This document discusses pigment printing on textiles. It provides a brief history of pigment dispersions from 3000 years ago to modern developments. Key topics covered include components of a pigment printing system, factors that influence pigment selection, the effect of pigment particle size, dispersion processes, and properties of pigment dispersions. Binders and thickeners used in pigment printing are also described.
Softening finishes are important textile after treatments that can make fabrics softer through the use of chemical softeners. Softening finishes work by orienting softener molecules on fiber surfaces and penetrating fibers to plasticize the polymer chains, reducing brittleness. This creates properties like softness, fullness, smoothness, flexibility, drape and pliability. The three main types of softeners are cationic, anionic and non-ionic softeners, which work through different molecular interactions with fibers. Silicone softeners also provide unique softness and properties. While softeners improve handle, some can reduce durability, cause discoloration or affect dye properties.
There are key differences between dye and pigment printing. Pigments have no affinity for fibers and are insoluble in water, requiring a binder to fix them onto fibers. Dyes have affinity for fibers and are water soluble. Pigment printing uses a binder that is an aqueous emulsion copolymer which polymerizes during curing to form a strong film embedding the pigment and adhering it to the fiber. Suitable thickeners for pigment printing are emulsion or synthetic thickeners which do not interact negatively with the binder. Emulsion thickeners are prepared using oil, water, emulsifiers and other agents, while synthetic thickeners are high molecular weight copolymers that thicken when
The document discusses pigment printing, which is a type of textile printing where insoluble pigments are fixed to fabric using a binder. Pigment printing pastes contain thickening agents, binders, and other auxiliaries. It is the most economical printing process as it does not require washing after printing. Screen printing and roller printing are common methods used to apply pigment pastes to fabric in defined patterns.
Mercerization is a physio-chemical process that improves the luster of fabrics like cotton and silk. It involves treating tensioned fabric with a high concentration of alkali such as sodium hydroxide. This causes a custicization reaction that changes the cellulose structure from Cellulose I to Cellulose II, improving luster, strength, and dye uptake. There are different types of mercerization processes including tension, slack, hot, and liquid ammonia methods. The goal is to swell and alter the cellulose fibers for enhanced properties.
This document discusses two types of resin finishes for fabrics: deposition and cross-linking. Deposition resins coat fabric surfaces without reacting with fibers, while cross-linking resins chemically react with and bond fiber molecules. The preparation and application of urea-formaldehyde resin is described as an example of cross-linking resin finishing, involving padding the fabric with resin solution, drying, curing at high heat to polymerize the resin, washing off excess, and final softening and drying.
Batch dyeing involves dyeing fabric in a stationary dye bath. There are three main types of batch dyeing machines. Jigger dyeing machines transfer fabric back and forth between rollers through a dye bath, applying tension. Winch dyeing machines pass rope-formed fabric over rollers through a stationary dye bath with little tension. Jet dyeing machines eliminate rollers and use jet nozzles to circulate fabric through a closed tubular system at high temperatures and pressures.
This document discusses resin finishing, which is a process that adds crease resistance and recovery properties to cotton fabrics. It involves applying cross-linking resins like DMDHEU to the fabric using a chemical finishing process with water and heat. The resins chemically bond to the cotton fibers and prevent creasing during wear and laundering. The document covers the types of resins used, the objectives of resin finishing, its advantages and disadvantages, how resin concentration and curing temperature affect properties, and provides an example resin finishing recipe.
Softening finishes are important textile treatments that make fabrics feel softer. Chemical softeners allow fabrics to have a soft, smooth hand. The main types of softeners are cationic, anionic, non-ionic, and amphoteric softeners. Cationic softeners provide excellent softening but can cause yellowing, while anionic softeners have lower softening ability but better compatibility. Silicone softeners provide unique softness and properties like durability and heat stability, but can be expensive. Softener selection depends on the desired properties like fastness, compatibility with other chemicals, and effect on processes like seam slippage or drying.
Softening finishes are important textile after treatments that can make fabrics softer through the use of chemical softeners. Softening finishes work by orienting softener molecules on fiber surfaces and penetrating fibers to plasticize the polymer chains, reducing brittleness. This creates properties like softness, fullness, smoothness, flexibility, drape and pliability. The three main types of softeners are cationic, anionic and non-ionic softeners, which work through different molecular interactions with fibers. Silicone softeners also provide unique softness and properties. While softeners improve handle, some can reduce durability, cause discoloration or affect dye properties.
There are key differences between dye and pigment printing. Pigments have no affinity for fibers and are insoluble in water, requiring a binder to fix them onto fibers. Dyes have affinity for fibers and are water soluble. Pigment printing uses a binder that is an aqueous emulsion copolymer which polymerizes during curing to form a strong film embedding the pigment and adhering it to the fiber. Suitable thickeners for pigment printing are emulsion or synthetic thickeners which do not interact negatively with the binder. Emulsion thickeners are prepared using oil, water, emulsifiers and other agents, while synthetic thickeners are high molecular weight copolymers that thicken when
The document discusses pigment printing, which is a type of textile printing where insoluble pigments are fixed to fabric using a binder. Pigment printing pastes contain thickening agents, binders, and other auxiliaries. It is the most economical printing process as it does not require washing after printing. Screen printing and roller printing are common methods used to apply pigment pastes to fabric in defined patterns.
Mercerization is a physio-chemical process that improves the luster of fabrics like cotton and silk. It involves treating tensioned fabric with a high concentration of alkali such as sodium hydroxide. This causes a custicization reaction that changes the cellulose structure from Cellulose I to Cellulose II, improving luster, strength, and dye uptake. There are different types of mercerization processes including tension, slack, hot, and liquid ammonia methods. The goal is to swell and alter the cellulose fibers for enhanced properties.
This document discusses two types of resin finishes for fabrics: deposition and cross-linking. Deposition resins coat fabric surfaces without reacting with fibers, while cross-linking resins chemically react with and bond fiber molecules. The preparation and application of urea-formaldehyde resin is described as an example of cross-linking resin finishing, involving padding the fabric with resin solution, drying, curing at high heat to polymerize the resin, washing off excess, and final softening and drying.
