The document discusses feedback control systems, particularly in relation to maintaining constant temperatures in an air conditioner using PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control strategies. It explains the importance of tuning control parameters (kp, ki, kd) to minimize oscillations, relaxation time, and steady-state error. The applications of such control systems extend to various technologies, including quadcopters and self-driving cars.

1. ABARAJITHAN . G

2. • Quadcopter
• Flight Control
• Robots
• Self Driving Cars
• Air conditioner
When we need to automatically
control something…

3. • We are a feedback control system!!
• Try walking / writing with your eyes closed!
Feedback Control
Observe the
Effect
Make changes

4. Air conditioner
• Our room is at 30°C.
• We need to :
 Cool down it to 22°C
 Within a shortest time.
 Maintain the temperature at 22°C against external effects.

5. On-Off control
• Can’t control the power: only ON - OFF
• Disadvantage:
oTemperature oscillations
oUnstable System
Switch On
A/C
Switch Off
A/C
Temperature < 22°C
Temperature > 22°C

6. PID Control System
Remember the
PAST
(Integral)
Consider the
PRESENT
(Proportional)
Predict the
FUTURE
(Derivative)
And adjust power accordingly…

7. ERROR
• Air condition in a room
• Error will be changing over time.
Error
8°C
ProcessVariable
30°C
Set PointValue
22°C
= -

8. Proportional Control
Consider the present
Concept : Reduce power gradually
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐾 𝑝(𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟)
Where 𝐾 𝑝 is proportional gain
(we need to tune)
Reduce power of A/C gradually, until temperature = 22°C

9. • Steady state error may occur
in pure proportional control.
• We don't have this in reality.
Systems have momentum –
The room has heat capacity
Add small overshoot
Proportional control…

10. Integral Control
Remember the past!
Concept : If past has high errors, increase the power
Integral : Sum of errors over time
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐾 𝑝 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 + 𝐾𝑖(𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑠)
Where 𝐾𝑖 is integral gain (we need to tune)
If temperature doesn’t settle for a long time, apply more power

11. Proportional-Integral control…
• Removes steady state error
• Tends to introduce overshoot!
• Increases relaxation time
• 𝐾𝑖 should be very small to prevent
overshoot

12. Derivative Control
Predict the future!
Concept : If room cools slowly, increase the power
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐾 𝑝 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 + 𝐾𝑖 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑠 + 𝐾 𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
Where 𝐾 𝑑 is derivative gain (we need to tune)
eg: Empty room cools fast  Use low power
Water filled room cools slowly  Use high power

13. PID Equation
Power = 𝐾 𝑝 Error 𝐾𝑖
Sum of past
errors over
time
𝐾 𝑑
How fast
error
changes
+ +
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟(𝑡) = 𝐾 𝑝 ∙ 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟(𝑡) + 𝐾𝑖 ∙
𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡
𝑛𝑜𝑤
𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟(𝑡) ∙ 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐾 𝑑 ∙
𝑑(𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟(𝑡))
𝑑(𝑡)
Math : Second Order Ordinary Differential Equation
𝐾 𝑝 , 𝐾𝑖 , 𝐾 𝑑 are constants to be determined by careful tuning

14. • 𝐾𝑝 , 𝐾𝑖 , 𝐾 𝑑 are tuned to have
• Minimum relaxation time
• Minimum steady state error
• Minimum oscillations / vibrations
PID Equation
Power = 𝐾 𝑝 Error 𝐾𝑖
Sum of past
errors over
time
𝐾 𝑑
How fast
error
changes
+ +

15. Arduino
Code
No need of
advanced math!

16. • To self balance
• 3 axes – Adjust angle
(3 PID equations, 9 constants to be tuned)
• Error - Measured by a gyroscope module,
Power - Given to the motors
Quadcopters,
Aircrafts

17. THANK YOU
Presentation by:
ABARAJITHAN . G