The document compares several classical methods for tuning PID controllers, including Ziegler-Nichols, Tyreus-Luyben, Cohen-Coon, and Ciancone-Marlin. It aims to compare the performance and robustness of these tuning methods through simulations of first, second, and third-order processes. It will also develop a graphical user interface to automatically compare the tuning methods for a given process model.
Why Fourier Transform
General Properties & Symmetry relations
Formula and steps
magnitude and phase spectra
Convergence Condition
mean-square convergence
Gibbs phenomenon
Direct Delta
Energy Density Spectrum
Index
Applications of Control System
Definition of Control System
Open Loop Control System
Applications of Open Loop Control System
Close Loop Control System
Applications of Close Loop Control System
MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIERS
Definition: An amplifier formed by connecting several amplifiers in cascaded arrangement such that output of one amplifier becomes the input of other whose output becomes input of next and so on .
Each amplifier in this configuration is known as stage.
So several stages are connected to form multistage amplifier.
Working of multistage amplifier: Each amplifier connected perform the process of amplification
They convert their input signal into high amplified output signal.
Hence the output signal after passing through several amplifiers becomes highly amplified.
Each amplifier connected perform the process of amplification
They convert their input signal into high amplified output signal.
Hence the output signal after passing through several amplifiers becomes highly amplified.
Voltage gain: The overall voltage gain of multistage amplifier is product of voltage gain of individual amplifier.
If voltage is expressed in dB overall voltage gain is by the sum of voltage gain in dB of individual amplifier.
If we convert voltage gain into the db voltage gain then we use a relation.
Direct coupled multistage amplifier: A direct coupled amplifier is a type of amplifier in which two amplifier are connected in a such a way that one stage is coupled directly to the other without using any coupling or bypassing capacitor.
In this configuration dc collector voltage of first stage provides base bias to second stage means output of first stage becomes input of second stage.
Disadvantages : A small changes in the dc bias voltages due to temperature effects or power supply variation are amplified by the succeeding stages so an unwanted signal appears at the output.
Applicatons : It is used in TV receivers’ computers ,regulator circuits and other electronic instruments
Why Fourier Transform
General Properties & Symmetry relations
Formula and steps
magnitude and phase spectra
Convergence Condition
mean-square convergence
Gibbs phenomenon
Direct Delta
Energy Density Spectrum
Index
Applications of Control System
Definition of Control System
Open Loop Control System
Applications of Open Loop Control System
Close Loop Control System
Applications of Close Loop Control System
MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIERS
Definition: An amplifier formed by connecting several amplifiers in cascaded arrangement such that output of one amplifier becomes the input of other whose output becomes input of next and so on .
Each amplifier in this configuration is known as stage.
So several stages are connected to form multistage amplifier.
Working of multistage amplifier: Each amplifier connected perform the process of amplification
They convert their input signal into high amplified output signal.
Hence the output signal after passing through several amplifiers becomes highly amplified.
Each amplifier connected perform the process of amplification
They convert their input signal into high amplified output signal.
Hence the output signal after passing through several amplifiers becomes highly amplified.
Voltage gain: The overall voltage gain of multistage amplifier is product of voltage gain of individual amplifier.
If voltage is expressed in dB overall voltage gain is by the sum of voltage gain in dB of individual amplifier.
If we convert voltage gain into the db voltage gain then we use a relation.
Direct coupled multistage amplifier: A direct coupled amplifier is a type of amplifier in which two amplifier are connected in a such a way that one stage is coupled directly to the other without using any coupling or bypassing capacitor.
In this configuration dc collector voltage of first stage provides base bias to second stage means output of first stage becomes input of second stage.
Disadvantages : A small changes in the dc bias voltages due to temperature effects or power supply variation are amplified by the succeeding stages so an unwanted signal appears at the output.
Applicatons : It is used in TV receivers’ computers ,regulator circuits and other electronic instruments
In this paper, we propose a new technique for implementing optimum controller for a conical tank. The objective of the controller is to maintain the level inside the process tank in a desired value. Hence an attempt is made in this paper as Internal Model Based PID controller design for conical tank level control. For each stable operating point, a first order process model was identified using process reaction curve method. The real time implementation is done in Simulink using MATLAB. The experimental results shows that proposed control scheme have good set point tracking and disturbance rejection capability.
Advanced Nonlinear PID-Based Antagonistic Control for Pneumatic Muscle Actuatorsmanikuty123
a seminar on "Advanced Nonlinear PID-Based Antagonistic Control for Pneumatic Muscle Actuators" for control enginerring,It involves the control of pneumatic mucle actuators using Advanced nonlinear PID control.It is a model less control.These actuators are mainly used in humanoid robborts.this leads to more easier and robust control.