Batch dyeing involves dyeing fabric in a stationary dye bath. There are three main types of batch dyeing machines. Jigger dyeing machines transfer fabric back and forth between rollers through a dye bath, applying tension. Winch dyeing machines pass rope-formed fabric over rollers through a stationary dye bath with little tension. Jet dyeing machines eliminate rollers and use jet nozzles to circulate fabric through a closed tubular system at high temperatures and pressures.
This document discusses resin finishing, which is a process that adds crease resistance and recovery properties to cotton fabrics. It involves applying cross-linking resins like DMDHEU to the fabric using a chemical finishing process with water and heat. The resins chemically bond to the cotton fibers and prevent creasing during wear and laundering. The document covers the types of resins used, the objectives of resin finishing, its advantages and disadvantages, how resin concentration and curing temperature affect properties, and provides an example resin finishing recipe.
Softening finishes are important textile treatments that make fabrics feel softer. Chemical softeners allow fabrics to have a soft, smooth hand. The main types of softeners are cationic, anionic, non-ionic, and amphoteric softeners. Cationic softeners provide excellent softening but can cause yellowing, while anionic softeners have lower softening ability but better compatibility. Silicone softeners provide unique softness and properties like durability and heat stability, but can be expensive. Softener selection depends on the desired properties like fastness, compatibility with other chemicals, and effect on processes like seam slippage or drying.
MX dyes are a family of "cold" reactive dyes first developed by Imperial Chemical Industries of Britain. They are very popular for dyeing cellulose fibers like cotton. MX dyes are less commonly used by industrial dyers due to their high reactivity making them harder to control and their relatively high cost. Care should be taken when using MX dyes due to the potential to cause respiratory allergies from inhaling dye dust.
Leveling agents are chemicals that help promote even dye distribution on fabrics during dyeing. They work by slowing the initial dye uptake to allow more uniform absorption over time. Leveling agents are classified as anionic, cationic, or non-ionic depending on their ionic nature, and include compounds like fatty acids, alcohols, and alkyl aryl sulphonates. Their effectiveness is tested by measuring factors like strike percentage and active content to evaluate uniformity. Careful selection of leveling agent type and concentration is needed to control dye exhaustion for consistent color without compromising yield.
Softener is an finishing agent that when applied to textile material improves its handle giving pleasing touch. As a general rule, the softening agents applied are lubricating agents, which facilitate the fiber sliding within the fabric structure, thus granting easier deformation and creasing of the fabric.
This document provides an overview of different types of dyes used in textile dyeing, including their working principles and applications. It discusses vat dyes, reactive dyes, azoic dyes, acid dyes, sulphur dyes, metal complex dyes, basic dyes, disperse dyes, and direct dyes. For each dye type, it describes the general dyeing process, suitable fibers, advantages and limitations, and how the dye bonds to or reacts with the fiber on a molecular level. The document serves as an educational reference on the various classes of dyes and dyeing methods.
This document discusses the viscosity of different thickening agents used in textile printing. It provides information on various natural and synthetic thickeners such as starch, flour, gum Arabic, guar gum, and carboxymethyl cellulose. The document lists the viscosity of these thickeners in solutions of different concentrations, measured using viscometers. It also discusses how viscosity can be affected by factors like temperature, pH, and sonication. Various instruments used to measure viscosity are outlined.
Reactive dyes readily dissolve in water and form covalent bonds with cellulose fibers, providing good washing fastness. They are classified based on their reactivity - alkaline controllable dyes require gradual alkali addition, salt controllable dyes require portion-wise salt addition, and temperature controllable dyes react above boiling temperatures. Bifunctional reactive dyes contain two reactive groups, allowing for high exhaustion and fixation during dyeing of cotton which involves dyeing with salt, forming covalent bonds with alkali, and post-treatment processes like soaping and washing.
Chemicals and Auxiliaries used in Textile Wet ProcessingMashrur Wasity
This document discusses various chemicals and auxiliaries used in textile wet processing. It defines auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like preparation, dyeing and printing work more efficiently. Some common auxiliaries mentioned include surfactants, wetting agents, sequestering agents, dispersing agents and emulsifiers. Basic chemicals used in wet processing like acids, bases, salts, oxidizing and reducing agents are also discussed. The roles and examples of various chemicals are provided in concise points.
Color fastness properties of different reactive dyesAzmir Latif Beg
In knitwear industry, dyeing of cotton knitted fabrics is mostly done with reactive dyes, because of their good fastness properties and versatility of applications. The ease of application, wide shade range, high brilliancy and excellent wet fastness properties make the reactive dyes preferred choice for the dyeing of cellulosic fabrics. The most important characteristic of reactive dyes is the formation of covalent bonds with the substrate to be colored, i.e. the dye forms a chemical bond with cellulose. Fiber reactive dyes are the most permanent of all dye types. Unlike other dyes, it actually forms a covalent bond with the cellulose or protein molecule. Once the bond is formed, what you have is one molecule, as the dye molecule has become an actual part of the cellulose fiber molecule.
This document discusses chemical finishing of textiles. It begins with an introduction that defines chemical finishing as using chemicals to impart desired end-use properties by changing the chemical composition or surface characteristics of fibers. There are two main methods of application: exhaust and pad-dry-cure. Pad-dry-cure, the most widely used method, involves padding fabric with a chemical solution, squeezing excess liquid, drying, and curing for fixation. Factors like fiber properties, machine settings, and solution viscosity affect the amount of solution absorbed in wet pickup. The document also covers various pad application techniques and drying methods used in chemical finishing.
Printing means localized application of dyes on the fabric according to design. For printing it is required to produce printing paste. Printing Paste is a viscous paste which is made from pigments, thickeners and many of chemical. A good printing paste is mainly responsible for good printing effect. So it is very important to make a printing paste. There are different types of ingredients are used to make printing paste
Generally following ingredients are used in printing paste:
Dyestuffs or pigment.
Wetting agents.
Thickener.
Solvents dispersing agents.
Defoaming agents.
Oxidizing and reducing agents.
Catalyst and oxygen carrier.
Acid and alkali.
