This document discusses the history and developments in pigment printing for textiles. It outlines that pigment dispersions have been used for over 3,000 years, initially using mineral pigments and natural polymers. Key developments included organic pigment dispersions in the 1920s, emulsion co-polymerization in the 1930s, and aqueous self cross-linking dispersions in the 1960s. More recently, improvements have focused on ecological factors like reducing emissions. The document also describes components of pigment printing systems and dispersions, as well as developments in binders, thickeners, and fixing agents to improve properties and reduce environmental impacts like formaldehyde and APEO content.

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January 2014 Dr. Sanjiv Kamat 1
Advances in Pigment
Printing of Textiles

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Cave Paintings in Europe

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Pigment Dispersions –
Historical developments
• Over 3000 years old with mineral pigments and natural
polymers as binders and thickeners(starch glue)
• 1920's- Organic Pigment dispersions
• 1930's – Emulsion co-polymerisation
• 1937 – Pigment paste based on water in oil emulsion
• 1950 – Oil in water systems
• 1960 – Aqueous self cross-linking dispersions as binders
• 1990's – Ecological improvements(emissions)
• 2000's – Digital Printing

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The German Ban
• Mid 1980s
• Banned Amines
• DiChloroBenzidenes

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Components of a Pigment
Printing System
• Colour Pigment
• Binder
• Fixer
• Thickener
• Emulsifiers
• Softeners

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Components of Pigment dispersion
• Pigment Powder (25-45%)
• Water
• Auxiliaries
– Emulsifiers,Dispersing agents (5-15%)
– Co-solvents(5-10%)
– Preservatives (<1%)
– Antifoam (<0.1%)

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Pigment Dispersions
Pigments need to be ground to a particle size below
3µ to achieve high brilliancy and good color yield.
The right dispersing system is necessary to keep the
pigments dispersed in water without sedimentation
and without agglomeration of the particles (forming of
bigger crystals).
Chemistry C.I.
availability as pigments
(year of invention)
disazo diarylic pigments PY12, PY14, PY17, PY83 (1911) 1936 and 1958
disazo pyrazolone PO13, PO34 (1930) 1950s
naphtol AS grp. I PR2, PR8, PR12, PR112, (1920s) 1930s
naphtol AS grp. II PR146, PR170, PR210 1960s
phthalocyanine PG7, PBl15 1940s
dioxazine PV23 1952
quinacridone PR122, PV19 1960s

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For Pigment dispersions, following need to
be within Limits
• Banned Amines
• PAH
• PCB
• COC
• Dioxines
• Heavy Metals
• Formaldehyde/
Preservatives
• APEO

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Dyestone Colorants
"Dyestone® X Color" is neither pigment nor
dyestuff, but a patented new generation of
textile colorants that fully utilize micro-
encapsulating technology.
Matsui International's insoluble colors are
finely ground at the Nano-level and coated
with a water-soluble polymer on the surface
level and can be applied onto almost any kind
of textile substrate (cotton, polyester, nylon,
rayon, etc.) by both printing & pad-dyeing
process.

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Conventional Vs Dyestone
Pigment Pigment Pigment
Binder
FABRIC
Cross-Linking Agent
Water-soluble Polymer
Insoluble Colorant
FABRIC

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Binders
• APEO
• Formaldehyde
• Biodegradability
• Reduction in Free monomer
content
• Properties like more soft
and hydrophilic
• Combining binders and
thickeners
• External crosslinkers

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Thickeners
• Hydrophobicaly modified
ASE
• No Mineral Oil, no fuming
• VOC free(High boiling oils)
• Rheology Modifier
incorporated to improve
electrolyte stability
• Good storage stability, to
settling
• High purity ,quick swelling

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Developments in Fixing Agents
 Melamine resin fixing agent / contains
HCHO, higher etherification, thus:
- reduced HCHO content
- less HCHO emission during drying and
fixation
- reduced HCHO content on the fabric
- less reactivity
 Isocyanate fixing agent / HCHO-free
-cold fixing / not blocked / shelf life /
high reactivity
- hot fixing / blocked

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Summary
Besides the ever present demands for more economical products
and processes and the demand from retailers to close the gap
between pigment and dyestuff printing regarding end-user
properties the main challenges for pigment printing will be
the dramatically increase of ecological demands.
Binders: Apeo,formaldehyde free
reduction of rest-monomer content
biodegradability
Pigments: amine, RSL free
AOX free
restrictive use of presrvatives
Thickeners: oil free, VOC free
biodegradability
Auxiliaries: formaldehyde free
restrictive use of preservatives

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Importance of Pigment
Versatile- suitable for all substrates and machines
Low impact on water footprint

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