Mr. C.S.Satheesh, M.E.,
Basic elements in control systems
System
Types of Control Systems
Open Loop Control Systems
Closed Loop Control Systems
Difference Between Open loop & Closed loop Control Systems
Mr. C.S.Satheesh, M.E.,
Basic elements in control systems
System
Types of Control Systems
Open Loop Control Systems
Closed Loop Control Systems
Difference Between Open loop & Closed loop Control Systems
A VFD can be used to control both the speed and torque of a standard induction AC electric motor.
It varies both the frequency and voltage of the AC waveform being delivered to the motor saving money in electricity.
This Presentation describes the ARM CORTEX M3 core processor with the details of the core peripherals. Soon a CORTEX base controller(STM32F100RBT6) ppt will be uploaded. For more information mail me at:gaurav.iitkg@gmail.com.
AUTOMATIC PLANT WATERING SYSTEM USING ARDUINO BASED PPTrishav164
So what is this project? What does it do? Basically this is a soil moisture monitoring system, which detects if the moisture content in the soil is above or below a certain satisfactory threshold value. If it goes below a certain critical point, it is time to water the plant until the soil surrounding the plant is moist enough. An arrangement of a DC motor relay is used to control the watering mechanism.
A VFD can be used to control both the speed and torque of a standard induction AC electric motor.
It varies both the frequency and voltage of the AC waveform being delivered to the motor saving money in electricity.
This Presentation describes the ARM CORTEX M3 core processor with the details of the core peripherals. Soon a CORTEX base controller(STM32F100RBT6) ppt will be uploaded. For more information mail me at:gaurav.iitkg@gmail.com.
AUTOMATIC PLANT WATERING SYSTEM USING ARDUINO BASED PPTrishav164
So what is this project? What does it do? Basically this is a soil moisture monitoring system, which detects if the moisture content in the soil is above or below a certain satisfactory threshold value. If it goes below a certain critical point, it is time to water the plant until the soil surrounding the plant is moist enough. An arrangement of a DC motor relay is used to control the watering mechanism.
A proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID controller) is a control loop feedback mechanism (controller) commonly used in industrial control systems. A PID controller continuously calculates an error value as the difference between a measured process variable and a desired setpoint.
AI and Machine Learning Demystified by Carol Smith at Midwest UX 2017Carol Smith
What is machine learning? Is UX relevant in the age of artificial intelligence (AI)? How can I take advantage of cognitive computing? Get answers to these questions and learn about the implications for your work in this session. Carol will help you understand at a basic level how these systems are built and what is required to get insights from them. Carol will present examples of how machine learning is already being used and explore the ethical challenges inherent in creating AI. You will walk away with an awareness of the weaknesses of AI and the knowledge of how these systems work.
A simple, widely used control method. This presentation will provide an introduction to PID controllers, including demonstrations, and practise tuning a controller for a simple system.
From the Un-Distinguished Lecture Series (http://ws.cs.ubc.ca/~udls/). The talk was given Mar. 30, 2007.
About us
TTHERM GEO heat pumps are designed and distributed by Terra-Therm Inc, a wholesale distributor who has over 30 years of experience in the Geo exchange industry. Our cold climate heat pumps are built and designed in Minnesota with our customers comfort in mind. We understand what it takes to harvest Earths energy and by using our exclusive GEO LOGIC controls we can optimize both comfort and savings.
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Building a Raspberry Pi Robot with Dot NET 8, Blazor and SignalR - Slides Onl...Peter Gallagher
In this session delivered at Leeds IoT, I talk about how you can control a 3D printed Robot Arm with a Raspberry Pi, .NET 8, Blazor and SignalR.
I also show how you can use a Unity app on an Meta Quest 3 to control the arm VR too.
You can find the GitHub repo and workshop instructions here;
https://bit.ly/dotnetrobotgithub
MATHEMATICS BRIDGE COURSE (TEN DAYS PLANNER) (FOR CLASS XI STUDENTS GOING TO ...PinkySharma900491
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2. • Quadcopter
• Flight Control
• Robots
• Self Driving Cars
• Air conditioner
When we need to automatically
control something…
3. • We are a feedback control system!!
• Try walking / writing with your eyes closed!
Feedback Control
Observe the
Effect
Make changes
4. Air conditioner
• Our room is at 30°C.
• We need to :
Cool down it to 22°C
Within a shortest time.
Maintain the temperature at 22°C against external effects.
5. On-Off control
• Can’t control the power: only ON - OFF
• Disadvantage:
oTemperature oscillations
oUnstable System
Switch On
A/C
Switch Off
A/C
Temperature < 22°C
Temperature > 22°C
6. PID Control System
Remember the
PAST
(Integral)
Consider the
PRESENT
(Proportional)
Predict the
FUTURE
(Derivative)
And adjust power accordingly…
7. ERROR
• Air condition in a room
• Error will be changing over time.
Error
8°C
ProcessVariable
30°C
Set PointValue
22°C
= -
8. Proportional Control
Consider the present
Concept : Reduce power gradually
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐾 𝑝(𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟)
Where 𝐾 𝑝 is proportional gain
(we need to tune)
Reduce power of A/C gradually, until temperature = 22°C
9. • Steady state error may occur
in pure proportional control.
• We don't have this in reality.
Systems have momentum –
The room has heat capacity
Add small overshoot
Proportional control…
10. Integral Control
Remember the past!
Concept : If past has high errors, increase the power
Integral : Sum of errors over time
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐾 𝑝 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 + 𝐾𝑖(𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑠)
Where 𝐾𝑖 is integral gain (we need to tune)
If temperature doesn’t settle for a long time, apply more power
11. Proportional-Integral control…
• Removes steady state error
• Tends to introduce overshoot!
• Increases relaxation time
• 𝐾𝑖 should be very small to prevent
overshoot
12. Derivative Control
Predict the future!
Concept : If room cools slowly, increase the power
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐾 𝑝 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 + 𝐾𝑖 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑠 + 𝐾 𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
Where 𝐾 𝑑 is derivative gain (we need to tune)
eg: Empty room cools fast Use low power
Water filled room cools slowly Use high power
13. PID Equation
Power = 𝐾 𝑝 Error 𝐾𝑖
Sum of past
errors over
time
𝐾 𝑑
How fast
error
changes
+ +
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟(𝑡) = 𝐾 𝑝 ∙ 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟(𝑡) + 𝐾𝑖 ∙
𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡
𝑛𝑜𝑤
𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟(𝑡) ∙ 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐾 𝑑 ∙
𝑑(𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟(𝑡))
𝑑(𝑡)
Math : Second Order Ordinary Differential Equation
𝐾 𝑝 , 𝐾𝑖 , 𝐾 𝑑 are constants to be determined by careful tuning
14. • 𝐾𝑝 , 𝐾𝑖 , 𝐾 𝑑 are tuned to have
• Minimum relaxation time
• Minimum steady state error
• Minimum oscillations / vibrations
PID Equation
Power = 𝐾 𝑝 Error 𝐾𝑖
Sum of past
errors over
time
𝐾 𝑑
How fast
error
changes
+ +
16. • To self balance
• 3 axes – Adjust angle
(3 PID equations, 9 constants to be tuned)
• Error - Measured by a gyroscope module,
Power - Given to the motors
Quadcopters,
Aircrafts