Career and swelling agent.
Miscellaneous agent
DEFINITION: Pigment is a substrate in a particulate form which is insoluble in water but which can be dispersed in this medium to modify its color and light scattering properties. They are organic or inorganic coloring materials. They have no affinity to textile materials. They are fixed on the textile material with the help of binding agent in form a thin invisible coating.
1. Dyeing polyester/cotton blend fabrics using reactive disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide has several advantages over conventional dyeing methods.
2. Supercritical carbon dioxide acts as a solvent for the hydrophobic disperse dyes and allows for deep penetration and homogeneous dyeing of the polyester fibers.
3. The process is more environmentally friendly as supercritical carbon dioxide is non-toxic, non-flammable and can be recycled in a closed system without disposal issues.
Importance of softener . There are different topic of softener has been added in this slide like properties, type, commercial name etc. I think it will be helpful to others people who seeking something about softener.
This document summarizes yarn and carpet printing technologies. It discusses various yarn printing methods like solution dyeing, hang/skein dyeing, and space dyeing. For carpet printing, it describes direct printing, discharge printing, resist printing, and pigment printing methods. It also discusses chemicals and machinery used like flat-screen and rotary screen printing machines, and jet printing machines. In conclusion, it provides an overview of yarn and carpet printing processes and technologies.
The document discusses the scouring process, which involves removing natural and added impurities from textile fibers. There are three main methods for removing impurities: saponification, emulsification, and solubilization. Saponification converts impurities like oils and fats into water-soluble soaps. Emulsification forms suspensions of non-saponifiable impurities. Solubilization dissolves substances like pectin and proteins into soluble salts. The scouring process aims to remove all impurities and leave the fibers highly absorbent without damage. Common scouring agents include alkaline solutions, surfactants, and sometimes organic solvents.
Studies On Textile Printing On Cotton Fabric With Various ThickenerVijay Prakash
This document discusses studies on textile printing on cotton fabric using various thickeners. It provides details on the ingredients in a printing paste, including dyestuffs, thickeners, acids, carriers, and other components. It examines the functions and properties of natural thickeners like starch, gum, and modified starch as well as synthetic thickeners. The document also explores different printing methods such as direct printing, discharge printing, and resist printing. Screen printing and its flat and rotary variations are described along with advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses various methods and types of textile softeners. There are two main methods of softening fabrics - mechanical and chemical. Mechanical methods include breaking, calendaring, decatising, and raising. Chemical methods involve applying softeners such as anionic, cationic, non-ionic, reactive, and silicone softeners. Each type of softener has advantages and disadvantages in terms of properties like softness, fastness, compatibility, and cost. Selection of the appropriate softener depends on the fiber and desired finish properties.
The document discusses various auxiliaries and chemicals used in dyeing and finishing processes in the textile industry. It defines textile auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like dyeing and printing by speeding them up or making them more efficient. It provides examples of common auxiliaries like sequestering agents, wetting agents, levelling agents, and discusses their functions. It also discusses chemicals used in specific processes like bleaching, mercerizing, soaping and printing.
Foam dyeing involves padding a fabric with an aqueous foam formed from dyestuff, a foaming agent, and a carrier. The padded fabric is heated to fix the dye into the fibers. This method provides improved dye uptake and fixation, higher color yields, and better fabric stability compared to conventional dyeing. Foam acts as the medium to carry and disperse dyes evenly onto fabrics. Different types of foaming agents and foam application methods are used depending on the fabric and desired results.
This document provides an overview of liquid ink terminology. It discusses the concepts of ink technology, printing processes, and substrates. It defines what a printing ink is and its basic components like pigments, resins, solvents, and additives. It explains the different types of inks including colored inks, metallic inks, overprinting varnish, and specialty inks. It also covers topics like pigment dispersion, solvent evaporation, and considerations for resins and solvents used in metallic inks. The objective is to understand liquid ink concepts in order to analyze readiness for global competition.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
MX dyes are a family of "cold" reactive dyes first developed by Imperial Chemical Industries of Britain. They are very popular for dyeing cellulose fibers like cotton. MX dyes are less commonly used by industrial dyers due to their high reactivity making them harder to control and their relatively high cost. Care should be taken when using MX dyes due to the potential to cause respiratory allergies from inhaling dye dust.
Leveling agents are chemicals that help promote even dye distribution on fabrics during dyeing. They work by slowing the initial dye uptake to allow more uniform absorption over time. Leveling agents are classified as anionic, cationic, or non-ionic depending on their ionic nature, and include compounds like fatty acids, alcohols, and alkyl aryl sulphonates. Their effectiveness is tested by measuring factors like strike percentage and active content to evaluate uniformity. Careful selection of leveling agent type and concentration is needed to control dye exhaustion for consistent color without compromising yield.
Softener is an finishing agent that when applied to textile material improves its handle giving pleasing touch. As a general rule, the softening agents applied are lubricating agents, which facilitate the fiber sliding within the fabric structure, thus granting easier deformation and creasing of the fabric.
This document provides an overview of different types of dyes used in textile dyeing, including their working principles and applications. It discusses vat dyes, reactive dyes, azoic dyes, acid dyes, sulphur dyes, metal complex dyes, basic dyes, disperse dyes, and direct dyes. For each dye type, it describes the general dyeing process, suitable fibers, advantages and limitations, and how the dye bonds to or reacts with the fiber on a molecular level. The document serves as an educational reference on the various classes of dyes and dyeing methods.
This document discusses the viscosity of different thickening agents used in textile printing. It provides information on various natural and synthetic thickeners such as starch, flour, gum Arabic, guar gum, and carboxymethyl cellulose. The document lists the viscosity of these thickeners in solutions of different concentrations, measured using viscometers. It also discusses how viscosity can be affected by factors like temperature, pH, and sonication. Various instruments used to measure viscosity are outlined.
Reactive dyes readily dissolve in water and form covalent bonds with cellulose fibers, providing good washing fastness. They are classified based on their reactivity - alkaline controllable dyes require gradual alkali addition, salt controllable dyes require portion-wise salt addition, and temperature controllable dyes react above boiling temperatures. Bifunctional reactive dyes contain two reactive groups, allowing for high exhaustion and fixation during dyeing of cotton which involves dyeing with salt, forming covalent bonds with alkali, and post-treatment processes like soaping and washing.
