being pigged, respectively.
• The launcher and receiver known as pig stations, consists of specialist valve
which control pig propellant and hence the pig.
• Launcher is drained and PIG is loaded through hatch at the end of pipeline.
• The pipeline product pressure pushes the PIG in the pipeline.
Launcher Receiver

12. References
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facilities for conventional and intelligent pigging and a guide to pig
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Stream Systems Ltd, P O Box 66,Cirencester,Gloucestershire.GL7
1ZF,U.K.1996;53-76
[3]Guo B., Liu X.,Tan X. Pipeline Pigging. Petroleum Production
Engineering.Elsevier Inc. 2017;701-720.
[4]Bai Y., Bai Q.Subsea Pipeline Integrity and Risk Management. Elsevier
Science Ltd. 2014; 73-99.
[5]Ramella C., Canavese G., Corbellini S.A novel smart caliper foam pig for
low-cost pipeline inspection - Part B: Field test and data processing-Vol
133. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering.2015; 771-775.
[6] Gupta A.,Sirkar A.Introduction to Pigging & a Case Study on Pigging of an
Onshore Crude Oil Trunkline-Vol 5.International Journal of Latest
Technology in Engineering, Management and Applied Science.2016;18-
25.

13. [7]Magnetic Flux Leakage Measurement Technology. retrieved on January 2, 2018,
fromhttp://www.rosengroup.com/global/company/explore/wecan/technologies/meas
urement/mfl.html
[8]Pipeline Products: Pig Launcher and Receiver. retrieved on December 8, 2017, from
http://www.jamisonproducts.com/pipeline-products/pig-launchers-receivers.html
[9] Intelligent Pigging Pipeline Inspection Services retrieved on January 2, 2018, from
http://www.intertek.com/pipeline-inline-inspection/
[10] Magnetic Flux Leakage In Ndt Technology. retrieved on December
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14. Thank You…