In this session from the Institute of Validation Technology's Validation Week Europe, Kurtis Epp and John Kandl discuss how to implement QbD to all three stages of process validation.
Fuzzy gain scheduling control apply to an RC Hovercraft IJECEIAES
The Fuzzy Gain Scheduling (FGS) methodology for tuning the ProportionalIntegral-Derivative (PID) traditional controller parameters by scheduling controlled gains in different phases, is a simple and effective application both in industries and real-time complex models while assuring the high achievements over pass decades, is proposed in this article. The Fuzzy logic rules of the triangular membership functions are exploited on-line to verify the Gain Scheduling of the Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller gains in different stages because it can minimize the tracking control error and utilize the Integral of Time Absolute Error (ITAE) minima criterion of the controller design process. For that reason, the controller design could tune the system model in the whole operation time to display the efficiency in tracking error. It is then implemented in a novel Remote Controlled (RC) Hovercraft motion models to demonstrate better control performance in comparison with the PID conventional controller.
PID Control of True Integrating Processes - Greg McMillan DeminarJim Cahill
Presented August 11, 2010 by Greg McMillan as on-line demo/seminar. Video recording available at: http://www.screencast.com/users/JimCahill/folders/Public
In this paper, we propose a new technique for implementing optimum controller for a conical tank. The objective of the controller is to maintain the level inside the process tank in a desired value. Hence an attempt is made in this paper as Internal Model Based PID controller design for conical tank level control. For each stable operating point, a first order process model was identified using process reaction curve method. The real time implementation is done in Simulink using MATLAB. The experimental results shows that proposed control scheme have good set point tracking and disturbance rejection capability.
Advanced Nonlinear PID-Based Antagonistic Control for Pneumatic Muscle Actuatorsmanikuty123
a seminar on "Advanced Nonlinear PID-Based Antagonistic Control for Pneumatic Muscle Actuators" for control enginerring,It involves the control of pneumatic mucle actuators using Advanced nonlinear PID control.It is a model less control.These actuators are mainly used in humanoid robborts.this leads to more easier and robust control.
In this session from the Institute of Validation Technology's Validation Week Europe, Kurtis Epp and John Kandl discuss how to implement QbD to all three stages of process validation.
Fuzzy gain scheduling control apply to an RC Hovercraft IJECEIAES
The Fuzzy Gain Scheduling (FGS) methodology for tuning the ProportionalIntegral-Derivative (PID) traditional controller parameters by scheduling controlled gains in different phases, is a simple and effective application both in industries and real-time complex models while assuring the high achievements over pass decades, is proposed in this article. The Fuzzy logic rules of the triangular membership functions are exploited on-line to verify the Gain Scheduling of the Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller gains in different stages because it can minimize the tracking control error and utilize the Integral of Time Absolute Error (ITAE) minima criterion of the controller design process. For that reason, the controller design could tune the system model in the whole operation time to display the efficiency in tracking error. It is then implemented in a novel Remote Controlled (RC) Hovercraft motion models to demonstrate better control performance in comparison with the PID conventional controller.
PID Control of True Integrating Processes - Greg McMillan DeminarJim Cahill
Presented August 11, 2010 by Greg McMillan as on-line demo/seminar. Video recording available at: http://www.screencast.com/users/JimCahill/folders/Public
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
3. Introduction
▶ PID tuning is to find the optimum Kp, Ki and Kd for the controller.
Control objective > Setpoint tracking, Disturbance rejection
Actions > Instantaneous proportional action, Reset integral action, Rate derivative
action
Optimum criteria > Depends on application and system requirements
University of Jordan, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 2014 June 16, 2015 3
4. Introduction
▶ Conceptual real-world example
Driver
(PID)
Car mechanism
(Process)
Crosswind
Front wheels
angle Car position
Driver’s eyes
(Feedback)
Desired position
University of Jordan, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 2014 June 16, 2015 4
6. Introduction
University of Jordan, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 2014 June 16, 2015 6
▶ Many tuning methods have been proposed for PID controllers each of which
has its advantages and disadvantages. So, no one can be considered the best
for all purposes.
▶ Closed-loop methods tune the PID while it is attached to the loop while in
open-loop methods the process is estimated using a FOPDT model
▶ A comparison of the most popular methods is to be done
▶ Simulation will be implemented for 1st, 2nd and 3rd-order processes, some of
which are lag-dominant and the others are dead-time dominant.