Chemicals and Auxiliaries used in Textile Wet ProcessingMashrur Wasity
This document discusses various chemicals and auxiliaries used in textile wet processing. It defines auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like preparation, dyeing and printing work more efficiently. Some common auxiliaries mentioned include surfactants, wetting agents, sequestering agents, dispersing agents and emulsifiers. Basic chemicals used in wet processing like acids, bases, salts, oxidizing and reducing agents are also discussed. The roles and examples of various chemicals are provided in concise points.
Color fastness properties of different reactive dyesAzmir Latif Beg
In knitwear industry, dyeing of cotton knitted fabrics is mostly done with reactive dyes, because of their good fastness properties and versatility of applications. The ease of application, wide shade range, high brilliancy and excellent wet fastness properties make the reactive dyes preferred choice for the dyeing of cellulosic fabrics. The most important characteristic of reactive dyes is the formation of covalent bonds with the substrate to be colored, i.e. the dye forms a chemical bond with cellulose. Fiber reactive dyes are the most permanent of all dye types. Unlike other dyes, it actually forms a covalent bond with the cellulose or protein molecule. Once the bond is formed, what you have is one molecule, as the dye molecule has become an actual part of the cellulose fiber molecule.
This document discusses chemical finishing of textiles. It begins with an introduction that defines chemical finishing as using chemicals to impart desired end-use properties by changing the chemical composition or surface characteristics of fibers. There are two main methods of application: exhaust and pad-dry-cure. Pad-dry-cure, the most widely used method, involves padding fabric with a chemical solution, squeezing excess liquid, drying, and curing for fixation. Factors like fiber properties, machine settings, and solution viscosity affect the amount of solution absorbed in wet pickup. The document also covers various pad application techniques and drying methods used in chemical finishing.
Printing means localized application of dyes on the fabric according to design. For printing it is required to produce printing paste. Printing Paste is a viscous paste which is made from pigments, thickeners and many of chemical. A good printing paste is mainly responsible for good printing effect. So it is very important to make a printing paste. There are different types of ingredients are used to make printing paste
Generally following ingredients are used in printing paste:
Dyestuffs or pigment.
Wetting agents.
Thickener.
Solvents dispersing agents.
Defoaming agents.
Oxidizing and reducing agents.
Catalyst and oxygen carrier.
Acid and alkali.
Career and swelling agent.
Miscellaneous agent
DEFINITION: Pigment is a substrate in a particulate form which is insoluble in water but which can be dispersed in this medium to modify its color and light scattering properties. They are organic or inorganic coloring materials. They have no affinity to textile materials. They are fixed on the textile material with the help of binding agent in form a thin invisible coating.
1. Dyeing polyester/cotton blend fabrics using reactive disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide has several advantages over conventional dyeing methods.
2. Supercritical carbon dioxide acts as a solvent for the hydrophobic disperse dyes and allows for deep penetration and homogeneous dyeing of the polyester fibers.
3. The process is more environmentally friendly as supercritical carbon dioxide is non-toxic, non-flammable and can be recycled in a closed system without disposal issues.
Importance of softener . There are different topic of softener has been added in this slide like properties, type, commercial name etc. I think it will be helpful to others people who seeking something about softener.
This document summarizes yarn and carpet printing technologies. It discusses various yarn printing methods like solution dyeing, hang/skein dyeing, and space dyeing. For carpet printing, it describes direct printing, discharge printing, resist printing, and pigment printing methods. It also discusses chemicals and machinery used like flat-screen and rotary screen printing machines, and jet printing machines. In conclusion, it provides an overview of yarn and carpet printing processes and technologies.
The document discusses the scouring process, which involves removing natural and added impurities from textile fibers. There are three main methods for removing impurities: saponification, emulsification, and solubilization. Saponification converts impurities like oils and fats into water-soluble soaps. Emulsification forms suspensions of non-saponifiable impurities. Solubilization dissolves substances like pectin and proteins into soluble salts. The scouring process aims to remove all impurities and leave the fibers highly absorbent without damage. Common scouring agents include alkaline solutions, surfactants, and sometimes organic solvents.
Studies On Textile Printing On Cotton Fabric With Various ThickenerVijay Prakash
This document discusses studies on textile printing on cotton fabric using various thickeners. It provides details on the ingredients in a printing paste, including dyestuffs, thickeners, acids, carriers, and other components. It examines the functions and properties of natural thickeners like starch, gum, and modified starch as well as synthetic thickeners. The document also explores different printing methods such as direct printing, discharge printing, and resist printing. Screen printing and its flat and rotary variations are described along with advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses various methods and types of textile softeners. There are two main methods of softening fabrics - mechanical and chemical. Mechanical methods include breaking, calendaring, decatising, and raising. Chemical methods involve applying softeners such as anionic, cationic, non-ionic, reactive, and silicone softeners. Each type of softener has advantages and disadvantages in terms of properties like softness, fastness, compatibility, and cost. Selection of the appropriate softener depends on the fiber and desired finish properties.
The document discusses various auxiliaries and chemicals used in dyeing and finishing processes in the textile industry. It defines textile auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like dyeing and printing by speeding them up or making them more efficient. It provides examples of common auxiliaries like sequestering agents, wetting agents, levelling agents, and discusses their functions. It also discusses chemicals used in specific processes like bleaching, mercerizing, soaping and printing.
Foam dyeing involves padding a fabric with an aqueous foam formed from dyestuff, a foaming agent, and a carrier. The padded fabric is heated to fix the dye into the fibers. This method provides improved dye uptake and fixation, higher color yields, and better fabric stability compared to conventional dyeing. Foam acts as the medium to carry and disperse dyes evenly onto fabrics. Different types of foaming agents and foam application methods are used depending on the fabric and desired results.
This document provides an overview of liquid ink terminology. It discusses the concepts of ink technology, printing processes, and substrates. It defines what a printing ink is and its basic components like pigments, resins, solvents, and additives. It explains the different types of inks including colored inks, metallic inks, overprinting varnish, and specialty inks. It also covers topics like pigment dispersion, solvent evaporation, and considerations for resins and solvents used in metallic inks. The objective is to understand liquid ink concepts in order to analyze readiness for global competition.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
T6 new generation calcium carbonate by k.k. mishraGn Tewari
This document discusses a new generation of calcium carbonate extenders for paint formulations. It begins with an overview of how extenders have evolved from mere fillers to functional raw materials that contribute properties like rheology, adhesion and hiding power. It then describes several new calcium carbonate extenders produced by 20 Microns Ltd. that are said to improve properties like opacity, gloss and cost. Experimental results are presented showing that partially replacing titanium dioxide with two of these new extenders in an exterior emulsion paint reduced costs without negatively affecting optical or weathering properties.
Forgelube Forging Lubricants for the Hot Forging of SteelGustavo Schiuma
1. Forging lubricants play an important role in the forging process by reducing friction, allowing metal to flow smoothly, and protecting and cooling the dies to extend their life.
2. Die lubrication is key for quality and productivity in hot forging, though lubricant selection and application require experience to implement properly.
3. Effective lubricants lubricate the dies to reduce friction, allow part removal, cool the dies, and protect the dies from wear, extending their lifetime and lowering costs.
This document provides information on gypsum products that are used in dentistry. It discusses the chemical and physical properties of gypsum and how it is manufactured into different dental materials like plaster, stone, and impression materials. The key types of gypsum products include impression plaster, model plaster, dental stone of varying strengths, and special high strength stones. The document also examines the setting reaction of gypsum products and various theories to explain this reaction.
This document provides information on gypsum products used in dentistry. It discusses the chemical and physical nature of gypsum, describing how it is derived from calcium sulfate and can be manufactured into dental plaster or stone through heating processes. It also outlines the desirable properties of gypsum products, types of products including impression plaster, model plaster, and different classes of dental stone, and theories behind the setting reaction.
The document discusses zinc phosphate cement, including its composition, setting reaction, manipulation, properties, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. It notes that zinc phosphate cement powder contains zinc oxide and the liquid contains phosphoric acid. The cement sets via a reaction between the zinc oxide and phosphoric acid. Modifications discussed include copper cement, which contains copper oxide, and has bactericidal properties, and silico-phosphate cement, which is a hybrid of zinc phosphate and silicate materials.
The document discusses Royce, a company founded in 1929 that produces liquid vat dyes. It summarizes Royce's history, businesses, global presence, major industries served, and liquid vat dye products. Royce has expanded globally over 80 years and now produces liquid vat dyes through a joint venture in China called Sino-Royce Technology Co. Royce's liquid vat dyes are recognized as the highest quality and dominate the US market.
This document discusses the history and developments in pigment printing for textiles. It outlines that pigment dispersions have been used for over 3,000 years, initially using mineral pigments and natural polymers. Key developments included organic pigment dispersions in the 1920s, emulsion co-polymerization in the 1930s, and aqueous self cross-linking dispersions in the 1960s. More recently, improvements have focused on ecological factors like reducing emissions. The document also describes components of pigment printing systems and dispersions, as well as developments in binders, thickeners, and fixing agents to improve properties and reduce environmental impacts like formaldehyde and APEO content.
This document provides information on various types of textile auxiliaries including:
1. Scouring agents that remove sizes and stains from fabrics as well as desizing and bleaching capabilities.
2. Stain removers and scouring agents that have oil and grease removing properties.
3. Oligomer removers and machine cleaning agents that remove residues from dyeing machines and fibers.
4. Various finishing agents such as stiffeners, softeners, flame retardants, and weight reducing agents.
List of 6 different barite uses on your businessJayshah651
Barite might be related to metallic and nonmetallic mineral supplies. Barite can boost its shine and smoothness, for example, the white, straightforward shading document in the craft paper.
This document discusses different methods of cosmetic tooth whitening or bleaching. It describes intrinsic and extrinsic tooth discoloration and their causes. The main methods covered are in-office bleaching, laser bleaching, and dentist-prescribed home bleaching kits. In-office bleaching uses high concentration peroxide gels applied by the dentist. Home bleaching involves patients wearing custom-fitted trays with lower concentration peroxide gels overnight. Non-vital bleaching treats discoloration inside teeth without pulps. Factors like concentration, time, temperature, and additives affect bleaching results. Potential side effects include temporary tooth sensitivity.
Dyes are colored substances that have an affinity to bond with substrates like fibers. They are often applied in aqueous solutions and may require mordants to improve their fastness. Dyes are used in various industries like textiles, paints, cosmetics, leather, and plastics. The main types of dyes include azo, acid, basic, reactive, sulphur, and vat dyes. While India has good production capacity for dyes and dyestuffs, exports exceed imports, indicating rising global demand that exceeds current supply. For the industry to grow, production needs to increase through modernization and government support to meet rising global demand.
Fingerprint is an important evidence found at the crime scene, but in most of the cases, these are not visible to naked eyes. To make these visible we use different methods. Some of these methods are explained in this ppt.
To know more about the topic, clink on the link- https://youtu.be/ky58Byef-D4
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document provides an overview of SAF Group, a company operating in Saudi Arabia with subsidiaries involved in mining, manufacturing, and trading. It describes the group's structure and various business lines including operations involving sulphur, titanium, quartz, and other minerals. Future plans are outlined to expand production capacity and develop new joint venture partnerships to grow internationally in materials like titanium and quartz.
This document provides information on lipstick, including its definition, characteristics, composition, manufacturing process, potential defects, and evaluation methods. Lipstick is defined as a dispersion of coloring matter in a base of oils, fats, and waxes molded into a stick. It aims to impart attractive color and gloss to lips while preventing drying and cracking. The composition includes waxes, oils, coloring agents, preservatives, and fragrances. Potential defects include sweating, bleeding, and streaking. Lipstick is evaluated based on color consistency, melting point, softening point, microbial contamination, rancidity, breaking load, and rupture strength.