▶ IAE as criterion (which adds up the time and amplitude weight of the error)
7. Objectives
University of Jordan, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 2014 June 16, 2015 7
▶ Compare studied tuning methods for performance and robustness
▶ Develop a GUI to do the comparison automatically for a given process model
8. Closed-loop methods
▶ Ziegler-Nichols Closed-loop
▶ Tyreus-Luyben
▶ Damped Oscillation
PID Process
D
C PV
Feedback
SP
Tuning
University of Jordan, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 2014 June 16, 2015 8
9. Open-loop methods
▶ Ziegler-Nichols Open-loop
▶ C-H-R
▶ Cohen-Coon
▶ Ciancone-Marlin
▶ Minimum Error Integral
PID Process
D
PV
Tuning
University of Jordan, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 2014 June 16, 2015 9
10. Ziegler-Nichols Closed-loop
University of Jordan, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 2014 June 16, 2015 10
▶ ¼ decay ratio as design criterion (stability condition)
▶ Trial-and-error procedure to find 𝑲𝒖 and 𝑷𝒖
▶ Drives the process into marginal stability
▶ Performs well when 𝑟𝒎 ≥ 𝟐𝒕𝒅 (lag dominant)
▶ Performs very poorly for 𝒕𝒅 > 𝟐𝑟𝒎 (dead-time dominant)
▶ Fast recovery from disturbance but leads to oscillatory response
▶ Not applicable to open-loop-unstable processes
▶ Some processes do not have ultimate gain
11. Ziegler-Nichols Closed-loop
University of Jordan, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 2014 June 16, 2015 11
Controller 𝐾𝑐 𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑑
P 0.5𝐾𝑢 - -
PI 0.45𝐾𝑢 0.83𝑃𝑢 -
PID 0.6𝐾𝑢 0.5𝑃𝑢 0.125𝑃𝑢
▶ Procedure:
Set 𝐾𝑖 and 𝐾𝑑 to 0
Increase 𝐾𝑝 till sustained oscillation and find 𝐾𝑢 and 𝑃𝑢
Use the correlations in the table below
12. Tyreus-Luyben
University of Jordan, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 2014 June 16, 2015 12
▶ An improvement for Ziegler-Nichols closed-loop to make response less
oscillatory
▶ More robust to imprecise model
▶ Gives better disturbance response
▶ Procedure:
Same procedure as Ziegler-Nichols closed-loop
Controller 𝐾𝑐 𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑑
PI 0.45𝐾𝑢 2.2𝑃𝑢 -
PID 0.313𝐾𝑢 2.2𝑃𝑢 0.16𝑃𝑢
13. Damped Oscillation
▶ Another improvement for Ziegler-Nichols closed-loop
▶ Solves the problem of marginal stability
▶ Can be used with open-loop-unstable processes
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
University of Jordan, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 2014 June 16, 2015 13
1
1.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
4:1
14. Damped Oscillation
Controller 𝐾𝑐 𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑑
PI 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑑/6 -
PID 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑑/6 𝑃𝑑/1.5
▶ Procedure:[1]
Set 𝐾𝑖 and 𝐾𝑑 to 0
Increase 𝐾𝑝 till ¼ damping ratio is maintained and find 𝑃𝑑 only
Use the correlations in the table below to find 𝑟𝑖 and 𝑟𝑑
Adjust 𝐾𝑝 till ¼ damping ratio is maintained again
[1] Lipták, Béla G., and Kriszta Venczel. Instrument Engineers' Handbook: Process Control 4thed, Volume T
w
o
.
University of Jordan, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 2014 June 16, 2015 14
15. Ziegler-Nichols Open-loop
University of Jordan, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 2014 June 16, 2015 15
▶ ¼ decay ratio as design criterion
▶ Performs well when 𝑟𝑚 ≥ 2𝑡𝑑 (lag dominant)
▶ Performs very poorly for 𝑡𝑑 > 2𝑟𝑚 (dead-time dominant)
▶ Fast recovery from disturbance but leads to oscillatory response
16. Ziegler-Nichols Open-loop
𝐺𝑚 𝑠 =
▶ Procedure:
The process dynamics is modeled by a first order plus dead time model
𝐾𝑚𝑒−𝑡𝑑𝑠
𝑟𝑚𝑠 + 1
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
University of Jordan, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 2014 June 16, 2015 16
17. Ziegler-Nichols Open-loop
PID parameters are calculated from the table below