The document discusses the history and development of dental bonding systems. It describes the characteristics of each generation of bonding systems from the 1970s to the present. First generation systems only bonded to enamel, while later generations developed methods for bonding to dentin as well by etching and using hydrophilic primers. Current bonding systems include total-etch systems that etch both enamel and dentin with acid prior to bonding, and self-etch systems that incorporate acidic primers to etch the tooth structure during bonding application.
Paint Formulation and Process. How Paint is made-471370-.pdfsishu h/mariam
The document discusses the paint formulation and manufacturing process. It provides an introduction to the paint industry, describing how paint is made and the different types of paints used for various purposes. It also discusses the key raw materials used in paint making, including pigments, oils, resins, solvents and other additives. The paint industry in India has been growing annually by 12-13% and new technologies are being developed to produce different paints for various applications.
The document discusses compounding, which is the process of intimately mixing ingredients into a homogeneous mass. There are various criteria and factors that influence compounding, including selecting the appropriate polymer and ingredients based on requirements. Additives can be incorporated at different stages, and various mixing methods are used depending on the material properties and production needs, including dry mixing, batch mixing, continuous mixing, and screw extrusion. Key compounding methods include single and twin screw extruders, which efficiently mix ingredients using heating elements and intermeshing screw motions.
Similar to Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing (20)
Dr kamat presentation 26th september 2018 wtin tokyoSanjiv Kamat
The document discusses Kothari's Workflow Automation System (WAS) and Print Pro software for digitizing and automating textile printing workflows. It describes how WAS can simplify operations, reduce costs, and increase productivity even with basic hardware. The document also covers Kothari's Color IOS technology for reducing ink usage up to 30% while maintaining print quality and handling on dark colored fabrics.
Garment dyeing with pigments provides a wash-down effect that is not possible with other dye types like reactives or sulphur dyes. Pigment dyeing uses cationic polymers and reactants to attach pigment particles to fiber surfaces in a multi-layered structure for robust, level dyeing with good fastness properties. It is an economical process using less water, energy and chemicals than other dyeing methods. Common issues in pigment dyeing like unevenness can be addressed by ensuring proper pretreatment, liquor ratios, and pigment dispersion properties.
This document discusses novel printing styles and techniques. It begins by defining decorative printing as giving fabric a distinctive mark using non-conventional printing materials and application methods. It then covers developments in textile printing techniques over time. The document focuses on novel printing effects that go beyond traditional flat printing, including using insoluble attachments, locally dyeing fabrics, and versatile substrate/color/binder combinations. Various techniques are described for creating different novel effects, including blocks, stencils, sprays, and different coating and pressing methods. Specific techniques covered in detail include white, colored, cracking, and eco brosso printing; flocking; zari/glitter printing; metal powder printing; mica printing; foaming;
Importance of Design in Digital printing of Textiles. Various types of designs are illustrated to show that to be successful in ink jet printing of textiles its the design that matters. It is now possible to print by ink jet what earlier was not by conventional Textile printing
This document provides information on ink jet printing of textiles. It discusses various aspects of ink jet printing technology including printhead technologies like piezo and thermal drop-on-demand, resolutions, ink types, printer classifications and examples. It summarizes key elements of ink jet printing like the printhead, fabric feed system, ink, fabric, software and pre/post-treatment processes.
Innovations in textiles for footprint reductionSanjiv Kamat
Kothari InfoTech Limited (KITL) provides solutions for digital printing on various substrates including textiles. The document discusses various innovations in textiles aimed at reducing their environmental footprint, including more sustainable fibers, waterless dyeing processes, and digital printing techniques. It also examines the large carbon, water, and environmental impacts of the textile industry and need for more sustainable innovations.
Adressing the skills shortage in colorationSanjiv Kamat
The document discusses addressing skill shortages in textile coloration. It notes the shift in global workforce dynamics and production locations. It also provides information on knowledge and skills needed for coloration, the current state of education and research associations in India, and the work of SDC (Society of Dyers and Colourists) in helping address these shortages through various training programs, standards development, publications, and other resources. The way forward involves industry participation, tailoring learning to different audiences, and exploring options like distance learning and partnerships.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
5. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Pigment Dispersions –Pigment Dispersions –
Historical DevelopmentsHistorical Developments
As old as 3000 years with mineral pigments and naturalAs old as 3000 years with mineral pigments and natural
polymers as binder and thickeners(starch,glue)polymers as binder and thickeners(starch,glue)
1920’s- Organic Pigment dispersions1920’s- Organic Pigment dispersions
1930’s –Emulsion copolymerisation techniques.1930’s –Emulsion copolymerisation techniques.
1937 –Pigment paste based on water in oil emulsion1937 –Pigment paste based on water in oil emulsion
1950 – Oil in water systems.1950 – Oil in water systems.
1960- Aqueous self crosslinking dispersions as binders1960- Aqueous self crosslinking dispersions as binders
Early 60’s - Pidilite introduced pigmentEarly 60’s - Pidilite introduced pigment
dispersion in India.dispersion in India.
1990s Ecological improvements(emmission)1990s Ecological improvements(emmission)
Digital printingDigital printing
6. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Why Pigment Printing ?Why Pigment Printing ?
Versatile-Suitable for all substrates andVersatile-Suitable for all substrates and
machinesmachines
Low impact on waste waterLow impact on waste water
Low consumption of water, no washingLow consumption of water, no washing
after printingafter printing
Short process cycle –faster output , Print,Short process cycle –faster output , Print,
dry,fixdry,fix
Best light fastnessBest light fastness
Very High ReliabilityVery High Reliability
Zero printing defects possibleZero printing defects possible
7. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Relative properties of PrintingRelative properties of Printing
stylesstyles
PropertiesProperties PigmentPigment SubstantiveSubstantive
LightLight
WashingWashing
RubbingRubbing
WeatheringWeathering
HandleHandle
ExcellentExcellent
AcceptableAcceptable
GoodGood
Very GoodVery Good
AcceptableAcceptable
GoodGood
Very GoodVery Good
Very GoodVery Good
PoorPoor
ExcellentExcellent
8. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
• Colour pigment
• Binding agent
• Fixer
• Thickener
• Auxiliaries
- emulsifiers
- softeners
Components of Pigment Printing System
9. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
• Pigment (25-45 %)
• Water
• Auxiliaries
- emulsifiers / dispersing agents
- Co solvent / glycols (few)
- preservative
Composition of the Pigment Dispersion
10. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Factors influencing Selection of PigmentFactors influencing Selection of Pigment
Fastness toFastness to
WashingWashing
LightLight
SolventSolvent
PerspirationPerspiration
ChlorineChlorine
HeatHeat
SalivaSaliva
LegislationsLegislations
11. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Influence of Particle Size of PigmentInfluence of Particle Size of Pigment
FlocculationFlocculation
Hue/Tint StrengthHue/Tint Strength
Hiding/TransparencyHiding/Transparency
Gloss/Flatting and Film appearanceGloss/Flatting and Film appearance
ViscosityViscosity
StabilityStability
Weather ResistanceWeather Resistance
13. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Pigment dispersionPigment dispersion
Large number ofLarge number of aggregatesaggregates andand agglomeratesagglomerates
formed during drying and pulverizing process offormed during drying and pulverizing process of
pigment press cakepigment press cake
To obtain betterTo obtain better gloss, rheological propertiesgloss, rheological properties
and color strengthand color strength pigment applications needpigment applications need
pigment in disperse formpigment in disperse form
Size of aggregates and agglomerates is reducedSize of aggregates and agglomerates is reduced
fromfrom 10-60 micron10-60 micron to belowto below 1 micron1 micron
14. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Dispersion ProcessDispersion Process
Size Reduction:Size Reduction: Breaking of larger aggregatesBreaking of larger aggregates
and agglomerates into smaller primary particlesand agglomerates into smaller primary particles
by impact and shear forceby impact and shear force
Wetting Process:Wetting Process: Uniform spreading of liquidUniform spreading of liquid
medium on the pigment surface making amedium on the pigment surface making a
contact angle of zero degree. Proper wettingcontact angle of zero degree. Proper wetting
improves glossimproves gloss
Stabilization:Stabilization: Dispersed particles areDispersed particles are
prevented to come togetherprevented to come together
15. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Dispersion Properties Depend uponDispersion Properties Depend upon
Suitability of pigmentSuitability of pigment
Particle sizeParticle size
Particle size distributionParticle size distribution
Degree of dispersionDegree of dispersion
Electrical chargeElectrical charge
Specific gravitySpecific gravity
Crystal structure & stabilityCrystal structure & stability
16. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
TextureTexture
Feel and appearance of surface especially howFeel and appearance of surface especially how
rough or smooth it is .rough or smooth it is .
Decided by theDecided by the degree of aggregationdegree of aggregation of theof the
primary particlesprimary particles
Soft textureSoft texture havehave large agglomerateslarge agglomerates and fewand few
aggregatesaggregates
Large number of aggregatesLarge number of aggregates givegive hard texturehard texture
Various surface treatments used to improveVarious surface treatments used to improve
texturetexture
17. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Texture is affected byTexture is affected by
pH(fluctuation in the process)pH(fluctuation in the process)
TemperatureTemperature
Solvent in condensationSolvent in condensation
Process slow or fast(Rate of addition)Process slow or fast(Rate of addition)
Drying process(Convection,IR,Air suction)Drying process(Convection,IR,Air suction)
20. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Size ReductionSize Reduction
Commonly used EquipmentsCommonly used Equipments
Type Of Action
Ball Mill Impact
Sand Mill Sheer+Impact
Impact+Sheer
Bead Mill Sheer+Impact
Three Roller MillSheer
Kneader Sheer
Extruder Sheer
Equiptment
Attritors
21. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Influence of pigment dispersion particle sizeInfluence of pigment dispersion particle size
on printingon printing
Small particle size may cause a low colour yield besides clogging ofSmall particle size may cause a low colour yield besides clogging of
screens and may also entail thixotropic propensity of print pastes.screens and may also entail thixotropic propensity of print pastes.
Wash fastness may be inferior since the pigment particles may notWash fastness may be inferior since the pigment particles may not
be held properly in the layer of binder film.be held properly in the layer of binder film.
For instance, 40g/kg shade using a pigment dispersion having aFor instance, 40g/kg shade using a pigment dispersion having a
particle size of 0.1 micron and binder of 0.3 micron, since theseparticle size of 0.1 micron and binder of 0.3 micron, since these
particles are not held appropriately in the binder film, the washparticles are not held appropriately in the binder film, the wash
fastness may be affected. , since with very fine particle size; thefastness may be affected. , since with very fine particle size; the
pigments are liable to bleed on washing e.g. Pigment Red 2 with apigments are liable to bleed on washing e.g. Pigment Red 2 with a
lower particle size. Red and Bordeaux pigments have a tendency tolower particle size. Red and Bordeaux pigments have a tendency to
bleed on washing .bleed on washing .
Large particle size may entail dull prints.Large particle size may entail dull prints.
High viscosity of pigment dispersions may not only lead to thickerHigh viscosity of pigment dispersions may not only lead to thicker
print pastes but also cause inadequate penetration during printingprint pastes but also cause inadequate penetration during printing
on the substrate.on the substrate.
22. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Recent Development in Emulsifiers
No clear technical trend visible
- combination products
- emulsifier/rheolog. additive
- emulsifier/rheolog. additive/fixing agent
- pure emulsifier
• APEO-free
• Non-ionic
23. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Pigment Printing BindersPigment Printing Binders shouldshould
Have good adhesion but no tackHave good adhesion but no tack
Be resistant to chemical and mechanicalBe resistant to chemical and mechanical
stressstress
Be flexibleBe flexible
Be non yellowingBe non yellowing
Be removable from screensBe removable from screens
Be shear stableBe shear stable
Resistance to agingResistance to aging
24. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Binder Properties Influenced byBinder Properties Influenced by
N
E
G
A
T
I
V
E
P
O
S
I
T
I
V
E
AN
NBA
Soft Tacky
Softer More Tacky
Softest Most Tacky
Hardest
Harder
Hard
Lowest
Fastness
Best
Fastness
NBA
EA
B
Styrene
MA
26. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
1. not self-cross linking
2. self-cross linking (reactive side groups)
Parameters influencing crosslinking
• Type and number of reactive groups
• Temperature
• Duration
• pH value
Crosslinking results in improved
1. Fastnesses
2. Stability to temperature
3. Permanency of effects
Type of Binders
27. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Binders Functional GroupsBinders Functional Groups
Carboxyl functionality –Binders contain acrylicCarboxyl functionality –Binders contain acrylic
acid or methacrylic acid as co-polymers.acid or methacrylic acid as co-polymers.