Controller 𝐾𝑐 𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑑
P 1 𝑟𝑚
𝐾𝑚 𝑡𝑑
- -
PI 0.9 𝑟𝑚
𝐾𝑚 𝑡𝑑
𝑡𝑑
0.3
-
PID 1.2 𝑟𝑚
𝐾𝑚 𝑡𝑑
2𝑡𝑑 0.5𝑡𝑑
University of Jordan, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 2014 June 16, 2015 17
18. C-H-R
University of Jordan, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 2014 June 16, 2015 18
▶ A modification of Ziegler-Nichols Open-loop
▶ Aims to find the “quickest response with 0% overshoot” or “quickest
response with 20% overshoot”
▶ Tuning for setpoint responses differs from load disturbance responses
19. C-H-R
Setpoint
Controller 𝐾𝑐 𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑑 𝐾𝑐 𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑑
0% overshoot 20% overshoot
P 0.3 𝑟𝑚
𝐾𝑚 𝑡𝑑
- -
0.7 𝑟𝑚
𝐾𝑚 𝑡𝑑
- -
PI 0.35𝑟𝑚
𝐾𝑚 𝑡𝑑
1.2𝑟𝑚 -
0.6 𝑟𝑚
𝐾𝑚 𝑡𝑑
𝑟𝑚 -
PID 0.6 𝑟𝑚
𝐾𝑚 𝑡𝑑
𝑟𝑚 0.5𝑡𝑑
0.95𝑟𝑚
𝐾𝑚 𝑡𝑑
1.4𝑟𝑚 0.47𝑡𝑑
Disturbance
P 0.3 𝑟𝑚
𝐾𝑚 𝑡𝑑
- -
0.7 𝑟𝑚
𝐾𝑚 𝑡𝑑
- -
PI 0.6 𝑟𝑚
𝐾𝑚 𝑡𝑑
4𝑡𝑑 -
0.7 𝑟𝑚
𝐾𝑚 𝑡𝑑
2.3𝑡𝑑 -
PID 0.95𝑟𝑚
𝐾𝑚 𝑡𝑑
2.4𝑡𝑑 0.42𝑡𝑑
1.2 𝑟𝑚
𝐾𝑚 𝑡𝑑
2𝑡𝑑 0.42𝑡𝑑
▶ Procedure:
Same as Ziegler-Nichols Open-loop
University of Jordan, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 2014 June 16, 2015 19
20. Cohen-Coon
▶ Second in popularity after Ziegler-Nichols tuning rules
▶ ¼ decay ratio has considered as design criterion for this method
▶ More robust
𝒕
University of Jordan, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 2014 June 16, 2015 20
𝒅
𝑟 𝑑
(i.e. 𝑡 > 2𝑟)
▶ Applicable to wider range of
▶ PD rules available
21. Cohen-Coon
▶ Procedure:[1]
The process reaction curve is obtained by an open loop test and the FOPDT
model is estimated as follows:
3
𝑟𝑚 =
2
𝑡2 − 𝑡1
𝑡𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑟𝑚 1.5
2
2.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
[1] Smith,C.A.,A.B. Copripio; “Principles and Practice of Automatic Process Control”, John Wiley & Sons,1985
University of Jordan, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 2014 June 16, 2015 21
23. Ciancone-Marlin
University of Jordan, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 2014 June 16, 2015 23
▶ Design criteria:
Minimization of IAE
Assumption of ±25% change in the process model parameters
▶ A set of graphs are used for the tuning
▶ Tuning for setpoint responses differs from load disturbance responses
24. Ciancone-Marlin
▶ Procedure:
Estimate the process with FOPDT as for Cohen-Coon method
Calculate the ratio
𝑡𝑑
𝑡𝑑+𝑐𝑚
𝑐 𝑚
From the appropriate graph determine the values (𝐾 𝐾 , ,
𝑐𝑖 𝑐𝑑
University of Jordan, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 2014 June 16, 2015 24
𝑡𝑑+𝑐𝑚 𝑡𝑑+𝑐𝑚
)
Do the calculation to find the PID parameters
27. Minimum Error Integral
▶ Considers the entire closed loop response not like the ¼-decay tuning methods which
considers only the first two peaks
▶ Less oscillations in response than ¼-decay
▶ Performs well when 𝑟𝒎 ≥ 𝟐𝒕𝒅 (lag dominant)
▶ Performs very poorly for 𝒕𝒅 > 𝑟𝒎 (dead-time dominant)
▶ Tuning for setpoint responses differs from load disturbance responses
▶ Different error integrals can be used (IAE, ISE, ITAE, ITSE)
∞
𝐼𝐴𝐸 = ∫ 𝑒(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 ,
0
∞
𝐼𝑆𝐸 = ∫ 𝑒(𝑡)2 𝑑𝑡 ,
0
∞
𝐼𝑇𝐴𝐸 = ∫ 𝑡 𝑒(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 ,
0
University of Jordan, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 2014 June 16, 2015 27
∞
𝐼𝑇𝑆𝐸 = ∫ 𝑡𝑒(𝑡)2 𝑑𝑡
0
28. Minimum Error Integral
University of Jordan, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 2014 June 16, 2015 28
▶ Procedure:
Estimate the process with FOPDT as for Cohen-Coon method
Use the appropriate table to find the PID parameters
31. Simulation and Results
▶ Simulation performed for two purposes:
Performance Assessment
Robustness Assessment
▶ Simulation for two response objectives:
Set point tracking
Disturbance rejection
University of Jordan, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 2014 June 16, 2015 31