Provides sites for cross-linking reactionsProvides sites for cross-linking reactions
Amide Functionality – Acrylamide as a part ofAmide Functionality – Acrylamide as a part of
the functional group .Binders havingthe functional group .Binders having
substituted acrylamide groups have self crosssubstituted acrylamide groups have self cross
linking propertieslinking properties
SBR Binders-Butadiene monomer providesSBR Binders-Butadiene monomer provides
elasticity ,while styrene and acrylonitrile giveelasticity ,while styrene and acrylonitrile give
oil and solvent resistance Disadvantages areoil and solvent resistance Disadvantages are
oxidation and discoloration due to residualoxidation and discoloration due to residual
double bondsdouble bonds
28. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Binder Particle SizeBinder Particle Size
Smaller the particle size of the binderSmaller the particle size of the binder
results in brighter prints as totalresults in brighter prints as total
internal reflection increases.internal reflection increases.
Bigger particle size binder may increaseBigger particle size binder may increase
coverage but prints may look dullercoverage but prints may look duller
Very small particle size will lead ofVery small particle size will lead of
clogging of screens because ofclogging of screens because of
agglomerationagglomeration
29. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Recent Development in Binders
• Increasingly softer handle
• Fastnesses improved
• Running properties were improved
• Reduction in residual free monomer content
30. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Normal
CH2=CH-CO-NH-CH2-OH N - methylol acrylamide
detaching formaldehyde
reaction partners: - sec. amino groups
- N-methylol groups / N-methylol ether groups
- amide groups
- melamine groups
- dicyan diamide groups
- related groups
Alternative
CH2 - CH- epoxy components (e.g. epichlorhydrin
O formaldehyde-free
reaction partners: - hydroxylic / carboxylic groups
- amino groups, react. methylene groups
Binders Components for self cross
linking
31. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
••
Synthetic Thickeners
-CH2 -CH - CH2 - CH CH2 -CH - CH2 - CH -
COOH COOH
COO - COO - n
first synth. thickeners in 1969
• mechanism:
n - addition of alkali (NH4OH) causes an electrostatic repellency
- formation of a three-dimensional network = increase in viscosity
• molecular weights in the range of 1000000
• partially crosslinked
n
OH-
36. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Two trends:
a) higher efficiency / price optimization
b) improved technology / multifunctional
• pasty
• lower hydrocarbon content
• non-fuming
• high purity / good and quick swelling behaviour
• good storage stability / little settling
Recent Development in Thickeners
37. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Two trends:
a) higher efficiency / price optimization
b) improved technology / multifunctional
• pasty
• lower hydrocarbon content
• non-fuming
• high purity / good and quick swelling behaviour
• good storage stability / little settling
Recent Development in Thickeners
38. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
38
Developments in Fixing AgentsDevelopments in Fixing Agents
• Melamine resin fixing agent / contains HCHO
higher etherification, thus:
- reduced HCHO content
- less HCHO emission during drying and fixation
- reduced HCHO content on the fabric
- less reactivity
• Isocyanate fixing agent / HCHO-free
-cold fixing / not blocked / shelf life /
high reactivity
- hot fixing / blocked
39. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Ecological IssuesEcological Issues
Air
• hydrocarbons (white spirit/thickener/antifoam)
• HCHO (fixing agent/binders/preservative)
• monomers (binding agent/fixing agent/thickener)
• fume (thickener/softener/urea/glycols)
Water
• hydrocarbons (white spirit/thickener/softener/antifoam)
• heavy metals (Pigments)
• APEO (emulsifiers/binders/softener)
Fabric
• HCHO (fixing agent/binders/preservative)
• fastnesses (binding agent/fixing agent/pigments)
• MAK amines (colour pigments (some in the red range))
• APEO (colour pigments,binders),
40. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Influencing Factors – Pigment PrintingInfluencing Factors – Pigment Printing
Viscosity: Design, machineViscosity: Design, machine
Water HardnessWater Hardness
Screen MeshScreen Mesh
Drying TemperatureDrying Temperature
Fabric typeFabric type
pH of printing pastepH of printing paste
Particle size of Pigment dispersion and BinderParticle size of Pigment dispersion and Binder
41. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Fastness not achieved !Fastness not achieved !
LightLight Depth of ShadeDepth of Shade
PerchPerch Pigment selectionPigment selection
High TempHigh Temp Pigment SelectionPigment Selection
CrockingCrocking Depth of ShadeDepth of Shade
Binder TypeBinder Type
Binder ConcentrationBinder Concentration
Curing conditionsCuring conditions
Fabric Type and GeometryFabric Type and Geometry
42. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Colour Textile interactions in Ink Jet PrintingColour Textile interactions in Ink Jet Printing
Print Head Technologies
Performance
Drop performance
Ink/Material compatibility
Nozzle clogging
Nozzle crusting
Biological growth
Contamination
Long-term operability
Textile/Ink Interaction
Drying time Colour value/yield
Chroma (colour quality) Spreading/wicking
Rub fastness Water fastness Light fastness
Colour /Ink Formulation
Property
Surface tension Viscosity
Specific gravity pH
Conductivity Dye purity
Dye purity/solubility
Toxicological properties
Particle size Stability
Accoustic properties Shelf life
Textile
43. 04th Februray
2010
Dr Sanjiv Kamat
Printhead TechnologyPrinthead Technology
•Thermal Drop on Demand(DOD)
•Piezo Drop on Demand
•Binary Continuous inkjet heads
•Multi-deflection continuous heads
•Air jet deflection
• Valve Jet